Hulu Selangor Research Articles

CHALLENGES AND OWNERSHIP ISSUES FACING BY LOW (B40) AND MEDIUM INCOME GROUP (M40) IN SELANGOR

A shelter is a necessity based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and in the present situation, owning a home is quite difficult for low-income earners living in urban area. Currently, it was found that people living in a city mostly prefer to rent rather than buying a house due to the expensive house prices. Access to decent and affordable housing can be consider as fundamental human right and the government have the responsibility to address this human right issue. Thus, the study tries to analyse the perception of community specifically within the B40 and M40 living in Selangor towards the idea of purchasing a house. The study surveyed 500 respondents using stratified random sampling. The study found that the main challenges was the high prices of property, followed by unable to obtained loan and high monlty expenses that lead to them unable to pay for the 10% deposit of the house. In term of affordability level, with level 3 considered as afforabable range, the study found that Petaling and Kuala Langat were severely unaffordable followed by Hulu Langat, Klang, Sepang and Sabak Bernam (Seriously unaffordable) and Hulu Selangor, Kuala Selangor and Gombak were at moderately unaffordable.

KESAN TEKNIK PERMAINAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENGENAL PERKATAAN BAHASA CINA MURID TAHUN SATU [THE EFFECTS OF GAME TECHNIQUES IN LEARNING OF CHINESE WORDS RECOGNITION ON YEAR ONE PUPILS

Words recognition is very important in learning a foreign language like Chinese because words recognition is the basis of reading skills. In addition, reading ability can improve students' language skills more effectively. Many studies have found that game techniques can help students to actively build knowledge by combining existing knowledge with new knowledge through social interaction, but it has rarely been studied in Chinese language learning. This study aimed to study the effects of game technique on word-recognition learning among first-year students pursuing a National Chinese Language (BCSK) course. The quasi-experimental design involving 25 respondents from two schools in the Hulu Selangor district was divided into control group (conventional engineering) as school A with 10 pupils, and treatment group (game technique) at school B by 15 pupils. Further, the research instruments namely pre-test, post-test and interview were conducted throughout the study. The collected data were analyzed to obtain mean scores and standard deviations for each group to compare. The results showed that the mean score for the treatment group (mean = 70.8, s.p = 15.4) was higher than the control group mean score (mean = 35.1, s.p = 14.1). The findings suggest that game techniques may have a positive impact on student learning in the Chinese language proficiency, so this technique should be a learning strategy as these techniques can create an active, enjoyable and appropriate learning environment for low-level student learning. It can also attract students to learn and improve their level of mastery.

Combating Sentence Construction Problems with 3D Tetrominoes

As Malaysia combats issues of literacy, geographical gaps and inadequacy of teachers, Malaysian ESL learners weak grasp of the writing skill is also proving to be a hurdle for Malaysia’s education ministry. Weak mastery of this skill results in plummeting achievement rates in national examinations. Through this research, the researcher hopes to combat the issues faced by ESL learners in the field of sentence construction. Without a solid foundation of sentence construction skills, accuracy of content in terms of meaning will not be evident. Therefore, the researcher aimed to identify the effectiveness of the 3D Tetrominoes technique in improving the ESL learners’ sentence construction skills as well as to elicit their perceptions on the application of the 3D Tetrominoes technique. This qualitative action research was conducted with eight intermediate Year 5 participants from a sub-urban school in Hulu Selangor. Data collection methods included document analysis, interviews and observations which were analysed descriptively. The findings showed improvement in the ESL learners’ sentence construction skills and elicited positive perceptions on the use of the 3D Tetrominoes technique in creating fun and effective learning sessions to increase sentence construction skills. It is evident that ESL learners struggle with mastering writing skills, particularly in the area of sentence construction. It is hoped through this research that teachers would diversify their teaching and learning techniques to facilitate ESL learners’ learning.

QUANTIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE IN SCHOOL CANTEENS - A CASE STUDY FROM A HULU SELANGOR MUNICIPALITY, SELANGOR

Obtaining empirical data on solid waste generation and composition is imperative to promote efficient waste management in schools. The paper aims to examine the characteristics and composition of waste generated ‘during food preparation’ stage and ‘after consumption’ stage, waste per capita and the assumption of economic valuation of solid waste for recycling. In this study, solid waste was quantified with transparency through adopting the direct weighing method to obtain reliable and accurate information of solid waste generated at the selected ten school canteens in Hulu Selangor municipality, Malaysia. Based on the result gathered, the total quantity of solid waste generated at 10 school canteens is about 162.8 kg/day with the average solid waste of 19.6 g per capita per day. The total assumption of the economic value of solid waste per day for recycling in all 10 schools’ canteens is about RM 30.70, which shows that recyclable materials have high revenue potential, as well as economic benefits. The present study empirically promotes the transparency of solid waste quantification at the school level, which could help identify hotspots and strategies with the greatest potential for waste reduction.

COMPETENCIES FOR FORM SIX GEOGRAPHY TEACHERS IN REACHING THE MALAYSIAN EDUCATION QUALITY STANDARDS

We conducted this study to evaluate the competencies of Form Six geography teachers in achieving the Malaysian Education Quality Standards. We applied a qualitative approach using the observation technique. The respondent observation consisted of three teachers who had more than 10 years of experience teaching Form Six geography and who were working in the areas of Batang Padang district, Perak and Hulu Selangor district, Malaysia. The variables we assessed were practical knowledge, subject-content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, pedagogical technology knowledge, teachers’ teaching of professional behaviours and attitudes, and values modified from the Quality Level Rubric of the Malaysian Education Quality Standards. The observation findings showed that each teacher scored different points, ranging from three to four for the assessed variables. Teachers’ pedagogical technology knowledge needs to be improved as two out of three teachers were still using Teaching Aid Materials such as mahjong paper and marker rather than using computer or other more recent technology due to the lack of infrastructure provided by their schools. In conclusion, Form Six geography teachers in this study have fulfilled the competence of the Malaysian Education Quality Standards by achieving the maximum score.

Keragaman vektor Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi was the fifth Plasmodium which can infect malaria into human. Even though it has already been identified since 1931, the first case of natural human infection was known in 1965. Knowlesi malaria spread among South East Asia where population of monkeys Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina, or Presbytis melalophos existed along with malaria vector Anopheles from leucosphyrus group. This review aimed to describe the diversity of P. knowlesi vector. We have done profound literature review on 6 articles from 219 articles related to P. knowlesi published within 2008 to 2015. Our study found that P. knowlesi was recorded only in two countries; Malaysia and Vietnam. In Malaysia, Anopheles cracens, An. introlatus, An. latens, and An. balabacensis were found in Kuala Kapis Pahang, Hulu Selangor, Kapit Serawak, and Kudat Sabah, respectively. While in Vietnam, only a single species An. dirus found to be P. knowlesi vector. This review conclude that positive leucosphyrus mosquitoes most likely to be different among different region. The more abundance, the higher chance of mosquito species to become vector.

Factors Behind the Changes in Small Towns along the Selangor Northern Corridor Resulting from Spillover of The Klang-Langat Valley Metropolitan Region: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach (CFA)

This article aims to verify the key factors behind the changes in small towns due to the spillover of the Klang-Langat Valley using Exploration Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approaches. This study is based on the responses of 355 stakeholders from Hulu Selangor, Selangor, selected via random sampling. Likert scale questionnaires ranging from 1 to 5 were used to obtain feedback. Overall, the questionnaire was reliable with an Alpha Cronbach value for each construct greater than 0.7. The obtained data were processed through EFA in order to group the constructs and items for the change factor of small towns. The CFA was undertaken in order to verify the accumulated constructs based on their respective groups. The findings reveal the creation of six constructs: access (5 items), environment (5 items), security (2 items), activity (4 items), neighbourhood (2 items) and infrastructure (2 items). It is thus hoped that the findings of this research can help in identifying factors behind the transformation of small town due to the spillover of the Klang-Langat Valley. Indeed, the transformation is driving both positive and negative impacts on both urban and rural areas through socioeconomic development and ultimately contributing to improved quality of life in line with contemporary globalisation.

Aedes aegypti(Linnaeus) larvae from dengue outbreak areas in Selangor showing resistance to pyrethroids but susceptible to organophosphates

The resistance status of Selangor Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) larvae against four major groups of insecticides (i.e., organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids) was investigated. Aedes aegypti were susceptible against temephos (organophosphate), although resistance (RR50 = 0.21–2.64) may be developing. The insecticides susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti larvae were found heterogeneous among the different study sites. Results showed that Ae. aegypti larvae from Klang, Sabak Bernam and Sepang were susceptible against all insecticides tested. However, other study sites exhibited low to high resistance against all pyrethroids (RR50 = 1.19–32.16). Overall, the application of synergists ethacrynic acid, S.S.S.- tributylphosphorotrithioate and piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of insecticides investigated. However, the application failed to increase the mortality to susceptible level (>97%) for certain populations, therefore there are chances of alteration of target site resistance involved. Biochemical assays revealed that α-esterase, (Gombak, Kuala Langat, Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam strains) β-esterase (Klang and Sabak Bernam strains), acetylcholinesterase (Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam strains), glutathione-S-transferase (Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam strains) and mono-oxygenases (Gombak, Hulu Langat, Hulu Selangor and Kuala Langat strains) were elevated. Spearman rank-order correlation indicated a significant correlation between resistance ratios of: DDT and deltamethrin (r = 0.683, P = 0.042), cyfluthrin and deltamethrin (r = 0.867, P =0.002), cyflyuthrin and lambdacyhalothrin (r = 0.800, P =0.010), cyfluthrin and permethrin (r = 0.770, P =0.015) deltamethrin and permethrin (r = 0.803, P =0.088), propoxur and malathion (r = 0.867, P = 0.002), malathion and temephos (r = 0.800, P = 0.010), etofenprox and MFO enzyme (r = 0.667, P =0.050). The current study provides baseline information for vector control programs conducted by local authorities. The susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti should be monitored sporadically to ensure the effectiveness of current vector control strategy in Selangor.

Strengthening Youths Skill: Wiring Workshop in Rural Area

Youth is known as an energetic people with a high potential, and eager to try something new. Therefore, it is such a loss if the abilities that they have been wasted and not fully utilised in a proper way. Project of the electrical wiring workshop is one of the great initiatives as it provides a knowledge base and develops skills in technology and engineering especially in a rural area. In addition, the workshop also aims to develop interpersonal, communication and lifelong learning skills. The ability of youth also increases in generating side income and entrepreneurship nowadays. Through involvement, participants in the wiring workshop have been exposed with a variety of basic installation and wiring techniques whereby they are able to shape their personalities with the advantage of skills in technology and engineering acquired. As a result, return on investment (RoI) can be achieved in the workshop which being conducted at Kampung Pasir Puteh, Kalumpang Hulu Selangor, Malaysia.

The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Overall School Effectiveness in Primary Schools, Selangor, Malaysia Based on Teachers Perception

The current study is an attempt to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and overall school effectiveness in primary schools, Selangor, Malaysia based on teachers? perception. This study utilized stratified random sampling method by choosing 72 primary schools and 490 teachers with the response rate of (n=410) in 6 districts of Selangor state (Gombak, Hulu Langat, Hulu Selangor, Klang, Kuala Langat and Kuala Selangor) and from three types of National, National type Chinese and National type Tamil school based on their urban and rural locations. Data analysis conducted by using descriptive statistic and Pearson product moment correlation. The results indicate that there were positive, significant, and small to moderate relationships were found between five organizational citizenship behaviour dimensions and overall school effectiveness. This study proposed several recommendations to the Ministry of Education, headmasters, teachers, and school administrators, to improve the level of school effectiveness by practicing transformational leadership dimensions especially “building shared vision” and “models behaviour” dimension. Moreover, they can develop, maintain, and elevate the level of school effectiveness by exhibiting civic virtue, altruism, and conscientiousness behaviours as the dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviour in primary schools in Selangor, Malaysia.

Legislative analysis on quarry rehabilitation in Selangor, Malaysia

The Malaysian State of Selangor has been blessed with an abundant reserve of granite rocks located in the districts of Kuala Langat, Hulu Selangor, Gombak, and Hulu Langat which supply raw materials to develop physical infrastructures including highway roads, building, airports, and townships particularly in Cyberjaya and Putrajaya and supply raw materials to the buildings of the Klang Valley. An active industry, however, comes with shortcomings related to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere of the ecosystem. In 2009, there were 314 active quarries in Malaysia of which only 12 practiced the best greening effort. Quarry rehabilitation prevents pollution and leads to a cost-effective measure for sustainable quarrying. At present, there is a need to enhance the existing law and policy to ensure the rehabilitation of quarries. Quarry rehabilitation can strike a balance between the need for development, economic aspect, environment, and social aspects in the long term that produces a sustainable quarrying industry that can benefit the Selangor State Government as well as the Federal Government. Generally, this paper aims to identify factors hindering quarry rehabilitation in Selangor. The specific objective of this research is to identify the present status of quarry rehabilitation implementation and examine what the existing legislative framework provides on quarry rehabilitation. By using a qualitative approach, it focuses on Selangor as a case study. A Doctrinal Approach was used to analyze Primary Legal Documents based on the seven Parameters of Quarry Rehabilitation produced by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) established in 2011. The seven parameters are a vital tool to ensure legal frameworks and policies related to quarry rehabilitation are effective.

Effects of Guidance Group Adjustment Career Thinking Modules (ACT) Based on the Theory of Cognitive Information Processing towards the Dysfunctional Career Thinking and the Vocational Situation of Form Four Students

This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of the Small Guidance Groups (SGG) and Large Guidance Groups (LGG) Adjustment Career Thinking Module (ACT) oriented theory of Cognitive Processing of Information among students who score in the high and middle Dysfunctional Career Thinking. The effectiveness of small group counselling and group counselling are measured in terms of reduction of the decision-making confusion, commitment anxiety, and external conflict situations increase the treatment group therapy. The study was conducted on students at two secondary schools in Hulu Selangor, Selangor. Questionnaires used contain personal information and two questionnaires, namely Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) and My Vocational Situation (MVS). A total of 108 subjects were selected into two treatment groups and one control group. SGG treatment of the subject is 36 students were divided into three small groups (R1a = 12, R1b and R1c = 12 = 12), LGG 36 students in one large group (R2 = 36) and a control group (K1 = 36), Treatment group subjects were given eight weekly group sessions, within eight weeks. The research data were analysed using descriptive analysis, ANOVA, MANCOVA and Post Hoc-Tukey at significant level of 0.01 and 0.05. The study found that the treatment of the SGG and LGG effective in reducing the dependent variable dysfunctional career thinking and improve the vocational situation treatment group compared to the control group. SGG treatment group were found to be more effective than treatment LGG. The study also found that gender factor had no influence over the treatment. The study in general has contributed towards guidance and counselling services as it successfully generated a module in reducing dysfunctional career thinking and improve the situation of vocational students effectively.

Visual Media Usage Teaching in the Special Education Integration Programme (SEIP) of Hearing Impairment in Hulu Selangor

This study was conducted to identify the level of usage of visual media in teaching at the Special Education Integration Programme (SEIP) Hearing Impairment. The study also identified the attitude towards the use of visual media and the limitations faced by teachers when using visual media. The findings show the use of visual media in teaching at SEIP Hearing Impairment in Hulu Selangor is in the high level and the teacher have very positive attitude towards visual media. However, the limitations faced by teachers in the use of visual media are on the high level. This research involved 50 respondents from a special education teacher who teaches in nine (9) schools of SEIP Hearing Impairment in Hulu Selangor. Questionnaires were used as research instruments and data collection was done using 5-point Likert scale. These data were processed using Software Statistical Packages For The Social Science 20. The analysis made in descriptive statistical methods in the form of frequency, percentage and mean. Results from this study indicate the level of visual media usage among teachers in SEIP Hearing Impairment are at high level (mean = 3.52), while teachers’ attitudes were very positive (mean = 4.43). There are limitations of the study showed that teachers face in SEIP of Hearing Impairment is high (mean = 3.59). Based on the findings, some suggestions are brought forward to enhance the use of visual media in teaching at SEIP Hearing Impairment

The Performance Standard of Students’ Learning based on Assessment Instruments in Physical Education

The aim of this study was to identify the achievement standard of students’ learning performance based on learning assessment instruments for category invasion games in Year 4 Physical Education and compare the performance between urban school students and rural school students. The design of the study is pre-experimental one-shot case study. The study used assessment for learning, assessment as learning and assessment of learning instruments. Teacher assessment and self-assessment methods were used to collect data that measure the achievement standard of students’ learning performance in psychomotor, cognitive and affective learning aspects among primary schools students in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. The study found that the performance standard of students’ learning achievement of urban school students and rural school students were at Good performance standard for assessment for learning, assessment as learning and assessment of learning. The results also showed that there is no significant difference in the level of students’ learning performance standard among urban school students and rural school students in assessment for learning, assessment as learning and assessment of learning. It is concluded that the learning assessment instruments can be used by all teachers and students in assessing the achievement standard of students’ learning performance for category invasion games in Physical Education.

Depression, distress and self-efficacy: The impact on diabetes self-care practices.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in Malaysia, and people with diabetes have been reported to suffer from depression and diabetes distress which influences their self-efficacy in performing diabetes self-care practices. This interviewer administered, cross sectional study, conducted in the district of Hulu Selangor, Malaysia, involving 371 randomly selected patients with type 2 diabetes, recruited from 6 health clinics, aimed to examine a conceptual model regarding the association between depression, diabetes distress and self-efficacy with diabetes self-care practices using the partial least square approach of structural equation modeling. In this study, diabetes self-care practices were similar regardless of sex, age group, ethnicity, education level, diabetes complications or type of diabetes medication. This study found that self-efficacy had a direct effect on diabetes self-care practice (path coefficient = 0.438, p<0.001). Self-care was not directly affected by depression and diabetes distress, but indirectly by depression (path coefficient = -0.115, p<0.01) and diabetes distress (path coefficient = -0.122, p<0.001) via self-efficacy. In conclusion, to improve self-care practices, effort must be focused on enhancing self-efficacy levels, while not forgetting to deal with depression and diabetes distress, especially among those with poorer levels of self-efficacy.

Whole-genome Sequencing of Vibrio sinaloensis T47, a Tropical Marine Isolate with Quorum Sensing Properties.

A large number of Vibrio sp. thrive in the marine environment and they are notable to cause food borne infection associated with undercooked seafood. In this study, we report the whole genome sequence of Vibrio sinaloensis T47 which was isolated from coastal marine water in Morib Beach, Hulu Selangor. The genome is made up of approximately 4.59 Mbp with 80 contigs and 46% G+C content. From the annotated genome, genes associated with quorum sensing (QS) were identified. This research provides a genetic basis for better understanding of QS pathway which contributes to the physiological traits of strain T47 to thrive in the marine environment.

Simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from Hulu Selangor district, Selangor, Malaysia.

BackgroundMalaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease which is prevalent in many developing countries. Recently, it has been found that Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite can be life-threatening to humans. Long-tailed macaques, which are widely distributed in Malaysia, are the natural hosts for simian malaria, including P. knowlesi. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in long-tailed macaques in the district of Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia.MethodsA total of 70 blood samples were collected from Macaca fascicularis dwelling in the forest of Hulu Selangor by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. DNA was extracted using PureLink™ Genomic DNA Kits. Conventional and nested PCR were used to detect the genus and species of Plasmodium parasites respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was carried out to confirm the species of Plasmodium parasites.ResultsThirty-five (50 %) of the 70 samples were positive for Plasmodium using genus-specific primers. These positive samples were then subjected to nested PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA genes to detect all five simian malaria parasites: namely, P. knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium fieldi, and Plasmodium coatneyi. All five species of simian malaria parasites were detected. Of these, P. inui was the predominant (65.7 %), followed by P. knowlesi (60 %), P. cynomolgi (51.4 %) P. coatneyi (45.7 %) and P.fieldi (2.9 %). A total of nine macaques had mono-infection with P. knowlesi (four), P. cynomolgi (two), P. coatneyi (two) and P. fieldi (one). Eleven of the macaques had dual infections while 12 had triple infections. Three macaques were infected with four species of Plasmodium. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the five species of Plasmodium parasites.ConclusionThis study has provided evidence to elucidate the presence of transmission of malaria parasites among the local macaques in Hulu Selangor. Since malaria is a zoonosis, it is important to determine the new control strategies for the control of malaria.

Iodized salt supplementation and its effects on thyroid status amongst Orang Asli in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia.

This research was performed to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) and the effects of iodized salt supplementation on thyroid status amongst Orang Asli in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. Study respondents were from three target groups, i.e. pre-school children (PSC), primary school-going children (SGC) and adult women. Each household was supplied with iodized salt fortified with iodate fortificant for a period of 12 months and the iodine levels in the salt ranged from 20 to 30 μg/L. Samples collected before and after 6 and 12 months of introduction to iodized salt were urine from all groups, as well as serum samples from adult women. A total of 200 respondents were recruited; 58 (29.0%) PSC, 65 (32.5%) SGC and 77 (38.5%) adult women. The median urine-iodine concentration (mUIC) in all groups were of moderately low before the iodized salt intervention, but increased significantly in all study groups after 6 and 12 months of intervention. However, at the end of the study, there was an increase in severe iodine deficiency (mUIC <20 μg/L) from 7.5% to 12% and about 9% of PSC and SGC respondents had mUIC level of more than 300 μg/L while the adult women showed a significant increase in free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels. The study demonstrated that iodized salt supplementation was able to show an improvement in iodine level amongst Orang Asli. However, an increase in severe iodine deficiency and iodine excess indicated that the iodized salt programme needs to be carefully monitored.

Plasmodium knowlesi malaria an emerging public health problem in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia (2009-2013): epidemiologic and entomologic analysis.

BackgroundWhile transmission of the human Plasmodium species has declined, a significant increase in Plasmodium knowlesi/Plasmodium malariae cases was reported in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. Thus, a study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and the vectors involved in the transmission of knowlesi malaria.MethodsCases of knowlesi/malariae malaria in the Hulu Selangor district were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed from 2009 to 2013. Mosquitoes were collected from areas where cases occurred in order to determine the vectors. Leucosphyrus group of mosquitoes were genetically characterized targeting the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1). In addition, temporal and spatial analyses were carried out for human cases and vectors.ResultsOf the 100 microscopy diagnosed P. knowlesi/P. malariae cases over the 5 year period in the Hulu Selangor district, there was predominance of P. knowlesi/P. malariae cases among the young adults (ages 20–39 years; 67 cases; 67%). The majority of the infected people were involved in occupations related to agriculture and forestry (51; 51%). No death was recorded in all these cases.Five hundred and thirty five mosquitoes belonging to 14 species were obtained during the study. Anopheles maculatus was the predominant species (49.5%) followed by Anopheles letifer (13.1%) and Anopheles introlatus (11.6%). Molecular and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the species of the Leucosphyrus group to be An. introlatus. In the present study, only An. introlatus was positive for oocysts. Kernel Density analysis showed that P. knowlesi hotspot areas overlapped with areas where the infected An. introlatus was discovered. This further strengthens the hypothesis that An. introlatusis is the vector for P. knowlesi in the Hulu Selangor district.Unless more information is obtained on the vectors as well as macaque involved in the transmission, it will be difficult to plan effective control strategies. The utilization of modern analytical tools such as GIS (Geographic Information System) is crucial in estimating hotspot areas for targeted control strategies.ConclusionsAnopheles introlatus has been incriminated as vector of P. knowlesi in Hulu Selangor. The cases of P. knowlesi are on the increase and further research using molecular techniques is needed.

Graphing Calculator and Geometers’ Sketchpad in Teaching and Learning of Mathematics

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