Huge Corpus Research Articles

Measuring Countriess Human Rights Positions in UN Universal Periodic Review

We use country reviews in United Nations’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) to obtain multi-dimensional measures of similarity between countries. UPR is a mechanism that involves a review of all UN member states. The process is designed to treat all states equally and be cognizant of the level of development and specificities of countries under review. One of the unique aspects of the UPR is the peer review, where any state can offer recommendations for the state under review. The first review cycle was conducted from 2008-2012 and the second cycle has finished in November 2016. We obtain measures of similarity based on the similarity of the recommendations that states gave other states and also based on the similarity of the recommendations that states received from other states. In order to obtain these measures of semantic similarity, we use a method that exploits continuous vector representation of words known as word vectors, which is considered the state-of-the-art for measuring textual similarities in natural language processing. We use word-vectors pre-trained on the Google News dataset to ensure a reasonable coverage of political terminology. This method provides many improvements over the existing methods. Most importantly, there are fewer subjective decisions to be made (for example, one does not need to choose the number of latent topics). The proposed method does not need to rely on a huge corpus and can be used on small and large data sets alike. Furthermore, the method is computationally very efficient and does not need to solve a non-convex optimization problem. Our early results indicate that comments received by countries in the UPR process indeed captures real human rights records of countries, especially when one averages over all the comments received from different states.

Cascaded re-ranking modelling of translation hypotheses using extreme learning machines

In statistical machine translation (SMT), re-ranking of huge amount of randomly generated translation hypotheses is one of the essential components in determining the quality of translation result. In this work, a novel re-ranking modelling framework called cascaded re-ranking modelling (CRM) is proposed by cascading a classification model and a regression model. The proposed CRM effectively and efficiently selects the good but rare hypotheses in order to alleviate simultaneously the issues of translation quality and computational cost. CRM can be partnered with any classifier such as support vector machines (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM). Compared to other state-of-the-art methods, experimental results show that CRM partnered with ELM (CRM-ELM) can raise at most 11.6% of translation quality over the popular benchmark Chinese–English corpus (IWSLT 2014) and French–English parallel corpus (WMT 2015) with extremely fast training time for huge corpus.

Un document de propagande au service du califat de Ḥamdallāhi (xixe siècle) : La « lettre sur l’apparition du douzième caliphe » de Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir al-Fulānī (Risāla fī ẓuhūr al-khalīfa al-thānī ʻashar)

The Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi, located in the modern Republic of Mali, was founded by Aḥmad Lobbo in 1818 and left behind a huge corpus of Arabic correspondence and dispatches that is mainly unexplored by historians. This corpus, composed of documents related to the internal administration of the state as well as its relations with other contemporary political entities, is the result of the extensive spread of literacy in Arabic in the territories controlled by the Ḥamdallāhi central authority and its effort to establish itself as a legitimate regional power in West Africa. Among these documents is the Risāla fī ẓuhūr al-khaliīfa al-thānī ʻashar (“Letter on the appearance of the twelfth caliph”) written by Aḥmad Lobbo’s close counselor Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir. This document, briefly introduced by Felix Dubois in the late 19th century, has been neglected by scholars, who have discarded it because it includes an obvious forgery. The letter comprises extensive quotes from the Tārīkh al-Fattāsh, allegedly written in the early 16th century by the Timbuktu-based scholar Maḥmūd Kaʻti but actually composed by Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir himself. The purpose of the document is to provide political legitimacy to Aḥmad Lobbo through a prophecy that identifies him as the legitimate and supreme Muslim authority for West Africa, by virtue of being the inheritor of the late 15th century–early 16th century Songhay king Askiyà al-ḥājj Muḥammad, the twelfth caliph mentioned by the Prophet Muḥammad in a famous ḥadīth, and mujaddid, or the “renewer” of Islam. With this article, I edit and translate Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir’s Risāla and discuss it in the context of the tension between the Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi and Sokoto. I also discuss the importance of this document in understanding the complex history of the Tārīkh al-Fattāsh.

Two Level Self-Supervised Relation Extraction From Medline Using UMLS

The biomedical research literature is one among many other domains that hides a precious knowledge, and the biomedical community made an extensive use of this scientific literature to discover the facts of biomedical entities, such as disease, drugs,etc.MEDLINE is a huge database of biomedical research papers which remain a significantly underutilized source of biological information. Discovering the useful knowledge from such huge corpus leads to various problems related to the type of information such as the concepts related to the domain of texts and the semantic relationship associated with them. In this paper, we propose a Two-level model for Self-supervised relation extraction from MEDLINE using Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Knowledge base. The model uses a Self-supervised Approach for Relation Extraction (RE) by constructing enhanced training examples using information from UMLS. The model shows a better result in comparison with current state of the art and naive approaches.

Using corpora in scientific and technical translation training: resources to identify conventionality and promote creativity

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2016v36nesp1p88Since the first Corpus Use and Learning to Translate (CULT) Conference in Bertinoro (Italy) in 1997, the usefulness of corpora for translators and trainee translators has been highlighted. From an initial approach where translators compiled ad hoc corpora in their hard drive for a subsequent study with lexical analysis software, there emerged a new trend towards the use of the Internet as corpus. In this second approach, the Web is perceived as a huge corpus which is accessed by means of online tools which produce monolingual wordlists and concordances from texts available from the Internet or pre-existing corpora, or by means of bilingual or multilingual concordancers displaying aligned texts from international institutions' parallel corpora. Bilingual concordancers and translation memories are widely used by translators and trainee translators because of the immediate translation solutions they offer, but these tools can restrain creativity by offering conventional solutions and eliminating layout and multimodal elements in texts. The aim of this article is to describe the exploitation of quality corpora in a scientific and technical translation course, focusing on texts on health translated from English into Spanish, and on terminological variation as a reflection of creativity in language.

Rabbinic Narrative: Documentary Perspectives on the Sage-Story in The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan Text A

In 250 ce tractate Abot, The Fathers, delivered its message through aphorisms assigned to named sages. A few centuries later—perhaps in 500 ce—Abot deR. Natan, The Fathers according to Rabbi Nathan, gave flesh and blood form to those sages, recasting the earlier tractate by adding a sizable number of narratives about its named authorities. The authorship of The Fathers presented its teachings in the form of aphorisms, rarely finding it necessary to supply those aphorisms with a narrative setting and never resorting to narrative for the presentation of its propositions. The authorship of The Fathers according to Rabbi Nathan provided a vast amplification and supplement to The Fathers, introducing into its treatment of the received tractate a huge corpus of narratives of various sorts. In this way, the later authorship indicated that it found, in narrative in general, and stories about sages in particular, the preferred modes of discourse for presenting its message.

Reinforcing the foundations of ornithological nomenclature: Filling the gaps in Sherborn's and Richmond's historical legacy of bibliographic exploration.

Due to its public popularity, ornithology has a huge corpus of scientific publication for a relatively small number of species. Although there are global checklists of currently recognised taxa, there has been only limited, mainly individual, effort to build a nomenclatural database that the science of ornithology deserves. This is especially true in relation to concise synonymies. With the arrival of ZooBank and the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the time has come to develop synonymies and to add fuller bibliographic detail to databases. The preparation for both began at the start of the 20th century with extensive work by Sherborn and Richmond. I discuss their legacy, offer notes on significant work since then, and provide suggestions for what remains to be done. To make solid the foundations for ornithological nomenclature and taxonomy, especially for synonymies, ornithologists will need to collaborate much more and contribute to the digital infrastructure.

Big Data Knowledge Mining

Big Data (BD) era has been arrived. The ascent of big data applications where information accumulation has grown beyond the ability of the present programming instrument to catch, manage and process within tolerable short time. The volume is not only the characteristic that defines big data, but also velocity, variety, and value. Many resources contain BD that should be processed. The biomedical research literature is one among many other domains that hides a rich knowledge. MEDLINE is a huge biomedical research database which remain a significantly underutilized source of biological information. Discovering the useful knowledge from such huge corpus leading to many problems related to the type of information such as the related concepts of the domain of texts and the semantic relationship associated with them. In this paper, an agent-based system of two–level for Self-supervised relation extraction from MEDLINE using Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Knowledgebase, has been proposed . The model uses a Self-supervised Approach for Relation Extraction (RE) by constructing enhanced training examples using information from UMLS with hybrid text features. The model incorporates Apache Spark and HBase BD technologies with multiple data mining and machine learning technique with the Multi Agent System (MAS). The system shows a better result in comparison with the current state of the art and naïve approach in terms of Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-score.

Siberia

Siberia is a vast and varied region, linked horizontally to the circumpolar Arctic and vertically to Mongolia and Central Asia. Nineteenth-century anthropological fieldwork was important abroad, particularly in America. From the 1920 to 1980s, Siberia was almost totally isolated from outside research and from comparative anthropology. However, Soviet anthropologists conducted lengthy fieldwork, producing a huge corpus of valuable material in Russian. Their questions were specific to their ideological situation, for example placing indigenous peoples in a Marxist evolutionary framework, and during the 1930s, many suffered imprisonment and execution. Topics became more sociological in the 1960s, and when the region opened to foreigners around 1990, a new wave of young researchers conducted long-term fieldwork, producing a flourishing new literature in English and shifting the emphasis from historical reconstruction to current issues. Topics in this new literature include the state, agency, modernization, shamanism, animal spirits, resource development, and empowerment. Throughout all periods, indigenous people themselves have also been involved in research.

Changing the Modes of National Representation: Anthologies of Lithuanian Poetry for Foreign Readers (1978–2013)

This article examines how Lithuanian poetry was represented for foreign readers in 15 anthologies published from 1978 to 2013 in Lithuania and abroad. The object of investigation is not a huge corpus of authors representing the official canon but the cultural, historical, political, and aesthetic aspects of Lithuanian poetry revealed in the prefaces of the anthologies. The 35 year-long process of anthologisation reveals the changing modes of national representation: the trajectory from the unknown, closed or even censored Lithuanian literature (which was oppressed by social realism and divided in two parts – exodus and Soviet Lithuanian literature) to a united picture of national literature and later to the crumbling mosaic of its parts (representing particularities grouped by gender, generations, subjects, grouping and so on). During the Soviet period the more precise translation process of Lithuanian poetry for foreign readers became possible in 70s. Till the end of the 20th century the main goal of compilers of anthologies as well as authors of prefaces was to represent national literary history beginning with the 18th century and its origins in folk culture, and highlight the historical circumstances of delayed development of national literature. From the beginning of the 21st century the care about national literature’s representation turns into a commercial project orientated towards international text circulation. According to global conditions the political resistance clearly expressed in poetic writings which was so important for the compilers of the 20th-century anthologies has transformed into the political-economic literary battlefield (the battle for publishing, translations, resistance against the dominant literary tendencies, establishment of individuality) marking a radically different political resistance.

Spam E-mail Filtering using ECOS Algorithms

Spam known as Unsolicited Bulk E-mail (UBE) including undesirable electronic correspondence that is sent in bulk to massive mailing lists, sometimes with some business nature sent get into bulk. One of the main problems of spam E-mail detection is an attack from an unknown source known as ‘zero-day’ so named due to continued changes in timing. Zero day attacks are problematic for having the ability to escape spamming detection as the hosts do not show up in blacklists. This adds to the problem of False positives and OCR computational cost especially in dealing with a huge corpus of texts with images that run through server-side filters. Spammers are busy orchestrating various representation techniques thus making their ‘zero-day’ spam E-mail that infiltrate the defenses of detection. Our proposed is a novel system called Spamming Dynamic Evolving Neural Fuzzy System (SDENFS), which adapts the Evolving Connectionist System (ECoS) based on a hybrid (supervised/unsupervised) learning approach. SDENFS adaptive online is enhanced by offline learning to detect dynamically the spamming E-mail included unknown zero-day spamming E-mails before it get to user account. SDENFS is suggested to work for high-speed “life-long” learning with low memory footprint with few number of rules creation for E-mail classification. Two datasets composed of 6612 samples of spam and legitimate E-mails were used to assess the proposed system. The proposed system showed a high level of performance in detecting spam E-mail attacks. The average of the accuracy and F-measure of the classification process was 99%.

An Automatic Query Generation Approach for Arabic Corpus

of the most common problems that encounter retrieval systems is the query environment which is utilized to evaluate the performance or throughput of them. Usually data sets of queries for a specific corpus are generated using the human experiences. Manual queries are more accurate than automatic one's, but they require a huge effort in the huge corpus. This paper proposes an automatic query generation (AQG) system for Arabic language. The system generates a set of queries of different length that were applied on a query expansion system. The results show the feasibility of these queries compared with manual one in term of average recall and average precision.

New Words Identification Based on Ensemble Methods

In order to identify new words in huge Chinese corpus efficiently, this paper comes up with an algorithm based on ensemble methods. At first we perform Chinese word segmenting with Trie and build segment-tree. Then we select words pattern drawing method, frequency filtering, independent word probability and naive Bayes model to be sub-models of ensemble methods and train them independently. At last we integrate results from different sub-models with a multi-layer model. In experiment, this algorithm is proved to be quite fast as well as product precise and high-coverage results.

Proper Name as a Clue Symbol of Identity

Proper name is very important for identification of an object or person. If a name is mispronounced or written incorrectly, it can be considered as the distortion of an identity in the sense of personality of a man. The aim of this article is to reveal the reasons of name distortions (negligence, lack of language, bilingualism, intercultural communication, mutual influence of Kazakh and Russian nationalities) which lead to various kinds of serious consequences such as complication of identification of a name bearer. Restoration and recovery process of historical names, fixing of unified rules for transferring of Kazakh proper names into other languages in Kazakhstan, proves the growth of ethnic self-consciousness of Kazakh people, the formation of value system and understanding of their national identity. While naming children, modern Kazakh families now give preference to attraction of national elements -uly/-kyzy or using non-affix instead of Russian suffixes -ev,-ov,-in, -eva, -ova,-ina in the formation of Kazakh patronymics. Proper names, as it is known, have a complex semantic structure, unique particularities in the form and etymology, ability to modify and formation of word in their target language. Ignoring these features while transferring them into another language can bring to some kinds of misunderstanding and dissatisfaction. That is why we need the lexicographic resources containing all Kazakh proper names (though in the sense of quantity, proper names are huge corpus of lexis) which Public Service Centre workers will take into account.

A New patent-based Approach for Technology Mapping in the Pharmaceutical Domain

The key factor in decision-making is the quality of information collected and processed in the problem analysis. In most cases, patents represent a very important source of information. The main problem is how to extract such information from the huge corpus of documents with a high recall and precision, and in a short time. This article demonstrates a patent search and classification method, called Knowledge Organizing Module, which consists of creating, almost automatically, a pool of patents based on polysemy expansion and homonymy disambiguation. Since the pool is done, an automatic patent technology landscaping is provided for fixing the state of the art of our product, and exploring competing alternative treatments and/or possible technological opportunities. An exemplary case study is provided, it deals with a patent analysis in the field of verruca treatments.

Bruce Thomas Boehrer Animal Characters: Nonhuman Beings in Early Modern LiteratureAnimal Characters: Nonhuman Beings in Early Modern Literature. Bruce Thomas Boehrer. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 2010. Pp. 238.

<i>Bruce Thomas Boehrer</i> Animal Characters: Nonhuman Beings in Early Modern Literature<i>Animal Characters: Nonhuman Beings in Early Modern Literature</i>. Bruce Thomas Boehrer. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 2010. Pp. 238.

Loving the Poor, Saving the Rich: Wealth, Poverty, and Early Christian Formation by Helen Rhee (review)

Ancient Loving Poor, Saving Rich: Wealth, Poverty, and Early Christian Formation. By Helen Rhee. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Press. 2013. Pp. xx, 279. $29.99 paperback. ISBN 978-0-8010-4824-1.)In Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (par. 42), Pope John Paul II declared that the whole tradition of Church bears witness to a preferential option for poor. Most Christians would agree-but if asked to describe or defend that tradition, we find ourselves facing complex historical questions. A vast body of scholarship has explored tradition's beginnings in community's early memory of Jesus-pondering his words Blessed are you and Woe to you rich-and in canonical New Testament. Another huge corpus of literature has grown around flowering of patristic commentary and great ecumenical councils of post-Constantinian church. In this book Helen Rhee focuses on an in-between period, relatively neglected by historians of social ethics, but crucial to our understanding of issues- second and third centuries, when Christian movement was sorting out what and who it was. Debates over what Church ought to do for poor and what it should expect from rich were not only an important part of movement's growing body of moral teaching, Rhee argues, but also central to ways it defined its identity.There is no tabula rasa in formation of identity, whether of an individual or of a movement. Identity is both positive and negative: not only beliefs, attitudes, and practices that define who we are but also defining differences from beliefs, attitudes, and practices of those around us. Even those differences, however, we perceive through filters created by that larger culture.The language we use to describe our differences is language we share.The identity of a new social movement is thus always being negotiated at its boundaries.Over past century, new evidence and, more important, fresh ways of interpreting evidence have transformed our understanding of social and cultural world within which Jesus movement came of age as Christianity. In her first chapter Rhee provides a succinct, accessible summary of scholarship on social and economic relationships in Roman Empire and way those relationships were construed and evaluated by various groups. A very brief section mentions aspects of Israelite-Jewish tradition of rich and poor (pp. 27-32). In contrast with comprehensive knowledge exhibited elsewhere by Rhee, these paragraphs are disappointingly thin: most of references are to commentaries on Letter of James; no Jewish scholar is cited, and rabbinic sources are ignored. …

Reading and war in fifteenth-century England: from Lydgate to Malory

Offers an impressive vision of a militaristic culture and its thinking, reading and writing. This is war as political and economic practice - the continuation of politics by other means. The book develops that feeling of war as a very real practical and intellectual problem and shows how a discourse community comes to share its thinking: in the processes of translating, annotating, rewriting, and so on. A major contribution to the literary history of the fifteenth century. Professor Daniel Wakelin, University of Oxford. Reading, writing and the prosecution of warfare went hand in hand in the fifteenth century, demonstrated by the wide circulation and ownership of military manuals and ordinances, and the integration of military concerns into a huge corpus of texts; but their relationship has hitherto not received the attention it deserves, a gap which this book remedies, arguing that the connections are vital to the literary culture of the time, and should be recognised on a much wider scale. Beginning with a detailed consideration of the circulation of one of the most important military manuals in the Middle Ages, Vegetius' De re militari, it highlights the importance of considering the activities of a range of fifteenth-century readers and writers in relation to the wider contemporary military culture. It shows how England's wars in France and at home, and the wider rhetoric and military thinking those wars generated, not only shaped readers' responses to their texts but also gave rise to the production of one of the most elaborate, rich and under-recognised pieces of verse of the Wars of the Roses in the form of Knyghthode and Bataile. It also indicates how the structure, language and meaning of canonical texts, including those by Lydgate and Malory, were determined by the military culture of the period. Catherine Nall is Lecturer in Medieval Literature at Royal Holloway, University of London.

A Case for a Transforming Christology in South Africa

Abstract In the South African discourse on the political relevance of Jesus Christ, a vast array of conceptions of Jesus emerged over the years of the struggle, the liberation, the quest for spirituality and the theology of reconstruction. This discourse has taken place within the framework of the two broad historical movements of a “high” and a “low” Christology. In a recent thought provoking and informative article Mouton &amp; Smit investigated four of the dominant discourses on Jesus in contemporary South Africa.1 They surveyed the discussions of Jesus in the popular news and newspaper debates, academic circles and scholarship, the worship and spirituality of congregations and believers, and public opinion about social and political life. After reviewing a huge corpus of South African literature on concepts of Jesus they ask the question whether Jesus was lost in translation in the South Africa of recent times. This article is an attempt to take the argument further. First of all, the investigation will provide another outline of the Christologies in the recent South African discourse within the broad framework of a “high” and a “low” Christology. The concepts under consideration are the spiritual Jesus, the political Jesus and the historical Jesus. Then a case will be made for the transforming Jesus of the Kingdom of God as a corrective on the Christologies of Apartheid, the liberation struggle and the modern-day post-modern projections of the historical Jesus.

연구 개발 트렌드 분석을 위한 기술 지식 온톨로지 구축

과학기술 분야 연구자들은 이전 연구와 개발 결과에 대한 조사 연구에 많은 시간을 소비한다. 또한, 연구자들은 유리한 입지를 성공적으로 차지하기 위해 일반적으로 학술 논문, 특허, 최근 연구 동향에 대한 웹 문서 등의 다양한 학술 자원을 분석하여 새롭게 등장하는 연구 주제를 선점하려고 한다. 하지만 키워드 기반의 정보 검색이나 참고문헌 정보에 근거한 연관 문서 추출 방법을 사용해서는 방대한 문헌에서 투자 가능한 연구 주제를 효율적으로 찾는 일이 쉽지 않다. 본 논문에서는 대규모 기술 문헌 자료에서 추출되는 기술, 제품, 연구 주체 간의 의미론적으로 연결된 정보를 효율적으로 생성, 저장하고 활용할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 세부적으로 텍스트 마이닝 기술을 활용하여 문헌에서 나타나는 주요 개체들과 연관 관계를 추출하여 시맨틱 웹 환경에 적용 가능한 기술 지식으로 생성하는데 적합한 온톨로지를 구축한다. 이렇게 구축된 온톨로지는 연관 관계를 가진 기술 지식 탐색을 지원하기에 연구 개발 트렌드 예측 및 분석 서비스인 InSciTe Adaptive에 사용되었다. Researchers and scientists spend huge amount of time in analyzing the previous studies and their results. In order to timely take the advantageous position, they usually analyze various resources such as paper, patents, and Web documents on recent research issues to preoccupy newly emerging technologies. However, it is difficult to select invest-worthy research fields out of huge corpus by using the traditional information search based on keywords and bibliographic information. In this paper, we propose a method for efficient creation, storage, and utilization of semantically relevant information among technologies, products and research agents extracted from 'big data' by using text mining. In order to implement the proposed method, we designed an ontology that creates technological knowledge for semantic web environment based on the relationships extracted by text mining techniques. The ontology was utilized for InSciTe Adaptive, a R&D trends analysis and forecast service which supports the search for the relevant technological knowledge.