Huge Amount Of Solid Waste Research Articles

Quantification of Material Wastage in Construction Industry of Pakistan: An Analytical Relationship between Building Types and Waste Generation

© Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2017. The construction industry consumes a large part of raw material and global energy, and produces huge amount of solid waste. It is established that waste generated by construction processes has significant negative impact on the economy and environment. Effective waste management helps in reducing quantity of wastes and making a substantial contribution towards sustainable development and cost control. Based on a benchmarking approach, this research quantifies the material wastage and its causes in different types of building projects. In a waste diagnostic survey, 38 project sites were surveyed. Results revealed that bricks, tiles, and plaster from mortar are the most wasteful materials, and improper worker's skills, poor supervision, and lack of management the most significant causes. Buildings with substantial architectural works tend to generate maximum amount of waste while contractor size does not affect waste generation rate. Based on expert opinion, practical recommendations are given to control material waste. The findings offer a new perspective on sustainable construction by correlating building types with waste generation, as contribution to the existing body of knowledge. It will lead the construction managers to better understand the actual situation of construction waste and devise control measures.

Sustainable solid waste management through 3R strategy in Gazipur City

Generation of a huge amount of solid waste and its mismanagement has become one of the major concerned social and environmental issues in both urban and rural areas. Although municipal authorities are concerned about the importance of solid waste collection, disposal and recycling, it is difficult to deal effectively with the growing amount of solid waste generated with the increase of population. This research determines the waste generation rate (per capita per day) to determine the composition of wastes in houses, secondary dumping site and final dumping site with the amount of the waste that can be reduced and the possible amount of economic benefits that can be achieved through adopting 3R policy. The results suggest that it will be economically benefitting if 3R policy in Gazipur City is adopted. Finally this study, based on the findings, give suggestions for a way leading to a sustainable waste management system for a city.

Sustainable solid waste management through 3R strategy in Gazipur City

Generation of a huge amount of solid waste and its mismanagement has become one of the major concerned social and environmental issues in both urban and rural areas. Although municipal authorities are concerned about the importance of solid waste collection, disposal and recycling, it is difficult to deal effectively with the growing amount of solid waste generated with the increase of population. This research determines the waste generation rate (per capita per day) to determine the composition of wastes in houses, secondary dumping site and final dumping site with the amount of the waste that can be reduced and the possible amount of economic benefits that can be achieved through adopting 3R policy. The results suggest that it will be economically benefitting if 3R policy in Gazipur City is adopted. Finally this study, based on the findings, give suggestions for a way leading to a sustainable waste management system for a city.

Reusing of marble and granite powders in self-compacting concrete for sustainable development

Huge amounts of solid wastes are generated every day from marble and granite industry. Up to now, most of these wastes are landfilled causing serious environmental problems. With increasing the environmental awareness, it is essential to explore alternative solutions to waste disposal problem. This paper investigates the possibility of using various types of waste powders, generated from marble and granite industry, as mineral additives in self-compacting concrete (SCC). For this purpose, three types of waste powders were used; marble powder, granite powder and mixed powder. The experimental program included two phases. The first phase was the preliminary investigation to optimize the amount of the used mineral additives to cement content at which the highest compressive strength is achieved with acceptable flowability. In the second phase, the fresh and hardened properties of SCC were investigated. Slump flow, V-funnel, and J-ring tests were conducted to assess the self-compactability properties of fresh concrete, while compression, splitting tensile, flexural, water absorption and sulfate attack tests in addition to microscopic investigations were conducted to evaluate its hardened characteristics. The results indicated that high volumes of the investigated waste powders (up to 50% by weight of 400 kg/m3 cement content) could be used successfully as mineral additives in the production of SCC. In general, SCC incorporating mixed powder showed the superior performance followed by granite powder mixes, while marble powder has a marginal effect on the performance of hardened concrete. However, silica fume could be used for the enhancement of marble powder performance.

Characterization of Glasses in One Type of Alumina Rich Fly Ash by Chemical Digestion Methods: Implications for Alumina Extraction

In recent years, one type of alumina rich fly ash (ARFA) with about 50 wt% of alumina has been extensively investigated for alumina extraction in China. Due to the silica in ARFA, alumina extraction would have to generate a huge amount of solid waste. There is a growing interest in the glasses in ARFA, because they are composed mainly of silica and could be removed prior to alumina extraction. In this work, the glasses in ARFA have been investigated by chemical methods, that is, acid and base digestions. The chemical compositions have been measured by XRF for ARFA from the digestion processes. The K2O standard, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopies were successfully used to define the digestions processes, and size analysis and SEM-EDX provided rich information on particle transformations. As a result, acid and base digestion methods were found to produce very similar results for the glasses in ARFA. The K2O standard was attributed to the formation of glasses by illites, and TiO2and Fe2O3were proposed to originate from ilmenite in alumina rich coals (ARC). Some implications of the results were also discussed for the alumina extraction from ARFA.

Generation of fleshings at beamhouse in tannery and its environmental impact assessment: Bangladesh perspective

Leather processing involves the conversion of putrescible hide/skin into imputrescible leather and consequently huge amount of solid waste generated in tanning process. In tannery at beamhouse, fleshing is one of the most indispensable mechanical operations in leather processing where significant amount of solid waste (termed as fleshings) is produced. A work was carried out to estimate the generated fleshing and to assess its environmental impact. In Bangladesh yearly 20.1×103 MT fleshings was generated only from cow hide and goat skin where 10.3×103 MT for cow hide and 9.8×103 MT for goat skin. The generated fleshings are usually kept indiscriminately inside or outside the industrial area as green. In rainy season, all fleshings including other solid wastes are washed away and finally fall in to the river, Buriganga. Fleshings contained alkaline pH (12.3±0.2), fat, proteins, lime and sulphide. Improper management of fleshings has negative effect on human health, air, water, land and plant.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(3), 227-232, 2015

A review on vermicomposting of organic wastes

Generation of the huge amount of solid waste around the globe is a major ecological and technical problem. Vermicomposting may be the viable option to handle solid waste in an environmentally friendly way. This review provides a general overview of viability of vermicomposting processes as an ecofriendly approach. The integrated approach of composting and vermicomposting processes provides better results. Further, to optimize the process of vermicomposting, codigestion of organic wastes provides better opportunity for both microorganisms and earthworms to convert the organic fraction of solid waste under controlled environmental conditions. Feeding, stocking density, pH, C/N ratio, temperature, and moisture, by inference, seem to be the critical factors that influence the vermicomposting process. Furthermore, the end product of vermicomposting, the nutrient‐rich compost, could be used for biogas production. Hence, the management of solid waste and energy production can be achieved at the same time with no further costs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1050–1062, 2015

Solid Waste Management and Treatment in Malaysia

A huge amount of solid wastes are generated daily in Malaysia. A staggering amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is produced by one person daily in both urban and rural areas. Apart from these there would also be wastes that come from sewage sludge, industrial waste, agricultural waste, and clinical waste. Statistics of waste generated in Malaysia from each sector mention is presented in this paper. As the population of the country keep expanding, so does the generation of solid waste. However, we could take advantage of the situation by converting these wastes into syngas; which is known to be potentially capable in replacing natural gas for industrial and consumer’s energy application. In addition, existing treatment and processing of biomass and solid fuels such as coal has been widely used in industrial scales to generate electricity. Treatment of solid waste is one of many ways to manage this massive amount of solid waste generated.

English

Moroccan Orange peels are a promising commercial source of pectin. Their massive industrialization generates a huge amount of solid waste. This work aims to develop a new valorizing reuse way of this solid waste by developing the extraction process of value-added products such as pectin from orange peels, which is the waste of orange juice processing industry. In this context, we evaluated the yield of pectin according to the state of the substrate and the acids used. Results obtained show that the peels which have undergone a Steam Distillation (SD) gives the highest yield of pectin (40% using sulfuric acid) compared to Fresh Peels (FP) (25.71% using citric acid).One part of the (SD) peels was dried outdoors and Non-Conditioned (SDNC), while the other was Conditioned (SDC) at 4°C. The highest yield of pectin for each one was respectively 40% using sulfuric acid and 34.81% using hydrochloric acid. The citric acid gives a satisfying yield in each peels stats, 38.52% using on (SDC), 31.88% (SDNC) and the lowest yield was 25.71% (FPC). The result of this work has emphasized that sweet orange peels are a good source of orange essential oil and pectin and has the potential to become an important raw material for food processing industries.

Geospatial Based Approach for Enhancing Environment Sustainability of Srinagar city - A Study on Solid Waste Disposal

In today’s world solid waste management is a major global urban environmental issue which leads to health and environmental risk by intensifying air pollution, ground water contamination, providing breeding ground for flies, rodents, and stray dogs. The improper solid waste disposal in urban center like Srinagar city has resulted in environmental deterioration and negative aesthetic value of this tourist destination. There is an increase in commercial, residential and infrastructure development due to the population growth and huge tourist flow which resulted in generation of huge amount of solid waste. This study was carried out with the aim to analyze the present solid waste management system of the city by delineating a suitable site for the disposal of urban solid waste using geospatial technology. Multicriteria analysis method has been employed, i.e. ground water, slope, Land use, and other sensitive areas etc. in determination of an appropriate dumping site for solid waste disposal. The study has successfully identified two potential sites in north and south of the city, which would lessen the burden on the existing waste disposal site and enhance the waste management process in the city. The results showed that geospatial technology can serve as an efficient way of employing and managing various data that can be utilized in locating more appropriate places for the disposal of solid waste.

Performance and energy calculation on a green cementitious material composed of coal refuse

Coal refuse as industrial solid waste has become great threats to the environment. To activate coal refuse is one practical solution to recycle this huge amount of solid waste as substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Compared with conventional cement production, successful development of this new material could potentially save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, recycle vast amount of coal wastes, and significantly reduce production cost. Coal refuse was confirmed as a pozzolanic material, which enhances its durability performance. In this experiment, 60 % of the OPC was substituted with the pozzolana mixture (30 % coal refuse + 25 % slag + 5 % FGD gypsum), which is an optimal solution for the creation of good-performance cementitious material. Compared with OPC, the 60 % pozzolana blended sample has a much higher resistance to the alkali-silica reaction and Cl ion penetration. In addition, microanalyses of the activated coal refuse by XRD demonstrated that some of the mineral phase changes in coal refuse were related to the performance of the cementitious material. For example, the transformation of kaolinite into metakaolin and the dehydroxylation of muscovite enhance the resistance of the cementitious material to the alkali-silica reaction and Cl penetration, respectively. Compared with conventional cement production by calculation, successful development of a new thermal activation process (800 °C) to convert coal refuse into desirable pozzolanic material for producing the new material would potentially save energy around by about 50 %, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 67 %.

Influência da incorporação de resíduo de rocha ornamental sobre as propriedades e microestrutura sinterizada de piso cerâmico

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores e consumidores de rochas ornamentais no mundo. No entanto, a indústria de rochas ornamentais gera enormes quantidades de resíduos sólidos na forma de pó fino não biodegradável. No século XXI o grande desafio do setor de rochas ornamentais é o descarte final deste abundante resíduo de forma ambientalmente correta. Os resíduos de rochas ornamentais são ricos em materiais fundentes, que promovem a formação de fase líquida e auxiliam na densificação de materiais cerâmicos tradicionais. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a possibilidade de utilização de resíduo de rocha ornamental como um material de fluxo em composição para fabricação de piso cerâmico vitrificado de alta qualidade. As massas cerâmicas contendo até 45 % em peso de resíduo de rocha ornamental foram preparadas pelo processo via seca. Peças cerâmicas prismáticas foram preparadas por prensagem uniaxial a 50 MPa e sinterizadas a 1230 ºC usando um ciclo de queima rápida. As seguintes propriedades física e mecânica foram determinadas: retração linear, absorção de água, massa específica aparente, porosidade aparente e tensão de ruptura a flexão. A microestrutura sinterizada foi acompanhada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e as fases cristalinas foram identificadas por difração de raios-X. Os resultados mostram que o efeito da adição do resíduo de rocha ornamental foi o de promover maior densificação e propriedades melhoradas dos pisos cerâmicos vitrificados.

Improvements on Pozzolanic Reactivity of Coal Refuse by Thermal Activation

Today, coal refuse as industrial solid waste stockpiled on the ground is one of the greatest threats to the environment. One of the practical solutions to utilize this huge amount of solid waste is to activate the coal refuse and utilize it as substitution for portion of ordinary Portland cement. The key purpose of activation is to enhance the pozzolanic property of the coal refuse.Many scientists and engineers found that thermal activation is a practical approach on increasing pozzolanic property. For thermal activation, temperature and time are two important parameters which significantly determine the activation effect. In this paper, a systematic research has been conducted to seek for anoptimal solution for enhancing pozzolanic reactivity of the relatively inert solid waste-coal refuse in order to improve the utilization efficiency and economy benefit forconstruction and building materials.The mechanical property analysis shows that coal refusethat activated at 700°C to 800°C with 1 hour to 1.5 hours has much higher reactivity when compared with coal refuse activated at 500°C to 600 °C with 1 hour to 1.5 hours. And 28-dayscompressive strength value of prepared blended cementitious material containing 25% of the 700°C 1h activated coal refuse based pozzolanareaches 43.4MPa, which is higher than 28-days strength of OPC group as control.

PENGARUH JENIS BAHAN PEREKAT DAN METODE PENGERINGAN TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET LIMBAH BAGLOG JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus)

White mushroom is one of popular food commodity in East Java. Every year total production of white mushroom is more than 4800 ton. The cultivation of this mushroom needed the medium known as "baglog". Every 3 month the medium should be changed. The huge amount of solid waste will be produced around 40 tons/month and must be managed by farmer. Based on the composition of waste contains 80% of sawdust and 10% of rice brain. This composition known has a high concentration of carbon and potential as a material to produce of energy. This research investigated the effectiveness of "baglog" from medium of white mushroom cultivation as a briquette for energy alternative. Different variables used in this experiment are drying process and material that used as an adhesive for making of the briquette. The quality of the briquette such as energy value, compressive strength of briquette, moisture, fixed carbon and emission of briquette, was analyzed, based on Indonesia Standard. Result of the experiment showed that energy value of the briquette is 3400 cal/gram with drying process using oven. The compressive strength result showed that the adhesive using starch glue is very effective. This briquette is environmentally friendly

Impact of pollution on marine environment -A case study of coastal Chennai

This paper reports the impact of pollution on marine ecosystem; it analyses the factors responsible for degradation and suggests suitable corrective measures. Around the world, marine ecosystems are being threatened, degraded, damaged or destroyed by human activities, one of which is pollution The rapid population growth and enormous urban and coastal development in many of the world's coastal regions have caused considerable concern that anthropogenic pollution may reduce biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems, resulting in reduction and depletion of human marine food resources. In addition, pollution reduces the aesthetic value and also the intrinsic value of the marine environment, whether the pollution is visual (such as oil pollution and plastic debris) or invisible (such as chemical compounds). The recent pictures coming out of the oil spills off the Gulf of Mexico in the United States and also the container tanker collision off the Mumbai coast are vivid examples. Another main reason for concern about marine pollution is related to the direct effects of pollution on human health. Because many pollutants accumulate in marine organisms, humans are exposed to pollutants when they consume food from polluted areas. Marine pollution occurs when unsustainable elements gain entry to water masses, potentially causing spread of invasive organisms, diseases and can turn water quality potentially toxic. Most sources of marine pollution are land based, such as wind blown debris, industrial / domestic pollutants discharged and potential spillovers from freight/ bulk ocean carriers. When toxins are concentrated upward within the ocean food chain, many elements combine in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic. As these materials are incorporated into the marine eco system, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these cause mutations, as well as diseases, this can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web. Globalization has brought in its wake increased demand on scarce resources leading to rapid depletion of a wide range of non degradable products viz., metals, plastics, rubber products, which in turn generate huge amounts of solid wastes causing pollution at the entry of marine waters. Besides the coastal regions of India are characterized by slums, with poor sanitation facilities aggravating the problem. Suggestions are offered, both invasive and non invasive which can definitely reduce the burden placed on our valuable resources which may soon vanish unless the counter measures are implemented effectively.

Ways to facilitate the use of recycled aggregate concrete

A huge amount of solid waste is generated annually from construction and demolition activities. This has led to the promotion of waste recycling as a major measure to reduce waste and to mitigate the harmful effects of construction activities on the environment. Among these wastes, concrete apportions more than half of the total. While recycled concrete waste has been used in low-grade utilisations, high-grade applications are rarely discussed. Although the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has actively been promoting recycling of construction solid waste by issuing technical circulars, specifications and practice notes and setting up a recycling plant to encourage the adoption of recycled aggregate (RA), these measures have not facilitated wide adoption of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). In fact, the quality of RA and RAC is less than that of virgin material or ordinary concrete and concrete suppliers are thus reluctant to use these materials. Utilising a series of laboratory tests, this paper aims to set out some guidelines to facilitate the use of RAC in the construction industry.

Assessment of Ground Water Quality at Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Site-Sewapura, Jaipur

Drinking water is a basic need of all living organisms. Pollution of water resource has slowly diminished the amount of clean water from our planet. The rapid urbanisation and growth of population further added the problem. Huge amount of solid waste generated from the residences, hospitals etc. is dumped in open land areas. Such dumping causes environmental pollution by deteriorating the ground water quality. The present study was done at Sewapura MSW dumpsite near jaipur to assess the ground water quality in and around the study area. The results reveal that high amount of Fluoride (2.4 - 3.2 mg/l). Chlorides (288.4 – 1038.2 mg/l) and TDS (610.4 – 1828.4 mg/l) are present in the studied samples which are of higher range of acceptable limits. The ground water in the study area is being polluted by percolation of toxic substances into it. MSW dumping in the open area should be prohibited by the authorities to control the further pollution of water.

Textural development and hydrogen adsorption of carbon materials from PET waste

Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) has become one of the major post-consumer plastic wastes. PET products present a problem of considerable concern due to the huge amount of solid waste produced. The disposal of this waste, together with its low bio- and photo−degradability represents a serious challenge for industrial countries all over the world. Pyrolysis could provide an alternative and economically viable route for processing PET waste due to the potential uses of different by-products: energy from the pyrolysis gases (58% yield in this work), recovery of terephthalic acid and other subproducts (20%), and a solid residue (22%), which has shown a high textural development after activation. The pyrolysis of PET waste was performed in a quartz reactor (i.d. 35mm) under an inert atmosphere. Further activation was carried out at a temperature of 925°C, with a flow rate of 10mlmin−1 of CO2. A series of carbon materials with different burn-off degrees was obtained. Textural characterisation of the samples was carried out by performing N2 adsorption isotherms at −196°C. Changes in the morphological and structural properties of chars were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The carbons obtained were isotropic and highly microporous materials with apparent BET surface areas of up to 2500m2g−1. The suitability of the samples for hydrogen storage was studied by performing H2 adsorption measurements in the 0–1bar pressure range. Adsorption–desorption experiments showed that reversible physisorption takes place in all the samples. The hydrogen adsorption capacities of the activated PET waste compare favourably well with those attained with high-value carbon materials.

Resource Conservation and Recycling: Behavior and Policy

Handling the huge amount of solid waste generated by our “throw‐away society” is a major threat to a sustainable future. Recycling of used products is one important contribution toward sustainability, and social science research can help to increase its success. Of the many varied forms of recycling, residential curbside recycling is fast becoming the dominant form in the U.S., but it has been little studied. This article briefly reviews earlier research on other forms of recycling and describes the findings of several recent studies of curbside programs, including the new commingled collection method. In addition, it summarizes a study on the growth of paper recycling by businesses, and a study of consumers' environmentally conscious “green buying,” which can help reduce the overall amount of solid waste that is generated.

Leachability of hazardous elements from uranium tailings

Due to the usually low grades of metals in natural ores, huge amounts of solid wastes are annually produced from various mining/milling processes. Both these processes and the types of ores in question determine the proper waste disposal strategy. In yellow cake (U3O8) production, extractive hydrometallurgical processes along with oxidizing, acidic reagents are being widely used. Uranium ores usually contain substantial amounts of pyrite (FeS2), sometimes up to 7%w. This compound undergoes acid‐producing reactions, which acidify the porewater of abandoned uranium tailings. Perturbation caused by aggressive mining/milling operations combined with highly acidic environments enhance the metal mobilization which is considered as a direct pathway for ground water contamination. This investigation suggests a plausible mechanism for developing a better understanding of solid waste/ground water interactions. Using both batch and column tests, the slow acidification process was measured by using porewater pH as an...