Huawei Technologies Research Articles

The analytical look of the current technologies of the tropospheric and radio-relay

The relevance of the task of creating a mobile combined station of digital tropospheric and satellite communications of the microwave range, which simultane­ ously operates in 2 modes: horizontal communication and direct visibility, substantiates an analytical review of the current state of tropospheric communication in the world. The technical characteristics of the advanced developments of digital troposphere stations and control systems of foreign companies Comtech Systems, Raytheon Corporation, General Dynamics, Advantech Wireless are presented. It is shown that the RTM-100 tropospheric modem, with a bandwidth of 50 Mbit/s and more, which provides stable communications under multipath conditions when using direct error correction turbocompression (FEC) and supports work with Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) data ports and SNMP protocol is the key Elements for creating a new mobile combined digital troposphere and satellite communications station. The analysis of the current state and development trends of radio-relay communication, as well as the spectrum of widespread use of modern digital radio-relay communication. The OptiX RTN 900, a new generation of IP-based digital radio relay system with a split structure, is one of the first systems to support TDM, packet and hybrid transmission platforms. The system supports communication in 2G networks, voice and data services in 3G networks, broadband data services in LTE networks. Radio relay systems of NEC, NERA, Huawei Technologies, ZTE, Nokia Siemens Networks (former Alcatel-Lucent) companies implement adaptive modulation and coding (Adaptive Coding & Modulation — ACM), which allows you to change the parameters of the radio channel when changing the propagation conditions of radio waves and thereby technology AFM allows the operator to reduce their capital costs during the construction of RRL by installing antennas of smaller diameters or by building longer communication intervals. The bandwidth of digital radio relay stations has grown to 5.5 Gb / s (Ericsson) and for this new sections of the millimeter wave range have been mastered: 71…76 GHz, 81...86 GHz. The development of the terahertz frequency range opens up great op­ por­ tunities for a significant increase in throughput and security and secrecy. An analytical analysis showed the promise of creating a mobile combined station of the digital tropospheric and satellite microwave range, corresponding to the development trends of tropospheric and microwave radio communications, is an urgent task for Ukraine.

UNWIRED PLANET INTERNATIONAL LTD v HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD

Journal Article UNWIRED PLANET INTERNATIONAL LTD v HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD Get access Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, Volume 135, Issue 11, November 2018, Pages 757–829, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpc/rcy051 Published: 05 February 2019

Identify the Relationship between Employer Brand Attractiveness, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Workforce Agility in Telecom Industries Based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (Case Study: Huawei Technologies Service Iranian)

The present study aims to introduce the employer brand as a new tool in managing human capital and explaining its impact on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and agility of the workforce. The present study is descriptive of survey type and quantitative method. The statistical population of the study was all employees of Iranian Huawei Technology Services Company. The sample was distributed through simple random sampling. Validity of the content of the factors counted with the opinion of the experts and then the validity of the test construct was confirmed using factor analysis methods. The reliability of the test was also calculated and validated for all variables with respect to Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the information gathered by the method of structural equation modeling SPSS and Smart PLS software were used. The results confirm the assertion of all the research hypotheses in the research model, indicating that employer brand attractiveness has a positive and direct role in increasing job satisfaction, organizational commitment and workforce agility in the employees of the Telecom industry. At the end, suggestions were also presented based on research findings.

Industrial upgrading based on global innovation chains: A case study of Huawei technologies Co., Ltd. Shenzhen

Although China is a global trade power, it has low value-added trade, which lies at the bottom of the global value chain. Therefore, there is an urgent need to change the unfavorable position of the international division of labor in China. The global innovation chain is a new development of innovation through which China can implement open innovation and utilize the world's advanced knowledge, technology, information, and other resources to enhance its innovation capabilities, promote industrial upgrading, and improve the status of its global value chains. This paper takes Huawei as an example of international cooperation and innovation, aspects that have allowed the company to rapidly improve its position and prestige in the industry. The case study of Huawei suggests that China should introduce talent, increase investment abroad, attract foreign investment, expand intellectual property trade, develop outsourcing and international strategic research and development alliances, build a global innovation chain, and promote industrial upgrading to elevate the status of its international division of labor.

Evading Portfolio Royalties for Standard-Essential Patents Through Validity Challenges

A no challenge clause prevents a patent licensee from challenging the validity of a licensed patent. In the 2014 Guidelines on Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation, the European Commission discouraged parties from including a no challenge clause in a settlement and license agreement concerning standard essential patents (SEPs). The Commission said that eliminating invalid patents serves the public interest because it promotes competition. For similar reasons, in 2014, the Advocate General of the Court of Justice of the European Union opined in Huawei Technologies Co. v. ZTE Corp. that EU competition law should allow a licensee to retain the right to challenge a licensed SEP’s validity notwithstanding that the licensee has entered into a settlement and license agreement with the SEP holder. I analyze the Commission’s and the Advocate General’s assumption that a licensee’s challenging the validity of SEPs unambiguously benefits consumers. I assess the merits of that legal proposition within the well established economic framework of cost benefit analysis. I particularly focus on the marginal benefits and the marginal costs that eliminating no challenge provisions would generate for consumers. I explain that the Commission and the Advocate General exaggerated the marginal benefits and understated the marginal costs of validity challenges to licensed SEPs, particularly when the typical SEP holder repeatedly licenses its SEPs in a large portfolio to a sophisticated licensee. The discovery that several SEPs in a licensed portfolio of hundreds are invalid would neither surprise the parties nor justify reducing the portfolio royalty. The Commission and the Advocate General ignored that encouraging a licensee to challenge the validity of individual licensed SEPs invites opportunistic litigation by the licensee so as to delay paying the SEP holder the agreed-upon royalty for the use of the many more valid patents in its licensed portfolio. Thwarting the SEP holder’s ability to receive prompt compensation for its innovative contribution lessens the SEP holder’s incentive to invest in innovation and thus decreases quality of collective standard setting. Those effects in turn impose significant marginal harm on consumers. Consequently, the Commission and Advocate General erred to assume that consumers derive a net marginal benefit from the announced policy encouraging a licensee to challenge to the validity of licensed SEPs.

Social Media Interaction’s Sway on Customer and Brand Relationship Management: An Empirical Investigation of Huawei Technologies Marketing Strategy

Social media is a powerful weapon of 21 st century. Customers are using this weapon to get full money back advantages from the brands. A brand also needs to understand the social media interaction and also use it as an opportunity. Now a days different brands are using social media platform for the advertisement of their products and services. Huawei Technologies being studied in this paper is one of that organization which not only comprehend the SMI but also take the full advantage of it. Most of the Huawei brand products are now launched on the social media platforms. Huawei Mate 10 is one of that products. In this paper the impact of SMI on customer relationship management and on brand management has been studied. It has been found that customers find it easier to share their thoughts on social media and their experiences as well. This help the brand to understand the customer’s perception and to meet them which ultimately leads to brand management. Keywords: Social Media Interation (SMI). Brand Management, Customer Relationship, Customers Relationship Management, Brand Equity

How to draft a licence agreement that is fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory: a ten-point plan

Mark Anderson is managing partner at Anderson Law LLP, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, and a visiting professor at the Institute of Brand and Innovation Law of University College London. The English High Court case of Unwired Planet International Ltd v Huawei Technologies Co Ltd & Anor is of great interest to IP lawyers who advise on standards-essential patents (SEPs), on associated questions of competition law, and on licensing patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. The case is also of interest internationally, partly because there have been relatively few cases anywhere in the world, to date, that provided judicial guidance on legal issues relating to SEPs and FRAND and because this is the first time that an English court has determined a FRAND royalty rate. This article focuses narrowly on the FRAND aspects of the Unwired Planet case, and on what the case teaches us about how to draft a patent licence agreement that is FRAND. But the discussion is broadened to reflect not only on the licensing of SEPs but also of other types of licence where there is an obligation to negotiate fair and reasonable licence terms, with particular reference to the terms of grant of the European Commission for Horizon 2020 research projects. This focus results in the author omitting discussion of some points that would be of interest to the lawyer who is running litigation against a user of an SEP (perhaps in parallel with negotiating a FRAND licence with that infringer), or who may be advising on compliance with competition laws in the context of such litigation and negotiations.

Injunctions for Standard-Essential Patents in the European Union

Injunctions for standard essential patents (SEPs) — that is, patents that are essential to practice an industry standard — have been at the center of the antitrust debate for more than a decade. In July 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) issued its long awaited decision in Huawei Technologies. Co. v. ZTE Corp., in which it addressed, for the first time, the question of whether an SEP holder’s request for an injunction could violate Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) — the provision of EU competition law that prohibits a dominant company from abusing its market position. In this article, I analyze the implications of the CJEU’s judgment for SEP holders that seek to enforce their SEPs in the European Union. Huawei confirmed that an SEP holder faces a stricter level of antitrust scrutiny in the European Union than in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. In practical terms, however, the developments that followed Huawei showed that the judgment limited Article 102 TFEU’s scope in addressing an SEP holder’s behavior, when compared with the approach that the European Commission had adopted in its previous investigations. After Huawei, an SEP holder’s request for an injunction is less likely to trigger antitrust liability under Article 102 TFEU. In addition, Huawei raised the barrier that an SEP holder must overcome to obtain an injunction. Yet, the requirements established in Huawei are not so strict as to preclude obtaining that remedy. Unlike in the United States, where, as of August 2017, no SEP holder has obtained an injunction, several SEP holders have requested and obtained injunctions against infringers in the European Union.

When to anticipate the state of the art?

Unwired Planet International Ltd v Huawei Technologies Co Ltd & Ors, [2017] EWCA Civ 266, Court of Appeal of England and Wales, 12 April 2017 The Court of Appeal of England and Wales has confirmed that the priority date is the date of the entire day on which the filing was made, in the time zone of the patent office where the document was actually filed. For a publication to be novelty-destroying, it must have been published before the priority date with respect to the time zone of the patent office that received the filing.

Transparency and Opaqueness in the Chinese ICT Sector: A Critique of Chinese and International Corporate Governance Norms

AbstractThis article critiques the current Chinese corporate governance framework and the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (OECD Principles) on which the Chinese framework is largely based through detailed analysis of public disclosures by four prominent Chinese internet and communications technology (ICT) firms. These include State-controlled firms (China Telecom & China Mobile), mixed ownership (ZTE), and privately-controlled firms (Huawei Technologies). The article argues that neither Chinese nor international corporate governance norms deal adequately with the complex group structures that are so common among large Chinese firms. It also reveals deficiencies in the rules on independent directors, supervisory committees, and Chinese Communist Party committees as they are applied by Chinese ICT firms. The article concludes with reform proposals that would provide more useful information and better protection to outside investors and public stakeholders in the unique Chinese corporate environment.

Abuse of a dominant position by legal actions of owners of standard-essential patents: Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd v. ZTE Corp.

Abuse of a dominant position by legal actions of owners of standard-essential patents: <i>Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd v. ZTE Corp.</i>

Transparency and Opaqueness in the Chinese ICT Sector: A Critique of Chinese and International Corporate Governance Norms

This paper critiques the current Chinese corporate governance framework and the OECD Corporate Governance Principles on which the Chinese framework is largely based through detailed analysis of public disclosures by four prominent Chinese internet and communications technology (ICT) firms. These include State-controlled firms (China Telecom & China Mobile), mixed ownership (ZTE), and privately-controlled firms (Huawei Technologies). The paper argues that neither Chinese nor international corporate governance norms deal adequately with the complex group structures that are so common among large Chinese firms. It also reveals deficiencies in the rules on independent directors, supervisory committees, and Chinese Communist Party committees as they are applied by Chinese ICT firms. The paper concludes with reform proposals that would provide more useful information and better protection to outside investors and public stakeholders in the unique Chinese corporate environment.

Evading Portfolio Royalties for Standard-Essential Patents through Validity Challenges

A no-challenge clause prevents a patent licensee from challenging the validity of a licensed patent. In the 2014 Guidelines on Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation, the European Commission discouraged parties from including a no-challenge clause in a settlement and license agreement concerning standard-essential patents (SEPs).The Commission said that eliminating invalid patents serves the public interest because it promotes competition. For similar reasons, in 2014, the Advocate General of the Court of Justice of the European Union opined in Huawei Technologies Co. v. ZTE Corp. that EU competition law should allow a licensee to retain the right to challenge a licensed SEP’s validity notwithstanding that the licensee has entered into a settlement and license agreement with the SEP holder. I analyze the Commission’s and the Advocate General’s assumption that a licensee’s challenging the validity of SEPs unambiguously benefits consumers. I assess the merits of that legal proposition within the well-established economic framework of cost-benefit analysis. I particularly focus on the marginal benefits and the marginal costs that eliminating no-challenge provisions would generate for consumers. I explain that the Commission and the Advocate General exaggerated the marginal benefits and understated the marginal costs of validity challenges to licensed SEPs, particularly when the typical SEP holder repeatedly licenses its SEPs in a large portfolio to a sophisticated licensee. The discovery that several SEPs in a licensed portfolio of hundreds are invalid would neither surprise the parties nor justify reducing the portfolio royalty. The Commission and the Advocate General ignored that encouraging a licensee to challenge the validity of individual licensed SEPs invites opportunistic litigation by the licensee so as to delay paying the SEP holder the agreed-upon royalty for the use of the many more valid patents in its licensed portfolio. Thwarting the SEP holder’s ability to receive prompt compensation for its innovative contribution lessens the SEP holder’s incentive to invest in innovation and thus decreases quality of collective standard setting. Those effects in turn impose significant marginal harm on consumers. Consequently, the Commission and Advocate General erred to assume that consumers derive a net marginal benefit from the announced policy encouraging a licensee to challenge to the validity of licensed SEPs.

Injunctions for Standard Essential Patents Under FRAND Commitment: A Balanced, Royalty-Oriented Approach

This article investigates the controversial topic of using injunctive relief as a remedy for infringement of SEPs under FRAND agreements and seeks to contribute to the debate of under what circumstances a holder of an SEP may seek injunctive relief without breaching the agreement with the standard-setting organization. The article seeks to identify a suitable legal framework and legal doctrine for determining whether such a right exists by comparing a number of EU and U.S. approaches and doctrines. The article concludes that seeking injunction to prevent use of an SEP cannot be seen as abusive on a general level. There are several approaches that appear to be capable of balancing the main interests while taking into account the benefits of standards. In the EU competition law, in particular abuse of a dominant position of Art. 102 TFEU, has proven useful – the Court of Justice of the European Union recently handed down its decision in Case C-170/13 Huawei Technologies Co. v. ZTE Corp regarding the terms under which a patent holder may seek injunction for an SEP under FRAND, elaborating on the concept of a “willing licensee”. European case law suffers from the lack of guidance on how to calculate FRAND royalty rates. U.S. case law appears to be better positioned for dealing with these issues from a royalty perspective – in the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Microsoft v. Motorola, the calculation formed an integral part of the question of the right to seek injunctive relief. In common law systems, equity law (applied to patent law) has the potential of providing a balanced view, focusing on the behavior of the parties and a “willing licensee”; whereas, a contractual approach is theoretically questionable and not optimal for solving the issues related to the right to seek injunctive relief for standard essential patents under FRAND. The article also addresses the issue of balancing the interests of the parties under the proposed approaches.

Comment on “Huawei Technologies” (C-170/13): Standard Essential Patents and Competition Law – How Far Does the CJEU Decision Go?

Comment on “Huawei Technologies” (C-170/13): Standard Essential Patents and Competition Law – How Far Does the CJEU Decision Go?

BILLING SYSTEM FOR OTT SERVICES

In this paper we propose a functional architecture of billing system for Over the Top services. Since OTT services are very diverse provided over different access technologies, on different user devices, legacy billing systems designed for support of unique services in closed provider networks are no longer suitable for new OTT environment. So we propose more flexible approach in building billing systems. Key words: billing system; OTT services; video streaming REFERENCES: [1] Wowza Media Systems, https://www.wowza.com/. [2] Robert Tornkvist, Ralph Schubert: Ericsson convergent charging and billing, https://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/review/2009_01/files/Charging.pdf. [3] Ericson White Paper: Prepaid postpaid convergent charging, http://www.idc-online.com/technical_referen-ces/pdfs/data_communications/PREPAID_POSTPAID_CONVERGENT.pdf [4] Xie Qingrui: Reshape your billing support system Huawei, Huawei Technologies, APR 2008, Issue 40, pp 43–46, http://www1.huawei.com/en/static/HW- 079821.pdf. [5] Cliff Lui, Hui Ka Yu, Richard Shi, Jacky Pang: Telecommunications Billing in the Competitive Wireline Arena, May 2007, http://www.viperfusion.com/word-press/wpcontent/uploads/2007/11/2007PaperTelecommunicationsBillingandStrategy.pdf [6] R. Kuhne, U. Reimer, M. Schlager, F. Dressler, C. Fan, A. Fessi, A. Klenk, G. Carle: Architecture for a ServiceOriented and Convergent Charging in 3G Mobile Networks and Beyond, 2005, https://www.net.in.tum.de/fileadmin/bibtex/publications/papers/kuehne05architecture.pdf [7] Verimatrix, http://www.verimatrix.com/

Could your data be breaking the law?

In October 2012, a House Intelligence Committee report raised allegations that telecommunications equipment from Shenzhen-based Huawei Technologies might enable China to spy on the US and even disrupt power grids, financial networks or other critical infrastructure. As a result of this effective blacklisting Huawei lost important business from a key market. Since then it has been revealed that the National Security Agency (NSA) persuaded some US technology companies to build ‘backdoors’ into security products, networks and devices to allow easier surveillance by the NSA – raising fears that US technology sales could suffer a similar loss of business from overseas markets. As we move further into the information age, data is increasingly recognised as a precious asset requiring layers of protection and increasingly bound by legislation. Yet, as laws make the transmission of some data an increasingly risky business, revelations of state snooping on cloud-based services have made organisations nervous about where they keep it. James Walker of the CloudEthernet Forum explores how cloud computing can thrive in such an environment.

Standard-Essential Patents: FRAND Commitments, Injunctions and the Smartphone Wars

This article examines a number of cases which have arisen in the EU and which raise the question of whether a holder of a standard-essential patent (SEP) which has given a commitment to license that SEP to any third party on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, should be able to enforce its patent rights thought the bringing of an injunction in court. In particular, it focuses on questions referred to the Court of Justice by the Regional Court of Dusseldorf in the context of litigation between two Chinese electronics companies operating in the mobile telephony market, Huawei Technologies and ZTE. Crucially, the German court has asked the EU court whether, and if so when, it might constitute an abuse of a dominant position contrary to Article 102 TFEU for a FRAND-encumbered SEP-holder to seek an injunction against a potential licensee alleged to be infringing the patent. This article analyses the questions that have been put to the Court of Justice and considers how it might answer them. It suggests that even though EU precedent does not provide a clear solution to the questions posed, jurisprudence does set out some guiding principles which can be relied upon to construct an answer. It concludes, however, that even if this matter is resolved, other pressing – and difficult – matters remain which require urgent development. As the FRAND obligation leaves vast scope for disagreement between SEP-holders and implementers over a number of fundamental issues, it is critical that mechanisms are put in place which will allow FRAND disputes to be resolved quickly and efficiently to the mutual benefit of SEP-holders and implementers.

Cost innovation in global supply chains: the case of Huawei Technologies

Cost innovation has been used to describe how firms offer a variety of customised and high-tech products at low prices. Insights into how this trade-off is overcome by supply chain design are lacking. This paper analyses the global supply chain strategies and practices of Huawei Technologies, and specifically how these contribute to cost innovation capability. The paper is based on interviews with managers at Huawei headquarters in Shenzhen, plus managers at two European supply chain centres. The case study shows that even though Huawei does not possess specifically unique supply chain solutions, there are some features that drive Huawei towards cost innovation in its supply chains. Some of them concern low-cost operations based on the location of main R&D, manufacturing and suppliers to China, in combination with a strong customer orientation, an integrated supply chain organisation and a balanced outsourcing strategy.

PPNA special issue on “the green, reliability and security of machine-to-machine communications”

Machine-to-machine communications is an emerging technology that realizes a system of networks, wireless or wired, possibly distributed across the world, for transmitting events captured by low-end machines such as sensors and smart meters to high-end applications and/or personal appliances, where the events are translated into meaningful information. It embraces several major research fields including wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, smart grid and RFID, emerging as a promising approach to enabling ubiquitous computing environment. Unlike current world-scale humancentric 3G wireless networks, M2M communication network is characterized by the absence of direct human intervention and the rapid increase in size and is therefore imposed with unique requirements. With ever-decreasing cost of deployment of M2M communication devices and access to public wireless data networks, and also thanks to its potential to support a large number of ubiquitous characteristics and achieving better cost efficiency, M2M communications has quickly become a market-changing force for a wide variety of real-time monitoring applications, such as remote patient monitoring, smart homes, utility management, environmental monitoring and industrial automation. However, the flourishing of M2M communications still hinges on fully understanding and managing the existing GRS challenges, i.e., Green (energy efficiency), Reliability and Security. This special issue includes six state-of-the-art contributions on the GRS aspects of M2M communications. The first paper entitled “An Attack-and-Defence Game for Security Assessment in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks” by Suguo Do, Xiaolong Li, Junbo Du, Haojin Zhu points out that existing risk analysis solutions fail to consider the attack and defense costs and gains in vehicular networks, and thus cannot appropriately model the mutual interaction between the attacker and defender. The authors propose a game theoretical approach for security assessment in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). They consider both of the rational attacker and defender, and adopt the attack-defense tree to model the attacker’s potential attack strategies and the defender’s corresponding countermeasures. To take the attack and defense costs into consideration, they introduce Return On Attack and Return on Investment to represent the potential gain from launching an attack or adopting a countermeasure in vehicular networks. They investigate the potential strategies of the defender and the attacker by modeling it as an attackdefense game. A detailed analysis on its Nash Equilibrium is provided. The second paper entitled “A Social Network Approach to Trust Management in VANETs” by Zhen Huang, Sushmita Ruj, Marcos Cavenaghi, Milos Stojmenovic, and Amiya Nayak presents several limitations of current trust management schemes in VANETs and proposes ways to counter them. The authors identify that the problem of information cascading and oversampling, which commonly arise in social networks, adversely affects trust management schemes in VANETs. They show that simple voting for decision-making leads to oversampling and gives incorrect results in VANETs. To overcome this problem, they propose a new voting scheme, where each vehicle has different votingweight according to its distance from the event. The vehicle that is closer to the event possesses higher weight. X. Li (*) Huawei Technologies Canada, Ottawa, ON K2K 3J1, Canada e-mail: easylix@gmail.com