Hr Duration Research Articles

Computer-based voice familiarization, delivered remotely using an online platform, improves speech intelligibility for older and younger adults.

Understanding speech in noisy environments is often challenging, but is easier if we are listening to someone familiar-for example, naturally familiar people (e.g., friends, partners) or voices that have been familiarized artificially in the lab. Thus, familiarizing people with voices they regularly encounter (e.g., new friends and colleagues) could improve speech intelligibility in everyday life, which might be particularly useful for people who struggle to comprehend speech in noisy environments, such as older adults. Yet, we do not currently understand whether computer-based voice familiarization is effective when delivered remotely, outside of a lab setting, and whether it is effective for older adults. Here, in an online computer-based study, we examined whether learned voices are more intelligible than unfamiliar voices in 20 older (55-73 years) and 20 younger (18-34 years) adults. Both groups benefited from training, and the magnitude of the intelligibility benefit (approximately 30% improvement in sentence report, or 9 dB release from masking) was similar between groups. These findings demonstrate that older adults can learn new voices as effectively as younger adults for improving speech intelligibility, even given a relatively short (< 1 hr) duration of familiarization that is delivered in the comfort of their own homes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Resolving the Periods of the Asynchronous Polar 1RXS J083842.1–282723

1RXS J083842.1−282723 is a nearly synchronous magnetic cataclysmic variable with a simple X-ray light curve. While its orbital period was fairly well established at P orb = 98.4 minutes from optical spectroscopy, indirect estimates of P spin/P orb ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 because the short X-ray light curves could not determine the beat period to a factor of 2. We analyze a recent 50 days TESS observation, and ground-based optical time-series photometry spanning 9 yr, that together measure precise beat, orbit, and spin periods and enable the X-ray and optical modulations to be phase aligned. Although the X-ray light curves do not distinguish between a beat period of 16.11 or 32.22 hr, all of the optical evidence favors the longer value, with complete pole switching of accretion every half beat cycle. This would require P spin/P orb = 0.952. Long-term optical monitoring also shows a decline in accretion rate, and a change in the beat-folded light curve. It would be useful to obtain a new X-ray/optical observation of at least 32 hr duration to examine any associated change in accretion structure, and to confirm the spin and beat periods.

A Retrospective Comparison of Electrocardiographic Parameters in Ketamine and Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthetized Indian Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Electrocardiographic evaluation is performed in rhesus monkeys to establish the cardiovascular safety of candidate molecules before progressing to clinical trials. These animals are usually immobilized chemically by ketamine (KTM) and tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) to obtain a steady-state heart rate and to ensure adequate human safety. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of these anesthetic regimens on different electrocardiographic parameters. Statistically significant lower HR and higher P-wave duration, RR, QRS, and QT intervals were observed in the KTM-anesthetized group in comparison to TZ-anesthetized animals. No significant changes were noticed in the PR interval and p-wave amplitude. Sex-based significance amongst these parameters was observed in male and female animals of TZ- and KTM-anesthetized groups. Regression analysis of four QTc formulas in TZ-anesthetized rhesus monkeys revealed that QTcNAK (Nakayama) better corrected the QT interval than QTcHAS (Hassimoto), QTcBZT (Bazett), and QTcFRD (Fridericia) formulas. QTcNAK exhibited the least correlation with the RR interval (slope closest to zero and r = .01) and displayed no statistical significance between male and female animals. These data will prove useful in the selection of anesthetic regimens for chemical restraint of rhesus monkeys in nonclinical safety evaluation studies.

Sex difference in cardiac performance in individuals with irregular shift work

Background: sex differences existed in animal behavioral adaption and activity rhythms when exposed to chronic disruption of the circadian rhythm. Whether these differences extend to cardiac performance has not been fully investigated by cardiac imaging technology. MethodsOne hundred and thirty patients enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the day shift (DS) group and the irregular shift (IRS) group based on whether involved in the night shift and the frequency of the night shift. Comparisons of clinical data and cardiac imaging parameters were performed to identify the sex difference in cardiac function in the participants with day shift work or irregular shifts. ResultsThe absolute value of GLS was significantly lower in male IRS group than in male DS group. In females, no significant difference was tested in left ventricular function between the two groups. In male participants, Weekly work hours (WWH) was positively correlated with HR (r = 0.51, p = 0.02) and QTc duration (r = 0.68, p < 0.00), and weakly negatively correlated with the GLS (r = -0.38, p = 0.05). Amongst patients, there was a 2.67-fold higher relative risk (RR) for impaired GLS in males than in females, with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) of 1.20–5.61. Moreover, there was an increased risk in the male IRS group compared to the female IRS group to develop impaired GLS (RR:3.14, 95 % CI 1.20–7.84). ConclusionsThe present study suggests that chronic circadian disruption brings cardiac dysfunction in people with night-shift work. Gender differences exist in the impact of circadian rhythmicity on cardiac function and may help to guide the work schedule and breaks in shift workers and bring forward prevention strategies in response to chronic circadian disruption.

Burden of care on family caregivers of patients of gastrointestinal cancers in a tertiary care institute

Background: Gastrointestinal tract cancers are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally and cause family members to become primary caregivers. Method: The observational cross- sectional study was conducted using a pretested questionnaire and BSFC short form scale on 156 primary family care givers of patients suffering from and seeking treatment for cancer of the gastrointestinal tract from June 2021 to May 2022 in a tertiary care institute. Result: Mean age of family caregiver was 48.6 (4.7) years and the majority were female 111 (71.1 %). Average duration of primary care given was 2.62(1.24) years. 94 (60.2%) family care givers provided &gt; 8hr duration of care. 103 (66%) of the family caregivers suffered from moderate burden, 39 (25%) from heavy burden and only 14 (8.97%) family caregivers considered burden as mild. Significant association was found between &gt;8 hours of caregiving, caregiver having a comorbid illness, treatment outcome and financial distress borne during the course of treatment and burden of caregiving. Conclusion: Burden of caregiving in the family caregivers of cases of gastrointestinal cancer has the capacity to create ripples in the primary life domains of the caregiver and needs to be looked into.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Quiescent Coronal Rain over an Active Region

The solar corona produces coronal rain, hundreds of times colder and denser material than the surroundings. Coronal rain is known to be deeply linked to coronal heating, but its origin, dynamics, and morphology are still not well understood. The leading theory for its origin is thermal instability (TI) occurring in coronal loops in a state of thermal nonequilibrium (TNE), the TNE-TI scenario. Under steady heating conditions, TNE-TI repeats in cycles, leading to long-period EUV intensity pulsations and periodic coronal rain. In this study, we investigate coronal rain on the large spatial scales of an active region (AR) and over the long temporal scales of EUV intensity pulsations to elucidate its distribution at such scales. We conduct a statistical study of coronal rain observed over an AR off limb with Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and Solar Dynamics Observatory imaging data, spanning chromospheric to transition region (TR) temperatures. The rain is widespread across the AR, irrespective of the loop inclination, and with minimal variation over the 5.45 hr duration of the observation. Most rain has a downward (87.5%) trajectory; however, upward motions (12.5%) are also ubiquitous. The rain dynamics are similar over the observed temperature range, suggesting that the TR emission and chromospheric emission are colocated on average. The average clump widths and lengths are similar in the SJI channels and wider in the AIA 304 Å channel. We find ubiquitous long-period EUV intensity pulsations in the AR. Short-term periodicity is found (16 minutes) linked to the rain appearance, which constitutes a challenge to explain under the TNE-TI scenario.

Liquid-structure coupled simulation study on impacts of HTF temperature on discharge and mechanics performances of PCM heat storage system

This paper presents an influence estimate of typical factors on heat release and mechanics performances of the latent thermal energy storage (LTES) tank with phase change material (PCM) by using the liquid-structure coupled calculation approach. Two heat transfer material temperatures are evaluated, including the cold molten salt temperature (MST) and hot MST. The results demonstrate that when the cold MST decreases from 610 K to 530 K, the HR duration will be reduced, the total heat release quantity (HRQ) increases, the average heat release power (HRP) increases from 3.22 MW to 7.98 MW, but the peak maximum mechanical stress (MMS) of the tank wall also rises. As the hot MST rises from 730 K to 810 K, the HRQ increases obviously, the average HRP increases from 5.09 MW to 6.63 MW, but the peak MMS also increases to 159.6 MPa. Hence, to improve the HR performance of the LTES system, under the condition of ensuring the structural safety of the LTES system, the hot MST should appropriately be increased, and the cold MST should be decreased properly.

Constraints on Moon's Orbit 3.2 Billion Years Ago From Tidal Bundle Data

AbstractThe angular momentum of the Earth‐Moon system was initially dominated by Earth's rotation with a short solar day of around 5 hr duration. Since then, Earth gradually transferred angular momentum through tidal friction to the orbit of the Moon, resulting in an increasing orbital radius and a deceleration of Earth's rotation. Geologic observations of tidal deposits can be used to verify and constrain models of lunar orbital evolution. In this work we reexamine the oldest tidal record suitable for analysis from the Moodies Group, South Africa, with an age of 3.22 billion years. Time frequency analysis of the series of thicknesses of the sandstone‐shale layers yields a periodicity of 15.0 layers, taking into account the possibility of missing laminae. Assuming a mixed tidal system, the duration of two neap‐spring‐neap cycles was 30.0 lunar days for dominant semidiurnal or 30.0 sidereal days for dominant diurnal tides. We derive the relationship between this observation and the past Earth‐Moon distance and re‐visit related published work. We find that the Earth‐Moon distance 3.2 billion years ago was about 70% of today's value. The Archean solar day was around 13 hr long. The ratio of solar to lunar tide‐raising torque controls the leakage of angular momentum from the Earth‐Moon system, but deviation from the assumed ratio of 0.211 results in only moderate changes. A duration of a postulated 21‐hr atmospheric resonance shorter than 200 million years would be consistent with our observation; it would significantly alter the Earth‐Moon distance.

INDUCTION TO DELIVERY INTERVAL AND ITS EFFECT ON FETOMATERNAL OUTCOMES IN ECLAMPSIA AND SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA

Objectives: To identify the fetomaternal complications in patients with Eclampsia and severe preeclampsia patients in association with induction to the delivery interval. Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted From June to December 2019 in the department of obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. Antenatal patients with Eclampsia and pre-Eclampsia were included. IBM SPSS, Version 23.0 was used for data analysis, and tests were applied to find an association between induction to delivery interval and fetomaternal complications, chi-square test was applied and P -value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The final cohort comprised 60 women with a mean age of 28.72±6.02. Most Maternal complications were 25% (n= 15) seen in more than 18hr duration from induction to delivery, deranged renal function was the most common maternal complicated ion 13% ( n= 8), Pearson chi-square value of 0.01 shows a highly significant association between an increase in induction to delivery duration and maternal complications while stillbirth was most frequent fetal complication 13.3% ( n= 8A ). A P-value of 0.6 shows a non-significant association between induction to delivery duration and fetal complications Conclusion: Our study concludes that with an increase in induction to delivery time, maternal and fetal complication increases. Keywords Eclampsia, Pre-eclampsia induction to delivery interval

Hexagonal Prisms Form in Water-Ice Clouds on Mars, Producing Halo Displays Seen by Perseverance Rover.

Observations by several cameras on the Perseverance rover showed a 22° scattering halo around the Sun over several hours during northern midsummer (solar longitude 142°). Such a halo has not previously been seen beyond Earth. The halo occurred during the aphelion cloud belt season and the cloudiest time yet observed from the Perseverance site. The halo required crystalline water‐ice cloud particles in the form of hexagonal columns large enough for refraction to be significant, at least 11 μm in diameter and length. From a possible 40–50 km altitude, and over the 3.3 hr duration of the halo, particles could have fallen 3–12 km, causing downward transport of water and dust. Halo‐forming clouds are likely rare due to the high supersaturation of water that is required but may be more common in northern subtropical regions during northern midsummer.

The effects of feeding and transport length on the welfare of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) during long-distance translocations: a preliminary study.

Translocation is a valuable conservation tool, but poses significant risks for the transported rhinoceroses. Interventions reducing these risks are required to ensure positive welfare during transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of journey duration and feeding during the transport of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum). A total of 32 animals were transported by road during two events, five days apart. Fifteen rhinoceroses in the first transport event (37.0 ± 2.4 hr duration) were not fed, while 17 rhinoceroses in the second event (32.2 ± 1.5 hr duration) were offered lucerne. Blood samples were collected at capture and after transport for the evaluation of changes in serum clinical chemistry analytes. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare differences between the groups. In all rhinoceroses, transport resulted in changes in serum electrolyte, metabolite and enzyme concentrations, indicating a loss in total body water, nutritional shifts, stress and fatigue. Fed rhinoceroses, transported over a shorter time, displayed greater changes in osmolality (p < 0.006), serum sodium and chloride concentrations (p = 0.005 and = 0.001, respectively) indicating a greater degree of total body water loss than non-fed rhinoceroses. Feeding and a shorter transport duration reduced, but did not prevent, nutritional challenges. A greater increase in the muscle enzymes CK and AST (p = 0.027 and = 0.001, respectively), indicated greater fatigue in non-fed rhinoceroses transported over a longer time. Further work to distinguish the effects of feeding and journey duration is required to better understand the role feeding may play in mitigating welfare challenges during rhinoceros translocation.

Real‐Time dynamics of renal autoregulatory responses to BP changes in conscious, normotensive and hypertensive rat strains

Renal autoregulatory (AR) mechanisms are believed to insulate RBF and GFR from the continuously fluctuating systemic pressures and protect the glomerular capillaries from barotrauma by preventing glomerular transmission of systemic hypertension. However, renal AR has usually only been assessed by the degree to which RBF is restored to baseline after step changes in BP are imposed, generally under anesthesia. AR indices (% changes in RBF / % changes in BP) are used to quantitate the magnitude of the AR compensation. However, such methods do not provide an assessment of the real time dynamics of AR responses to the spontaneously occurring BP fluctuations in real time. We have recently described novel analytic methods to characterize both the magnitude and the kinetics of such AR responses to BP fluctuations in conscious Sprague‐Dawley rats with intact (controls) and impaired AR (3/4 nephrectomy) and/or calcium channel blockade (JASN 31(2):324‐336, 2020). Essentially, AR indices were calculated for adjacent segments of varying lengths (0.5 – 20 sec) which exhibited a MAP difference of at least 5 mmHg. These studies indicated a much greater rapidity of the normal AR response than observed using standard methods under anesthesia with the bulk of AR compensation (&gt;50%) occurring within 2.5 sec with complete compensation occurring more slowly by ~10 sec. This rapid initial and likely myogenic component of the response was noted to be significantly slower in states of impaired renal AR with &lt;40% of AR compensation being achieved by 5 sec. To assess the generalizability of these pattern of AR responses and interpretations of rapid myogenic protection, similar AR analysis were performed on concurrent BP and RBF recordings of 1‐4 hr duration that had been obtained in conscious chronically instrumented hypertensive and normotensive rat strains in our laboratory for transfer function analysis in control SHR, SHRsp, Dahl S (DS) and R (DR) rats, and Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats over the past 20 years (Fig. 1). The pattern of AR responses and compensation is remarkably similar in all rat strains except that the responses are even faster and stronger in hypertensive rats with ~80% compensation being achieved by 2.5 sec (Fig. 2). To further examine the impact of ambient BP on AR responses, AI were separately calculated when the ambient MAP was within 30 mmHg below (low BP) or above (high BP) the average MAP during the recordings for each strain. There was a clear trend for the AR responses to be stronger at higher ambient MAP, although statistical significance was not achieved in all strains because of the scatter in individual animal data (Fig. 3). These data suggest that in addition to genetic factors, ambient BP per se may modulate the dynamics of protective renal AR responses in conscious rats.

On occurrence of rapid intensification and rainfall changes in tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean

AbstractThe present study examines the climatological characteristics and possible triggers of rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) during 1990–2019 over the North Indian Ocean (NIO). RI is defined as an increase in maximum sustained surface wind speed of 30 knots (15.4 m⋅s−1) or more in a 24 hr duration. In the NIO basin, the threshold of 24 hr intensity change represents the 93rd percentile using a 3‐min sustained wind, while, it is 95th percentile in the Atlantic basin, where 1‐min sustained wind is used. A total of 46 TCs (~38% of the total TCs) have exhibited RI at an average rate of 1–2 TCs year−1 over the NIO. A significant increase of RI‐TCs is seen from the year 2000 onwards over the region. The maximum RI‐TCs occurrence is found in the post‐monsoon season. The majority of TCs (~48%) undergo the RI phase within a 12–24 hr time during the depression stage. About ~35% (26%) of the TCs are retained in the RI phase for the duration of at least 24 hr (36 hr). Most of the RI‐TCs move northwestward (38%) and westward (31%) direction 6 hr before the RI onset with slow/normal translation speeds. During the RI phase, ~72% of TCs travels a distance of ~150–450 km. The TC inner‐core region receives heavy rainfall, and a ~ 3 mm⋅hr−1 increment is noticed 12 hr before the RI to the RI onset. Most of the RI‐TCs made landfall over eastern states of India showing the vulnerability of the regions. Composite analysis demonstrated that higher precipitable water (~55 mm), surface flux (500 W⋅m−2), cyclone heat potential (50–60 kJ⋅cm−2) in the moderate shear (6–8 m⋅s−1) environment favours the RI process. This study highlights the significance of RI‐TCs and triggering conditions for the RI onset over the NIO region.

Perinatal depression as a risk-factor for infant sleep disturbances: Subjective data from a case-control study

IntroductionPerinatal period is characterized by a broad range of physical, psychological and relational changes. Maternal perinatal depression (PD) is defined as an episode of major depression with the onset from pregnancy to the first year after delivery. Depressive symptoms influence the earlier mother-child interaction and impact on child cognitive, affective and behavioral development.ObjectivesPurpose of our study was to evaluate the consequences of PD on sleep-wake patterns in the early stages of infant development. We aim to investigate the presence of poor sleep in infants/ toddlers and also to identify differences in sleep ecology variables.MethodsWe enrolled, from December 2019 to September 2020, a clinical sample of children born from women with PD (N=19, m.a.=13,7, SD= 7,6) and a healthy control group (N=21, m.a.=15,5, SD=5,43). Infant sleep data were obtained from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ). Poor sleepers were defined by the following criteria: &gt;3 night wakings, nocturnal wakefulness &gt;1 hr or total sleep duration &lt;9 hr. Maternal depression was assessed with clinical and psychometric evaluation. T-test was used for comparison between the two samples.ResultsStatistical analysis indicates that there were not significant differences between the two groups concerning night wakings (p= .678), nocturnal wakefulness (p= .815), total sleep duration (p= .209) and nocturnal sleep onset time (p= .475).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that PD is not a risk-factor in the onset of infant sleep problems. Probably negative parentig, affective disengagement, delegation in maternal care and sedative effects of pharmacotherapy may affect mother’s perception of her infant’s sleep.

Remote triggering in Iran: large peak dynamic stress is not the main driver of triggering

SUMMARYThe study of the dynamic triggering of earthquakes and tremors during large earthquakes at faraway distances is an active area of research. This type of remote dynamic triggering is often found in subduction zones. The Iranian plateau is part of the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic system and hosts different collision styles of deformation and significant strike-slip faults. Using 13 yr (26 December 2004–8 September 2017) of continuous data of Iranian National Seismic Network (INSN) and some dense temporary networks, for the first time we carried a systematic study of dynamic triggering in Iran during 47 recent large earthquakes with magnitude and depth ranges of 6.4–9.1 and 8–90 km, respectively. We explored the local catalogue of 124 805 events with a magnitude of completeness (Mc) of 1.8 for the study of dynamic triggering but did not find any convincing evidence of dynamic triggering from the catalogue. The waveform data of 24 hr duration around the main events were analysed to find possible dynamic triggering through manual analysis of the waveform, STA/LTA, and beta statistics and found the triggering. We found dynamic triggering in Iran during Sumatra, 26 December 2004, Mw 9.1; Tohoku-Oki, 11 March 2011, Mw 9.1; Indian Ocean, 11 April 2012, Mw8.6 and Baluchistan, 24 September 2013 earthquakes and also possible triggering during Sumatra, 12 September 2007, Mw8.5. Only ∼10 per cent of the analysed earthquakes produced dynamic triggering. The triggering initiates during the passage of high amplitude Love waves and continues through the passage of the Rayleigh waves. We found north, central and eastern regions are more probable for triggering than Zagros and Makran regions. The instances of triggering were not restricted to only a small region, but instead, occurred at multiple locations. We find the onset of tremor correlates with very small stress changes, on the order of 1 kPA. However, the amplitude of the dynamic stresses is not a sufficient condition since some of the areas with considerably larger dynamic stresses are not triggered any seismicity in the region. The backazimuth angle of ∼50° and ∼120° seems to play an important role in the triggering. Teleseismic waves most probable for triggering local earthquakes within NW and central Iran include incoming surface waves with an incident angle of ∼60°–90° with respect to the local fault fabric.

Botanical insecticide of chili and ginger extract on Nilaparvata lugens, brown planthopper

Invasion of Nilaparvata lugens or brown planthopper (BPH) in paddy fields has led to the use of excessive chemical insecticides due to its effectiveness. However, excessive applications has contributed several negative effects on the environment, farmers as well as non-targeting organisms. As an alternative, a mixture of a botanical insecticide containing mixture of chili and ginger extracts have been studied. Three parameters were studied namely the extract concentration, time of exposure and temperature of exposure. The results showed that 90% of BPH mortality was found at 40% extract concentration with 72 hr duration time of exposure at optimal temperature 30°C. HPLC analysis proved the presence of capsaicin and gingerol at peaks of 4.502 min and 11.046 min respectively. From repellency analysis, the BPH showed selective repel action against the treated paddy. This is due to the pungent odor contributed from compound of gingerol, shogaol and capsaicin presented in the mixture. Meanwhile, contact toxicity studies have successfully give 100% of mortality of BPH. Microscopic analysis have shown BPH deformities was increased by the extract concentration.

Community of diurnal birds of prey in an urban area in southeastern Brazil

As urban areas expand, some species of diurnal birds of prey occupy these habitats, and many establish viable populations. The objectives of this study were to: (1) survey the species of birds of prey in the urban area located in the interior of the São Paulo state, Brazil, (2) to verify the proportion of generalist and specialist species in terms of habitat and diet, (3) determine the period that the species are more active during the time period of the point counts, and (4) to evaluate if there is a pattern of seasonality. Samples were collected monthly between October 2014 and September 2016 using the point counts method (four points; 4 hr duration each). We analyzed species richness, habitat and diet, number of contacts and frequency of occurrence, period of greatest activity, and seasonality. We recorded 19 species of birds of prey through 2555 contacts. Most of the registered species (61%) were habitat and diet generalists, and the same percentage of species classified as uncommon or rare. In relation to the period of greatest activity, falconids were more active in the first hour while accipitrids and cathartids were more active in the fourth hour. In addition, we did not observe a seasonal pattern in this community, butGampsonyx swainsoniishowed a seasonal trend. We verified that the urban area of the municipality of Pirajuí has a significant diversity of birds of prey, including specialist species of habitat and diet. This information obtained evidence the importance of urban environments for birds of prey and showed the ability of these species to use this environment. From our results, we suggest that future studies should evaluate the effects of urban areas of different sizes and degrees of urbanization on bird of prey communities.

Synthesis of Carbon Nano Materials from Carbohydrate Rich Biogenic Precursors using Chemical Vapor Deposition Method and Optimization of Parameters by Taguchi Optimization Method

Carbon Nano Materials (CNM) from biogenic carbohydrate rich non-edible precursors such as Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Tamarindus indica (Imli) and Litchi chinensis (Imli) seeds were synthesized by chemical vapour deposition method (CVD). Parameters were optimized by Taguchi optimization method, four parameters such as precursor, temperature, carrier gas and duration and three levels S. cumini, T. indica and L. chinensis as a precursor, Argon (Ar), Nitrogen (N2) and Hydrogen (H2) as a carrier gas, 1 hour (hr), 2 hours and 3 hours (hrs) for duration of pyrolysis, 800oC, 900oC and 1000oC for temperature were selected. In the present work, impact of precursor is 35.84% which is the most effective factor than temperature (29.59%) and other parameters such as duration (19.50%) and the least effective factor is carrier gas (15.07%). Impact of parameter on the yield which described by the deviation of signal to noise (S/N) ratio. The result of deviation of S/N ratio shows T. indica seed (precursor), 9000C (temperature), 2 hr (duration) and Ar (carrier gas) are the best parameters. The morphology of CNM is studied by SEM characterization and the nature of synthesized CNM by RAMAN spectroscopy.

Symptom And Physiological Response To Exercise Following Concussion

Exercise can exacerbate concussion symptoms, even when symptom are not apparent at rest. Whether this relates to a physiologic response to exercise remains unknown. PURPOSE: To examine symptom and physiologic responses to a stationary bike exercise protocol among participants with concussion and uninjured controls. METHODS: 32 concussed individuals (age=16.9±2 years; 50% female; 12.4±5 days post-injury) and 22 healthy controls (age=18.3±2 years; 59% female) completed a modified YMCA branching exercise protocol. After warmup (3 mins; 50 watts), participants progressed to Stage 1 (3 mins; 100 watts). Stage 2 was based on Stage 1 HR (2 mins; 175 watts if <60% age predicted HR; 150 watts if 60-70% age predicted HR; 125 watts if >70% age predicted max HR). Stages 3-5 lasted 2 mins, and increased by 50 watts/stage. Stopping criteria were symptom worsening (visual analog scale [VAS, 0 - 100] change>30) or 85% age-predicted HR. We assessed changes (end - baseline) for VAS, HR, systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and oxygen consumption (VO2)]. RESULTS: The concussion group reported significantly higher symptom severity at rest than controls (21.0±19.6 vs. 5.6±5.6; p=0.002). Resting HR (63.4±9.8 vs. 64.6±7.3) and protocol duration (11.3±2.0 vs. 11.5±1.3 minutes) were similar between groups. 22% of concussed participants stopped due to symptom exacerbation. Symptom change was not significantly different between groups (VAS= 10.4±16.1 vs. 4.7±11.2; p=0.18). The control group had significantly larger increase in DBP than the concussion group (6.1±5.7 vs. 1.4±4.8; p=0.003). VAS change was significantly associated with HR change among concussed (β=-0.45; 95% CI=-0.87, -0.02; p=0.04) and control groups (β=0.67; 95% CI=0.18, 1.17), and for control subjects, VAS change was associated with RPE (β=2.9; 95% CI=0.55, 5.22; p=0.02) and SPB (β=-0.73; 95% CI= -0.97, -0.48; p<0.001) changes. CONCLUSIONS: Using a branching bike-based exercise protocol, most participants achieved 85% age-predicted maximum HR, rather than symptom exacerbation. The amount of symptom provocation between groups was similar. Greater HR changes during exercise were associated with greater symptom provocation independent of group.

Assessment of Hypoglycemic Effect of an Oral Insulin Formulation in Chickens as an Experimental Animal Model

The study aims to design and evaluate oral insulin for the purpose of achieving the following criteria: effectiveness in controlling blood sugar when taking insulin orally, palatability of the oral dose characteristics in terms of shape, color, smell and taste to be acceptable, especially for children. Stability of oral insulin against intestinal metabolism achieves constant bioavailability as well as oral doses are eligible to all diabetic patients. The oral nano polymer insulin (NPI) was assessed by GC mass, FTIR, electrophoresis, melting point, fluorescence labeling, microscopy, calorimetric, albumin binding assay and hydrophobicity test. The overall in vivo findings showed that NPI had onset of action 35+15 min and 5+1.5 hr duration of action with oral efficacy of 34+4% of that for intraperitoneal (IP) route. The pharmaceutical properties were convenient for oral use.