HPV Prevalence Research Articles

The prevalence of HPV in Chongqing, China from 2017 to 2022: a retrospective cohort study

Background and aimsHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is widespread. The regional differences in infection rates and dominant HPV types are a significant aspect of the virus’s epidemiological characteristics. In China, these differences are further influenced by the country’s diverse ethnic composition, as well as varying economic and cultural conditions across regions. Additionally, factors such as population migration contribute to the exacerbation of these regional disparities in HPV infection rates.MethodsWe conducted an analysis of the current prevalence of HPV among 108,863 patients in Chongqing from 2017 to 2022, along with an investigation into the interaction between HPV and vaginal microbiota. Additionally, we explored the relationship between HPV clearance time and disease outcomes.ResultsOur findings revealed an overall HPV positive rate of 30.14% (32,813/108,863) in Chongqing, China. The top five HPV positive rates were as follows: HPV52 (7.78%), HPV16 (5.85%), HPV58 (4.41%), HPV53 (3.17%), and HPV39 (2.47%). The age-related trend of HPV infection exhibited a bimodal curve. Importantly, the positive rate of high-risk HPV (BV: 24.74%, AV: 24.38%, VVC: 18.19%, TV: 22.81%) was significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Follow-up for 4 years, we observed an overall clearance rate of HPV at 92.20%, with a median clearance time of 13 (1-61) months.ConclusionThese findings hold significant implications for the Chinese government in evaluating the prevalence of HPV in the Chongqing region and formulating effective HPV prevention strategies. Moreover, these findings could contribute to the enhancement of public health initiatives related to HPV in the region.

Comparative study of triage strategies for women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in the post-vaccine era.

The research focused on a comparative analysis of triage strategies for women with Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASC-US) before and after receiving the HPV vaccine, aiming to optimize cervical cancer prevention strategies, especially in resource-limited healthcare settings. Between September 2018 and December 2023, 7,511 women aged 21 years or older who underwent liquid-based cytology for cervical cancer screening were recruited. Women diagnosed with ASC-US were included in the study. All participants underwent HPV testing and liquid-based cytology examination, and those with abnormal results were referred for colposcopy. Women with abnormal colposcopy findings underwent further histopathological examination. The gold standard for diagnosis was pathological, with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+) on histology as the endpoints. In the final analysis, 933 women with ASC-US were enrolled as the unvaccinated group, with 179 of them testing positive for HPV 16/18. Assuming that all women would receive the bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16/18 in the post-vaccine era, and given that the vaccine protection rate is 100% against HPV 16/18, then 754 women excluding those of HPV 16/18 positive would comprise the vaccinated group. In the unvaccinated group, the overall HPV positivity rate was 59.27% among ASC-US women, with a 100% HPV prevalence rate among those with CIN2+ lesions. The combination genotyping model of HPV16/18 showed the highest specificity (81.77%) and the lowest referral rate (32.37%). In the vaccinated group, the HPV positivity rate was 49.61% among ASC-US women, with a 100% HPV prevalence rate among those with CIN2+ lesions. The specificity of HPV33/58 was the highest (86.99%), and the colposcopy referral rate was lowest (27.54%), with statistical significance. Sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were not statistically significant. HPV16/18 demonstrated a more efficacious triaging effect in the unvaccinated group. HPV33/58 will potentially replace HPV16/18 as the priority screening genotyping among vaccinated populations.

Distribution of 14 High-Risk HPV Types and p16/Ki67 Dual-Stain Status in Post-Colposcopy Histology Results: Negative, Low- and High-Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions.

Determining the distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types in histologic low-(LSIL) and high-grade (HSIL/CIN2+) squamous intraepithelial lesions through a diagnostic process in a cervical cancer prevention provides one of the key etiological factors behind further progression and persistence. Incorporating novel high-grade cervical lesion biomarkers such as p16/Ki67 dual staining (DS) alongside HPV typing has become important in detecting cervical precancers. Among 28,525 screening tests and 602 histology results, 559 cases with HR-HPV and histology results obtained from colposcopic biopsy were retrospectively analyzed, together with DS status. The χ2 test with Bonferroni correction evaluated the differences in HR-HPV type prevalence and DS positivity across three histologic study groups. A statistically significant difference in the prevalence of HPV 16 was observed between negative and HSIL/CIN2+ (p = 0.00027) groups, as well as between the LSIL/CIN1 and HSIL/CIN2+ groups (p = 0.00041). However, no significant difference was found between the negative and LSIL/CIN1 groups. Similarly, the DS positivity difference was significant between the negative and HSIL/CIN2+ (p < 0.0001) and between the LSIL/CIN1 and HSIL/CIN2+ groups (p < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the negative and LSIL/CIN1 groups. The study highlights the heterogeneous nature of HPV-related cervical pathologies, and the distinct risks associated with different cervical lesion grades, emphasizing the importance of HR-HPV type distribution and DS status.

Molecular detection of high-risk papillomaviruses and vaccination status in normal cytology in Congo.

The aim of this study was to identify the molecular prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and the distribution of genotypes present in normal cytology, as well as to determine the vaccination status of our study population. 110 cervical samples were taken from individuals, and 1 ml of each sample was added to the Xpert HPV cartridge in the sample compartment before it was placed in the Cepheid GeneXpert system. Detection was performed simultaneously via amplification of the E6 and E7 genes in five fluorescent channels (HPV16, HPV18/45, HPV31/33/35/52/58, HPV51/59, and HPV39/56/66/68a). 36/110 (33%) of all samples tested were positive for HPV DNA. The predominant genotypes were HPV16 (12.7%) and other pooled HR-HPV types (8.2%). All women who received the Gardasil-9 vaccine (3.6%) had HPV, and infection was associated with travel outside Africa. 96.4% of the screened individuals had not received any HPV vaccine. Our research confirms a widespread HR-HPV infection in our population and extends the importance of studies on the molecular prevalence of HPV, particularly in women with normal cytology and apparent good health, in view of the cruel lack of public awareness of HPV infections.

High prevalence of HPV-56 and HPV-39 in Sari, Iran: an analysis of genotype distribution

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for the most common sexually transmitted infection, particularly among sexually active individuals. Understanding the geographical distribution and epidemiology of the most prevalent HPV genotypes is essential for developing effective prevention strategies. Consequently, this study aimed to examine the distribution of HPV genotypes among HPV-positive women and men in Sari, the capital city of Mazandaran province in northern Iran.Materials and methodsHPV DNA was extracted (PZP Company, Molecular IVD, Iran) from genital and cervical samples of the study participants. Genotyping was conducted for 90 cases utilizing the High + Low Papilloma Strip test (Operon Company, Spain). Demographic data were statistically analyzed in correlation with the virological data (STATA version 17).ResultsOverall, 67.7% (61 out of 90) of the cases tested positive for HPV, with 75% of those being classified as high-risk. The participant group consisted of 92% females (83) and 8% males (7). The highest HPV prevalence, 75% (36), was observed in females and males aged under 31, with the majority of positive cases belonging to high-risk genotypes. The most frequently identified genotypes were HPV-11 (23%), HPV-6 (21%), HPV-56 (18%), HPV-39 (16%), HPV-16, HPV-91, and HPV-66 each comprising (14%). HPV-56 was the most common high-risk genotype, accounting for 11 cases (18%), followed by HPV-39, which was present in 10 cases (16%).ConclusionThe prevalence of HPV infection was particularly high among individuals under the age of 31 for both genders, with men exhibiting a 100% infection rate. These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted education aimed at the younger population and the implementation of infection control measures. Specifically, widespread HPV vaccination targeting HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-39, and HPV-56 should be prioritized for the general population.

Population-based age- and type-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus among non-vaccinated women aged 30 years and above in Germany

BackgroundA persisting high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is causal for cervical cancer; however, there is limited population-based data on the prevalence of HPV infections in Germany. We assessed the age and type-specific HPV prevalence, and associated risk factors in HPV unvaccinated women aged 30 and above.MethodsThe MARZY prospective population-based cohort study was conducted between 2005 and 2012 in Mainz and Mainz-Bingen, Germany. Eligible women were randomly recruited from population registries and invited for cervical cancer screening (n = 5,275). A study swab (liquid-based cytology) was taken and HPV testing was performed with GP5+/6 + polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by genotyping. We assessed HPV types as HR-HPV, ‘moderate’ risk and low-risk (LR-HPV). Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with HPV infection, stratified by HPV types.Results2,520 women were screened with a valid PCR result. Overall HPV prevalence was 10.6% (n = 266), with 6.5% HR-HPV positive (n = 165), 1.5% ’moderate’ risk type (n = 38) and 3.3% LR-HPV type (n = 84) positive. 8.9% had a single infection (n = 225) and 1.6% had multiple types (n = 41). The most common HR-HPV types were 16, 56, 52 and 31 and LR-HPV 90 and 42. Of 187 HR-HPV infections detected (among 165 women), 55.1% (n = 103) were with HPV types not covered by available bivalent or quadrivalent HPV vaccines. About 23% (n = 43) were of types not covered by the nonavalent vaccine (HPV 35, 39, 51, 56, 59). The HR and LR-HPV prevalence were highest in the age group 30–34 years (HR 9.8%, ‘moderate’ risk 3.0% and LR 5.6%), decreasing with increasing age. HR-HPV prevalence in women with normal cytology was 5.5%. In women with a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), prevalence was 66.7%. Women currently not living with a partner and current smokers had increased chances of an HR-HPV infection.ConclusionThe overall population-based HPV prevalence was relatively high. An important share of prevalent HR-HPV infections constituted types not covered by current HPV vaccines. With the advent of HPV screening and younger vaccinated cohorts joining screening, HPV types should be monitored closely, also in older women who were not eligible for HPV vaccination.

Cervical cytology abnormalities and associated genotype patterns of High-Risk HPV Infection in Women of Tripura, North-East India: A Hospital-Based Study.

The current study explored HPV prevalence and age variation in cervical samples of different cytological categories and HPV types from women seeking gynecological care in Tripura, northeast India. Pap smears, cervical tissues, and HPV/DNA specimens were collected from gynecological outpatient departments (OPD) or in-house patients and were screened for HPV16, HPV18, and other HPV types by PCR. Finally, logistic regression was performed to find the association between epidemiologic factors and HPV infection in women of different cytological grades. About 90% of HPV-screened women were found to be HPV positive. HPV16 was most common in HPV-positive women (53.27%), followed by HPV16/18 co-infection (26.17%). HPV16 or HPV18 was most frequent (86.45%) compared to others (13.55%). Among the confirmed cytological tests 68.83% showed normal cytology and 37.17% showed atypical abrasions. Among the abnormal cytology participants, 94.37% were HPV-positive, and 42.25% had cervical cancer. The prevalence of HPV increased with cytological abnormalities (p < 0.01). Abnormal cytological lesions increased with age (p trend = 0.017). Among all epidemiologic factors studied, parity was strongly associated with overall HPV infection, regardless of cytological status. Observed very high frequency of HPV infection in the current study, warrants further investigations.

Changes in Genital HPV Prevalence during 12 Years Girls-Only Bivalent HPV Vaccination: Results from a Biennial Repeated Cross-Sectional Study.

From 2009 until 2021, bivalent HPV vaccination was offered only to girls in the Netherlands. We aimed to study the impact of girls-only HPV vaccination on genital HPV prevalence among young adults. PASSYON is a biennial repeated cross-sectional study (2009-21) among sexual health clinic clients aged 16-24 years old. Questionnaires elicited data on demographics, sexual behaviour and HPV vaccination status. Genital samples were collected and analysed using a PCR-based assay (SPF10-LiPA25). Type-specific prevalence trends of 12 high-risk (hr) genotypes were analysed as the adjusted average annual change (aAAC), estimated using Poisson GEE models. The relation between aAAC and phylogenetic distance to HPV-16/18 was assessed by means of regression and rank correlation analysis. Questionnaires and genital samples were collected from 8,889 females and 3,300 heterosexual males (HM). 4,829 females reported to be unvaccinated (54·3%). Among females (irrespective of vaccination status), prevalences of HPV-16/18/31/33/35/45 decreased significantly over time. Increasing trends were observed for HPV-39/52/56. Among both HM and unvaccinated females HPV-16/18 prevalence significantly declined, as did HPV-31 among HM. In contrast, HPV-52/58 increased significantly among HM and unvaccinated females. The type-specific aAAC correlated well with the phylogenetic distance to HPV-16/18. During twelve years girls-only bivalent HPV vaccination in the Netherlands, decreasing trends of the vaccine types and cross-protected types were observed among females. Herd protection of vaccine-types was observed for HM and unvaccinated females, and one cross-protected type for HM. Increasing prevalence trends of HPV types with large phylogenetic distance to the vaccine types might indicate type-replacement.

Human papillomavirus prevalence among Australian men aged 18-35 years in 2015-2018 according to vaccination status and sexual preference.

Australia introduced a national HPV vaccination program for girls in 2007 and boys in 2013, achieving high coverage in both populations. We assessed HPV prevalence among men who have sex with women (MSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 18-35 years and examined program effects by vaccination status. Men recruited between 2015-2018 self-collected a penile or intra-anal swab for HPV genotyping. HPV vaccination status was confirmed with the National Register. HPV prevalence was examined by age groups and vaccination status. Of 1,625 men included (median age 27 years; IQR [23-30]), 231 (14.2%) were vaccinated, and 1,370 (84.3%) were unvaccinated. Among 984 MSW, the prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-targeted HPV types (6,11,16,18) was 10.6% (95%CI: 8.7-12.8) in unvaccinated and 10.7% (5.7-19.3%) in vaccinated men (p=0.96). Prevalence was lowest in the youngest age groups regardless of vaccination status. Among MSM, quadrivalent HPV type prevalence was 40.3% (36.0-44.8%) in unvaccinated and 29.9% (23.1-37.8%) in vaccinated men (p=0.02). In unvaccinated MSM, prevalence was high regardless of age, whereas among vaccinated MSM, prevalence was lowest in the youngest age-group (p=0.001). Among those with confirmed doses, quadrivalent HPV types were detected in 0% (0-7.7%; n=46) of men who had their first dose at 13-19 years and 37.2% (27.5-47.8%; n=94) of those who received their first dose at 20 years or older. Our data demonstrates the importance of universal adolescent HPV vaccination to ensure MSM receive the same benefits as MSW.

Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection and Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Among Men Who Have Sex With Men 50 Years and Older Living With or Without HIV.

Anal cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, and is preceded by anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). The incidence of anal cancer is highest among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV (MSMLWH) and increases with age. However, most previous studies of anal HPV infection and anal HSIL were performed on men under 50 years old, and relatively little is known about HSIL among older MSMLWH or MSM not living with HIV (MSM-Not-LWH). We enrolled MSM who were aged 50+ during 2018-2022 in San Francisco, CA. One hundred twenty-nine MSMLWH and 109 MSM-not-LWH participated. All participants had anal HPV DNA testing (Atila Biosystems) and high-resolution anoscopy with a biopsy of visible lesions. Among MSMLWH, 47% had anal HSIL, 19% had HPV-16, and 51% had other oncogenic anal HPV types (excluding HPV-16). Among MSM-not-LWH, 37% had anal HSIL, 22% had HPV-16, and 34% had other oncogenic anal HPV types. Increasing age was not statistically associated with prevalent HSIL, HPV-16, or other oncogenic HPV infections in MSMLWH or MSM-not-LWH. HPV-16 (odds ratio: 45.1, 95% confidence interval: 15.8-129); other oncogenic HPV types (odds ratio: 5.95, 95% confidence interval: 2.74-12.9) were associated with increased odds of anal HSIL, adjusted for age, income, education, and HIV status. The prevalence of oncogenic anal HPV, anal HPV-16, and anal HSIL remains very high in older MSMLWH and MSM-not-LWH. With recent evidence showing that treating anal HSIL prevents anal cancer, MSM aged 50+ should be considered for anal cancer screening.

Anal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer in women living with HIV and HIV-negative women with other risk factors.

To determine the prevalence and the risk factors for anal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer (HSIL+) in women living with HIV (WLWHIV), and to compare them to HIV-negative women with other risk factors. Prospective cohort study. WLWHIV and HIV-negative women with other risk factors were included. Screening for anal HSIL+ using anal cytology and HPV testing was performed. A high-resolution anoscopy with directed biopsy was also performed in patients with an abnormal cytology result or a positive HPV testing for high-risk (HR) genotypes, and in those with anal symptoms. The period prevalence of anal HR-HPV infection and histological HSIL was 57.9% and 10.9% among WLWHIV, and 60.8% and 9.2% among HIV-negative women. The prevalence of anal HPV 18 infection was higher in WLWHIV. The risk factors for anal HSIL+ in WLWHIV included anal HPV 16, other HR genotypes and low-risk genotypes infection, as well as a history of vulvar HSIL+. In HIV-negative women, the risk factors included anal HPV 16 infection, history of anogenital warts and of vulvar HSIL+, and immunosuppressive treatment. A high prevalence of anal HPV infection and HSIL was observed in WLWHIV and women with other risk factors. Both groups share anal HPV 16 infection and history of vulvar HSIL+ as risk factors for the development of anal HSIL+. Genotyping for anal HPV 16 may help identify women at higher risk of anal cancer.

Longitudinal Screening for Oral High-Risk Non-HPV16 and Non-HPV18 Strains of Human Papillomavirus Reveals Increasing Prevalence among Adult and Pediatric Biorepository Samples: A Pilot Study.

Most high-risk oral human papillomavirus research has focused on prevalent HPV16 and HPV18, with fewer studies focused on other high-risk strains incorporated into the nine-valent HPV vaccine. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the oral prevalence of non-HPV16 and non-HPV18 high-risk strains. A total of n = 251 existing biorepository saliva samples were screened using validated primers and qPCR. A total of n = 72 samples tested positive for HPV, including HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV52, and HPV58. In addition, there were also significant increases in the prevalence of these high-risk strains (2011-2014, 21.3%) following the nine-valent HPV vaccine's introduction (2015-2019, 36.2%). However, the distribution of HPV-positive samples was nearly equal among males and females (52.8%, 47.2%, respectively, p = 0.5485), although the majority (66.7%) of the HPV-positive samples were within the HPV vaccination age (11 to 26 years) or catch-up range (27 to 45 years). These data demonstrated that the prevalence of high-risk oral HPV may be higher than anticipated, highly concentrated among patients within the recommended vaccination age range, and may be increasing over time-providing new evidence and support for the nine-valent HPV vaccine that covers these additional high-risk HPV strains.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among 66000 women from 2014 to 2023 in the plateau region of Southwest China

BackgroundPersistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) plays a key role in the onset of cervical cancer. This study was designed to examine the epidemiological trends and genotype distribution of HPV from 2014 to 2023 in the plateau region of Southwest China.MethodsThe findings could offer valuable insights for clinical screening of cervical cancer and the formulation of HPV vaccination policies. This retrospective study analyzed 66,000 women who received HPV-DNA testing at the First People’s Hospital of Qujing, Yunnan, China, between 2014 and 2023. The cohort consisted of 33,512 outpatients, 3,816 inpatients, and 28,672 individuals undergoing health examinations. Cervical cells were collected for DNA extraction, and PCR amplification along with Luminex xMAP technology were used to detect 27 HPV genotypes. The data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism and IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software.ResultsThe overall HPV infection rate at the First People’s Hospital of Qujing declined from 24.92% in 2014 to 16.29% in 2023, averaging 16.02%. Specific infection rates were 18.50% among outpatients, 12.97% among inpatients, and 13.53% for health examination attendees. The predominant high-risk HPV genotypes identified were HPV52 (2.61%), HPV16 (2.06%), HPV58 (1.81%), HPV53 (1.55%), and HPV39 (1.09%). Meanwhile, the most frequent low-risk HPV genotypes were HPV6 (1.30%), HPV61 (1.21%), and HPV11 (0.85%). In HPV-positive cases, the distribution of single, double, triple, and quadruple or more infections were 79.90%, 15.17%, 3.59%, and 1.33%, respectively. The proportions of pure LR-HPV, pure HR-HPV, and mixed infections were 22.16%, 67.82%, and 10.02%, respectively. Age-specific analysis revealed a bimodal distribution of HPV infection, with the infection rate rapidly decreasing from 44.02% in the ≤ 19 age group to 19.55% in the 20–29 age group and 13.84% in the 30–39 age group, followed by a gradual increase to 14.64% in the 40–49 age group, 16.65% in the 50–59 age group, and 22.98% in the ≥ 60 age group. The coverage rates of the three available vaccines are all below 50%. The results of this study indicated a declining trend in HPV prevalence in the plateau region of Southwest China over the period from 2014 to 2023, especially in the reduction of genotypes targeted by vaccines.ConclusionThere were significant variations in the genotypes prevalent among different age groups, years, and patient sources within the same region. The underwhelming vaccination rates emphasize the critical need for developing either a multivalent vaccine or a personalized vaccine that targets the HPV genotypes common in the Chinese population. Furthermore, vaccinating adolescents to curb HPV infection and ensuring regular cervical cancer screenings for postmenopausal women are crucial steps.

Factors associated with human papillomavirus infections among women living with HIV in public health facilities in Western Oromia, Ethiopia

BackgroundHuman Papillomavirus infection (HPV) is among the most common sexually transmitted infections with the highest incidence and prevalence worldwide. HPV has been established as the main cause of cervical cancer and remains a public health problem globally. In Western Oromia, Ethiopia cervical screening remains a major issue because of limited resources, and shortage of HPV testing technology. As a result, the prevalence of HPV and associated factors remain unknown among HIV-positive women. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HPV and associated factors among women living with HIV attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) services in public health facilities of East Wollega and West Showa Zones, Ethiopia, 2022.MethodUsing a cross-sectional study design, a total of 415 women ≥ 18 years old were enrolled using systematic random sampling from five public health facilities. Cervical specimens were collected by a trained nurse from April 01 2022, to May 30, 2022, and tested at Nekemte Public Health Research and Referral Molecular Biology, a certified/accredited laboratory for HPV-DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction by expertise using Abbott m2000rt-PCR assays. Finally, Epi data version 4.6 was used for data entry and SPSS version 24.0 were used for data cleaning and analysis, and frequencies and prevalence of HPV were computed. Variables were identified using the multivariable model and statistically significant associations of variables were determined based on the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% CI and P-value < 0.05 to determine the strength of association.ResultThe prevalence of HPV was 30.4% [95% CI: 26.0, 34.9]. Of HPV-infected women, 11.9% were positive for HPV-16, 9.5% for HPV-18, and 65.9% were positive for other hr-HPV . The odds of HPV infection among women aged beyond 48 years are 2.85 times the odds of HPV among people who were aged 18–27(AOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.16, 5.58). The odds of HPV infection among women who had three or more sexual partners is 4.12 times the odds of HPV infection among women with a single sexual partner(AOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 2.34–8.62). The odds of HPV infection among women who didn’t use condom during sexual intercourse are 4.73 times the odds of HPV among women who used condom during sexual intercourse. (AOR = 4.73, 95% CI: 1.98–9.33). The odds of HPV infection among women who had history of is 4.52 times the odds of HPV infection among women with no history of abortion. [AOR = 4.52, 95% CI: 2.04, 6.89] The odds of HPV infection among women with history of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) 3.62 times the odds of HPV among women with no history of STI (AOR = 3.62, 95%CI: 1.75, 5.83). The odd of HPV among women with abnormal vaginal discharge is 3.31 times the odds of the disease among women with normal vaginal discharge [AOR = 3.31, 95% CI: 2.87,7.35).Conclusion and recommendationThe prevalence of HPV infection among HIV-infected women was high in the study area. Given the above-associated factors, we recommend that the stakeholders integrate HPV prevention strategies into HIV /AIDS services. Furthermore, the study has provided essential information about the HIV link with hr-HPV infections, which may explain the high prevalence among HIV-infected women. This can contribute to policy development and planning of prevention strategies incorporating HPV infection prevention especially among youth and HIV-infected people.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women of different ethnicity from rural northwestern Ecuador

BackgroundIn Ecuador, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in women. Although HPV represents a serious public health problem worldwide, the information about its prevalence and genotypes in remote communities of Ecuador is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of HPV genotypes among ethnic minority women from two remote communities of the northwestern region of Ecuador: Afro-Ecuadorians and Chachis (Amerindian group).MethodsWe included 291 women who responded to a short survey and were screened for HPV by the amplification of the L1 gene and a nested multiplex PCR to detect 14 high risk (HR) genotypes. A survey collected information on ethnicity, age, community access, and sexual and gynecological history. We identified risk factors associated with HPV infection and co-infection using multivariate logistic regression to calculate odds ratio (OR) and Wald 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOverall, HPV prevalence in the study cohort was 56%, and the five most common HR-HPV genotypes were HPV-58, -16, -68, -39, and -43; however, the distribution of HPV genotypes varied according to ethnicity. We identified lineage A (European variant) for HPV-16 and sublineage A2 for HPV-58 in both ethnic groups. Adjusting for ethnicity, age, community access, and number of sexual partners, we found that Afro-Ecuadorian women were less likely to have an HPV infection than Chachi women (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.96), and that participants in communities only accessible by river had 64% less chances of an HPV infection when compared to women in communities accessible by road (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.71), and women with 2 to 3 sexual partners had 2.47 times the odds of HPV infection than participants with 0–1 partners (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.32, 4.6). Similar associations were observed with prevalence of co-infection.ConclusionsThis study provides baseline knowledge regarding the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in ethnic groups of the northwestern coastal Ecuador and essential information for the implementation of appropriate HPV testing and vaccination program to prevent cervical cancer.

High-risk HPV Prevalence Estimates among Older Patients: Implications for Cervical Cancer Screening Programs.

Due to the heterogeneity of existing studies and wide range of human papilloma virus (HPV) prevalence in India, further research into the incidence of HR-HPV and its spectrum of genotypes is essential to develop screening policies. This study aimed to determine the incidence and demographic distribution of HR-HPV among cisgender female patients attending a tertiary care facility in North India. This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SGRR Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, India. HPV-DNA test results of 653 female patients were assessed for HR-HPV positivity, genotyping, and age-based differences via Chi-square analysis. Overall prevalence of HR-HPV was 4.90%, HPV-16 was 1.37%, HPV-18 was 0.76%, and HPV non-16,18 was 2.7%. In patients ≤ 50 years, prevalence of HPV-16 was 0.97%, HPV-18 was 0.38%, and HR-HPV non-16,18 was 2.71%. In patients > 50 years, prevalence of HPV-16 was 2.89%, HPV-18 was 2.17%, and HR-HPV non-16,18 was 2.89%. The difference in the prevalence of HPV-16,18 between patients ≤ and > 50 years was found to be highly statistically significant (P = 0.007485). The difference in the prevalence of total HR-HPV between patients ≤ and > 50 years was not found to be statistically significant (P = 0.059905). Our study's finding of higher HR-HPV positivity rates in patients > 50 years emphasizes the need for continued HR-HPV-DNA-based screening of this cohort. With widespread use in post-menopausal patients, HPV screening can serve as an important armamentarium in the fight against cervical cancer.

Aptima HPV Genotypes in Abnormal Cervical Samples in Different Age Groups - Implication on Vaccination Strategies.

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) types is associated with high-grade cervical abnormalities. The aim of the study was to find most hr-HPV types causing persistent infection in abnormal cytological samples using Aptima HPV testing and discuss the compatibility of the Gardasil 9 vaccine in targeting most types. The study was conducted in a cytology laboratory in a tertiary hospital. This is a retrospective observational study. Cytology and HPV Aptima test reports were obtained for abnormal cervical samples for a 6-year period. Pearson Chi-square test. Reports of 2834 abnormal cervical samples were analyzed. Aptima testing was positive in 21% of samples, including 92% of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 76.4% of the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 52% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 40% of adenocarcinoma (ADC), and 21% of atypical squamous cells that cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H). The Aptima other hr-HPV group was most common (60%), HPV16 was 26%, HPV18/45 was 9.6%, and double HPV infection was 4.3%. HPV16 was the most common infection in HSIL+ cases. HPV infection was most common in age groups (30-39) and (40-49), and a shift to age groups (50-59) and ≥60 was seen in HSIL+ cases. This study is the first of its kind in correlating age with hr-HPV and cytology findings in the Middle East and adds to previous knowledge related to the prevalence and Aptima testing of HPV. The outcome could be used as a baseline for the Gardasil 9 vaccine and for the assessment of its effectiveness after three or five years from initiation.

Screening outcome of HPV-vaccinated women: Data from the Danish Trial23 cohort study.

Danish women-who were HPV-vaccinated as girls-are now reaching an age where they are invited to cervical cancer screening. Because of their expected lower cervical cancer risk, we must reassess our screening strategies. We analyzed Danish HPV-vaccinated women's outcomes after the first screening test at age 23. Our study was embedded in Danish routine cytology-based screening. We conducted an observational study and included women born in 1994, offered the 4-valent HPV vaccine at age 14, and subsequently invited to screening at age 23. Cervical cytology was used for diagnostics and clinical management. Residual material was HPV tested with Cobas® 4800/6800. The most severe histology diagnosis within 795 days of screening was found through linkage with the Danish National Pathology Register. We calculated the number of women undergoing follow-up (repeated testing and/or colposcopy) per detected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+). A total of 6021 women were screened; 92% were HPV-vaccinated; 12% had abnormal cytology; 35% were high-risk HPV-positive, including 0.9% HPV16/18 positive, and 20% had follow-up. In women that were cytology-abnormal and HPV-positive (Cyt+/HPV+), 610 (98.5%) had been followed up, and 138 CIN2+ cases were diagnosed, resulting in 4.4 (95% CI 3.9-5.2) women undergoing follow-up per detected CIN2+. In contrast to recommendations, 182 (12.2%) cytology-normal and HPV-positive (Cyt-/HPV+) women were followed up within 795 days, and 8 CIN2+ cases were found, resulting in 22.8 (95% CI 13.3-59.3) women undergoing follow-up per detected CIN2+. Overall, HPV prevalence was high in HPV-vaccinated women, but HPV16/18 had largely disappeared. In the large group of cytology-normal and HPV-positive women, 23 had been followed up per detected CIN2+ case. Our data indicated that primary HPV screening of young HPV-vaccinated women would require very effective triage methods to avoid an excessive follow-up burden. Trial registration number: NCT0304955.

Type-specific human papillomavirus prevalence in women referred for colposcopy in Tehran.

Although several studies have been achieved on the frequency of the HPV types among women with cervical cancer in Iran, HPV-positive samples were in some cases directed to specific-primer genotyping of HPV 16 and 18. Therefore, the other HPV types are underestimated. Several studies have also reported a greater prevalence of HPV 16 in cervical cancer in Iran than in the world. To clarify these subjects, the distribution of HPV types in women referred for colposcopy in Tehran was investigated. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 148 cervical samples from women with normal, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I-III, and invasive cervical cancer histopathology were included. HPV was detected by PCR assay and all HPV-positive specimens were subjected to direct nucleotide sequencing. Our results demonstrated that the total prevalence of HPV was 92.5%. The five most common HPV types were HPV 16 (49.3%), 18 (14.8%), 6 (7.4%), 31 (4.1%), and 11 (2.7%). About the histopathological stage, HPV 16 and 18 were dominant in all studied groups. In cervical cancer, HPV 16 and 18 were detected in 60% and 20% of cases, respectively. HPV 16 and 18 were the most common in cervical cancer in Iran.

Cervical HPV infection and related diseases among 149,559 women in Fujian: an epidemiological study from 2018 to 2023.

To comprehensively analyze the epidemiological features of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-related cervical diseases in females aged 35-64 years. A total of 149,559 samples of exfoliated cervical cells screened for HPV and related cervical lesions from January 2018 to December 2023 were enrolled. The prevalence of 15 high-risk and 6 low-risk HPV genotypes were detected, and the cervical cytology were analyzed. The impact of single and multiple HPV infections was characterized, and the effect of age was studied. The cervix cytology was normal in 86.60% of the females, while 7.13% of the females were diagnosed with cervix inflammation, 0.60% with ASC-US, 0.22% with ASC-H, 0.72% with LSIL, 0.49% with HSIL, 0.03% with ICC. The highest median age was observed in ASC-H group with 54 years old. Females with primary school education or lower have the highest positive rates. The overall HPV prevalence was 8.60%. The relatively prevalent HPV types were HPV52, 58, 16, 39, 51. HPV16, HPV18, HPV58, HPV33 and HPV52 were the top5 predominant types in ICC patients. 17.41% females suffered from multiple HPV infection with the most frequently co-infection subtypes being HPV52, HPV58 and HPV16. The prevalence of all HPV subtypes increased with age. Multiple HPV infections accounted for a larger proportion in those aged above 55 years. The peak HPV16 prevalence was observed in ICC group in cases aged 45-49 and 55-59. The peak HPV33 prevalence was observed in younger individuals aged 40-44 who developed ICC. More action should be taken against HPV33 infection.