HPLC Fingerprint Analysis Research Articles

Quality Evaluation of Kidney Tea Granules From Different Origins Based on TLC, HPLC Fingerprinting, and Quantitative Analysis Combined With Chemical Pattern Recognition.

Kidney tea is an essential herbal medicine. It is widely used to treat conditions such as urinary stones, gallstones, and rheumatoid arthritis. There is currently no standardized or widely accepted research strategy for evaluating the quality of kidney tea granules (KTGs) after granulation. In this study, we aim to establish a comprehensive strategy for evaluating the quality of KTGs produced from different sources of kidney tea. A TLC combined with HPLC method was established to identify the chemical components in KTGs, and HPLC method was used to determine the contents of rosmarinic acid of KTGs. In order to distinguish samples and identify differential components, similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted. TLC and HPLC detection confirmed three chemical components of KTGs, which are rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and lithospermic acid. HPLC fingerprint analysis revealed a total of seven common peaks in 15 batches of KTGs. Similarity analysis showed that the similarity of all 15 batches of KTGs was greater than 0.969. The peak areas of the seven common peaks were identified by chemical pattern recognition, and the results showed that most of the KTGs from different origins were clustered together, with small differences between them. The PCA and OPLS-DA results showed that two principal components can represent 82.638% of the common peaks of KTGs, among which peak 5 represents rosmarinic acid, which is the main differential biomarker of KTGs from different regions. Quantitative analysis of rosmarinic acid in KTG samples was performed using HPLC fingerprint conditions and the content of rosmarinic acid in 15 batches of KTGs samples was measured to be between 8.01-14.61 mg/g. This study combines TLC, HPLC, and chemometrics to establish a stable and reliable method that can quickly and effectively identify the components of KTGs, accurately quantify known components in KTGs, and provide reference for the quality evaluation of KTGs.

Study on fingerprint and quantitative analysis of Verbena officinalis water extract by LC-MS and HPLC.

Verbena officinalis L. as a medical plant has been used to treat many diseases. However, the quality control underlying V. officinalis remains to be studied. HPLC fingerprint analysis and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of water extract from V. officinalis were carried out, and it was found that the quality varies according to habitat and batch. Verbenalin could be a crucial component in the quality evaluation of V. officinalis. This study contributes to better understanding of quality control for V. officinalis.

Comparative analysis of four edible mushrooms based on HPLC fingerprint and pattern recognition analysis

Comparative analysis of four edible mushrooms based on HPLC fingerprint and pattern recognition analysis

Discovery of bioactive-chemical Q-markers of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus leaves: An integrated strategy of plant metabolomics, fingerprint and spectrum-efficacy relationship research

An integrated bioactive-chemical quality markers (Q-markers) discovery strategy, which was based on the LC-MS plant metabolomics, HPLC fingerprint as well as the chemical spectrum-efficacy relationships, was designed to develop a methodology for accurate and comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus leaves (ASL). Firstly, a high resolution and sensitivity UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS method was used for plant metabolomics analysis to obtain component characterization and screen potential chemical markers that differentiate between different harvesting periods. A total of 53 chemical components were identified, and 8 potential chemical markers were discovered, such as sucrose, maltol and phenylalanine. Secondly, a selective HPLC fingerprint analysis of ASL and its pancreatic lipase activity assay method was successfully investigated in vitro. In the study of chemical spectrum-efficacy relationships, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and hyperoside were screened and showed the inhibited pancreatic lipase activity with IC50 values, 0.16 ± 0.01, 0.13 ± 0.01, 0.31 ± 0.01, and 0.44 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively, which indicated the above four constituents were selected as the bioactive-chemical Q-markers of ASL. Finally, an accurate and reliable quantitative HPLC assay was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four bioactive-chemical Q-markers in ASL, and their content levels in ASL varied widely in different harvesting periods. The systematic and efficient screening strategy for bioactive-chemical Q-markers in this study, based on “ LC-MS plant metabolomics, HPLC fingerprint, and spectrum-efficacy relationships,” could have effectively improved the quality assessment level of ASL.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Quantification of Quercetin in Muntingia Calabura Leaves and Fruits Using HPLC Method

The present is to evaluate the pharmacognostic character of Muntingia Calabura and estimation of quercetin in flavonoid rich leaves and fruit fractions. Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters, physicochemical parameters and HPLC fingerprint analysis of leaf and fruit extracts of Muntingia calabura samples using standard methods. Further, the extracts were used to analyze total phenol, flavonoid contents and estimated antioxidant activities using DPPH. fruit size. and color of Muntingia calabura was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed powder microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of fibers, trichomes, vascular bundle and Xylem vessel. and fruits with specified Epicarp, Reticulate xylem vessel, starch grains, Endosperm, oil globules, parenchymatous tissue. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, and extractive values. were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and flavonoids. Using HPLC Profiling, Standard quercetin was found to have a retention time of 7.313 while flavonoid-rich leaf and fruit had retention times of 7.245 and 7.210, respectively. Based on the results of the research, it was discovered that Muntingia calabura, fruit and leaves contain a variety of secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant ability. The morphological and histological traits of Muntingia calabura, leaves and fruit can be witnessed under a microscope. Using HPLC Profiling for Quantification of Quercetin in flavonoid rich fraction of leaves and fruits.

Phytochemical Profile of Alkaloid Extract from Dendrobium huoshanense and Inhibitory Effects against Oxidative Stress in H2 O2 -Induced PC12 Cells.

This study aimed to explore the alkaloid profile of Dendrobium huoshanense and determine the potential protective effect against oxidative damage. The crude D. huoshanense alkaloid extract (DHAE) was obtained by 70 % ethanol extraction and liquid-liquid partition. DHAE contained specific alkaloid components with abundant 6-hydroxynobiline (58.15 %) and trace dendrobine (3.23 %) in the preliminary HPLC fingerprint and GC-MS analysis, which was distinguished from D. officinale or D. nobile. Subsequently, six alkaloids including 6-hydroxynobiline, 2-hydroxy dendrobine, nobilonine, dendrobine, Findlayines D and trans-dendrochrysanine were identified in the purified DHAE (namely DHSAE-3, DHSAE-3') via further solid phase extraction coupled with UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Meanwhile, pretreatment with DHAE or DHSAE (0.5, 5 μg/mL) increased cell viability by 14.0-57.4 % compared to that of H2 O2 -induced PC12 Model cells. Among them, 5 μg/mL DHSAE-3-treated cells displayed a pronounced reversion than the positive vitamin E (p<0.01). Furthermore, a clear cellular morphological restoration and 38.4 % reduction in intracellular reactive oxidative species level were achieved. Our findings suggest that D. huoshanense has a characteristic alkaloid profile represented by abundant 6-hydroxynobiline, and DHAEs exhibit obvious protection against oxidative neuronal damage. Overall, this study indicates that DHAEs might be used to inhibit oxidative stress and provide a source to develop novel neuroprotective drugs.

Quality assessment of Red Yeast Rice by fingerprint and fingerprint-effect relationship combined with antioxidant activity

Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is an important functional food ingredient that plays a critical role in promoting dietary guidance and maintaining health. To ensure its quality, four key compounds were quantified, and both HPLC fingerprint and electrochemical fingerprint (ECFP) were applied to assess quality. Additionally, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+•) scavenging test and ECFP were applied to assay the total antioxidant activity, with ascorbic acid as the positive control. The results showed that the holistic quality of samples was divided into 4 grades based on HPLC fingerprint analysis by the comprehensive linear quantitative fingerprint method. Additionally, the area of the total peak (Atp) in ECFP was found to be linearly correlated with the antioxidant activity (R > 0.99). A further fingerprint-efficacy relationship analysis determined the significant contributions to the antioxidant activity of peaks 20-Daidzein, 21-Glycitein, and 24-Genistein. Overall, this study suggested a comprehensive and reliable approach to the quality assessment of RYR.

Global metabolic profile and multiple phytometabolites in the different varieties of Gastrodia elata Blume.

Gastrodia elata Blume (Tianma in Chinese), a myco-heterotrophic orchid, is widely distributed in China. Tubers derived from this orchid are traditionally used as both medicinal and edible materials. At present, five primary varieties of G. elata are recorded in the "Flora of China." Among them, the three main varieties currently in artificial cultivation are G. elata f. elata (GR, red stem), G. elata f. glauca (GB, black stem), and G. elata f. viridis (GG, green stem). In our study, the metabolic profiles and chemical composition of these three varieties were determined via UPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV. In total, 11,132 metabolites were detected, from which multiple phytometabolites were identified as aromatic compounds, heteroatomic compounds, furans, carbohydrates, organic acids, and their derivatives. A number of differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were annotated as bioactive ingredients. Overall, parishins, vanilloloside, and gastrodin A/B in the GB group were markedly higher, whereas gastrodin, gastrol, and syringic acid were more enriched in the GG or GR groups. Moreover, HPLC fingerprint analysis also found six metabolites used as markers for the identification of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which were also typical DEMs in metabolomics. Of these, gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, citric acid, and adenosine were quantitatively detected, showing a similar result with the metabolomic data. In summary, our findings provide novel insights into the phytochemical ingredients of different G. elata varieties, highlighting diverse biological activities and healthcare value.

High performance liquid chromatography analysis of tea-infused alcohol - a potential substance of abuse in Nigeria

In Nigeria, tea infused with locally distilled gin is often sold as a tea-alcohol blend and consumed as a recreational beverage, which has been linked to substance abuse. The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of solvents on the phytochemical compositions of tea-infused gin and hot water tea infusion. A commercial tea was extracted with locally distilled gin as well as hot distilled water. After drying, the extracts were subjected to HPLC fingerprinting analysis at a UV detection wavelength of 254 nm. HPLC analysis showed that hot water extracted 28 metabolites and locally distilled gin extracted 24 metabolites. Both extracts had two significant main peaks with similar retention times. The results of this study show that hot water tea contains similar phytocomponents as alcoholic blended tea. This implies that aqueous tea infusions and tea-alcohol blends may both provide health benefits from tea. Those with alcohol addiction and alcohol-related health problems should avoid tea-alcohol mixtures and enjoy aqueous tea infusions instead

Holistic chemical characterization of Zaoren Anshen preparations based on HPLC fingerprint and multi-components quantification

Based on HPLC fingerprint analysis and multi-components quantification, a simple, sensible, and reliable HPLC-UV method, capable of qualitatively and quantitatively characterizing the main chemical markers of all medicinal herbs of Zaoren Anshen (ZRAS) prescription by one injection, was firstly developed. Then, three different dosage forms of ZRAS preparations, i.e., capsule, granule, and oral liquid, were analyzed and compared systematically, indicating the similarity and difference in chemical markers of the three ZRAS preparations. The strategy of combining HPLC chemical fingerprint and multi-components quantification in one injection was rather practical, powerful and useful in characterizing the main chemical markers of ZRAS preparations, which was a benefit for holistic quality evaluation and control of ZRAS preparations. Moreover, the present results provide sound scientific data for further studies on the effective constituents and quality control of ZRAS preparations.

Comprehensive HPLC fingerprint analysis based on a two-step extraction method for quality evaluation of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

Abundant chemical components are key to ensure the evaluation accuracy of fingerprint analysis of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). A two-step extraction method combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and water ultrasonic extraction was established for the quality evaluation of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Weakly polar components were extracted under optimal SFE conditions (15% co-solvent (EtOH : n-hexane = 1 : 14, (v/v)), 40 °C, 250 bar, and 30 min), and polar components were subsequently extracted by an ultrasonic step (100% water as solvent, 40 °C, and 45 min). Then, HPLC methods were established, which were validated to be accurate, stable, and reliable. In this work, 25 batches of samples were evaluated and the data were analysed by similarity analysis (SA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The similarity values of SFE extracts and aqueous extracts were respectively 0.616-0.999, and 0.252-0.997, proving the importance of the extraction method for the accuracy of the subsequent fingerprint analysis results. For the HCA, 25 samples were divided into two categories (leaves and stems), among which four batches of leaves with less similarity were considered as stems, indicating that quality differences of P. frutescens depending on medicinal parts and origin exist. The two-step extraction method developed in this work has been proved to be suitable for the quality evaluation of TCMs with complex compositions.

Establishment of Quality Evaluation Method for Yinqiao Powder: A Herbal Formula against COVID-19 in China.

Yinqiao powder, with significant anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, is a classical formula for the treatment of febrile diseases in China. During the SARS period in 2003, Yinqiao powder showed a good antipyretic effect. It also plays a major role in the treatment for COVID-19 in China. Although there are many studies on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of Yinqiao powder, there are few studies on the quality standard system of it. In our study, a systematic quality evaluation method of Yinqiao powder combining HPLC fingerprint with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) based on network pharmacology and UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS was established for the first time. In the UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS experiment, a total of 53 compounds were identified in the extract solution of Yinqiao powder. In addition, 33 blood components were characterized, 23 of which were prototypes. The results of network pharmacology analysis showed that Yinqiao powder may inhibit inflammatory responses by suppressing IL-6, CXCL2, TNFα, NF-κB, etc., in the treatment of COVID-19. The HPLC fingerprint analysis of Yinqiao powder was conducted at 237 nm and 29 characteristic peaks were matched, 11 of which were identified. Forsythoside A was selected as the internal standard reference and double-wavelength (237 nm and 327 nm) was established in QAMS experiment. The repeatability was well under different conditions, and the results measured by QAMS were consisted with that of the external standard method (ESM), indicating that the QAMS method was reliable and accurate. The quality evaluation method of Yinqiao powder would be helpful to evaluate the intrinsic quality of Yinqiao powder more comprehensively, which is conducive to improve the quality standard of Yinqiao powder and provide a beneficial guarantee for the clinical treatment of COVID-19.

Fingerprinting Profile of Saponin Glycosides in Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Wettst

As a medhya rasayana in Ayurveda formulations, B. monnieri has undergone extensive research into its bioactive chemicals in the last few years. To date, no research has been done on the chemical profiles of different extract components, such as the leaf and stem compounds that are crucial for pre-formulation purposes. Routine B. monnieri testing requires the use of welldefined concentrations of bacopaside II and baposide A3. As a result, the study's goal was to identify the active ingredients found in the leaves and stems of the Bacopa monnieri plant. We want to standardize phytoconstituents in B. monnieri leaves and stems using two different markers and the HPLC technique described here. The HPLC fingerprinting analysis of the extract of B. monnieri was carried out. Phosphoric acid: acetonitrile (65: 53 v/v) was used as the mobile phase, and the absorbance at 240 nm was measured after a 50-minute run time. Saponins found in the leaf extract included apigenin, bacopasaponin A, bacoside A3, and bacoside A1, with retention durations of 21.217, 17.843, 15.241, 14.540, 11.274, and 11.263, respectively. Stem extract, on the other hand, revealed the existence of major compounds such as bacopaside II, bacoside A3, bacopaside I, and bacosaponin C, with retention durations of 21.133, 14.186, 14.021, and 13.970, respectively. Phytoconstituents were found in greater abundance in the leaf extract of the plant than in the stem extract. The standard bacopaside II and bacoside A3 were used to match the phytoconstituents found in leaves and stems. HPLC fingerprinting was used to check the quality of plant extracts and their fractions, such as methanol. Keywords: ,,,,

Wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of Ceiba pentendra (l.) Gaertn

BackgroundTraditionally, morphological parts of Ceiba pentandra have been reported as remedies against numerous diseases. On this basis, the wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract and fractions of Ceiba pentendra was investigated. MethodologyPreliminary qualitative phytochemical screening test was performed using HPLC fingerprint analysis. The extract (CPE) and fractions of graded solvent polarity: n-hexane (HXCP), ethylacetate (EACP) and Butanol (BNCP) were investigated for wound-healing potentials, using excision and incision models. Acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties of C. pentendra were investigated using paw edema and cotton pellet models of inflammation in rats, respectively. ResultsHPLC fingerprint analysis revealed the presence of Quercitrin, Apigenin and Catechin phytoconstituents. All the solvent fractions exhibited significant (p<0.05) higher rate of wound healing, contraction and epithelialization, with HXCP-30% fraction being the most active, with total wound healing occurring at the 16th day (100%). The wound breaking strength was significantly greater in groups treated with fractions HXCP-30% and BNCP-30%. In the cotton-pellets studies, the granuloma tissues formed in the extract treated groups were lower than those of the negative control. The result was significant (p<0.05) with CPE at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. In the paw edema studies, the extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activities after 2 h with maximum percentage inhibition of 60.00% seen at the sixth hour at 400 mg CPE/kg dose level. ConclusionThe extract and fractions of Ceiba pentendra showed significant wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities which are relevant in explaining the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of wounds.

HPLC Fingerprint Analysis Coupled with Multivariate Analysis for Quality Assessment of Picrorhiza kurroa Rhizomes

Background: Kutki, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae, has been utilized globally for liver ailments. Objective: Comprehensive use of kutki needs to evaluate its role as a quality control tool for dis-crimination of kutki samples, and therefore an effective HPLC fingerprinting method was estab-lished. Methods: Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (RP-HPLC-PDA) detection method coupled with multivariate analysis was developed, which was mod-est, consistent and, accurate for classification of 11 kutki samples including authentic Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes from the market of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in Gujarat, India. Results: The method was validated for various parameters like precision, reproducibility, and stabil-ity. The lowest value of the % relative standard deviations (RSD) was 1.31%. Chromatographic fin-gerprint profiles of 11 kutki samples, including authenticated samples, were obtained by this meth-od, which showed a total of 28 peaks, and 9 peaks were important among them. Chemometric tech-niques like PCA and HCA were applied to identify the kutki samples.The Samples of kutki could be exquisitely differentiated into two clusters. Conclusion: HPLC-PDA method coupled with multivariate analysis divulged that chromatographic fingerprint analysis was reliable and effective for quality assessment and discrimination of kutki samples.

Establishment and Development of a Quality Evaluation Method for Sangbaipi Decoction.

Sangbaipi decoction (SD), a traditional Chinese "Ancient Classical Prescription" consisting of eight medicinal materials, is usually used to treat asthma due to excess lung Qi and phlegm fire. To establish a comprehensive quality evaluation method for SD. HPLC fingerprint analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied for the quality control of SD prepared from different batches of medicinal materials. A total of 10 batches of SD samples were prepared and analyzed. A total of 24 common peaks and six active components (gardenoside, rutin, berberine, palmatine, baicalein, and wogonin) were identified in the HPLC fingerprint of SD. The ten batches of SD samples were divided into four groups via HCA and PCA. The HPLC fingerprint similarities of the 10 batch samples were 0.934 or higher. The precision, stability, repeatability, and other methodological indexes suggested that the developed method met the requirements for qualitative fingerprint research. The results indicated that HPLC fingerprints combined with PCA and multicomponent determination can be successfully applied to SD quality control. This study also provides a basis for a more comprehensive quality evaluation method for SD. The fingerprint of SD, a TCM famous classical formula, was established by HPLC in this paper. Moreover, contents of six pharmacodynamic related components in SD were determined simultaneously in order to establish a comprehensive quality evaluation method of SD. This study can also provide a basis for raw material selection, quality evaluation, extraction process, preparation development and pharmacodynamic material basis research of SD.

Quality evaluation of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum by HPLC fingerprint and multi-component quantitative analysis

The present study detected the component content in Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum by HPLC fingerprint and the multi-component determination method. HPLC analysis was performed on the Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm). Acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid aqueous solution with gradient elution was employed as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was 210 nm and the sample volume was 10 μL. The similarity of 18 batches of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum was 0.343-0.779, indicating that there were great differences between different batches of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum. Eighteen common peaks were identified, including eight flavonoids such as liquiritigenin and latifolin. The mass fractions of liquiritigenin, luteolin, naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, formononetin, dalbergin, latifolin, and pinocembrin were in the ranges of 0.134 1%-0.495 2%, 0.028 2%-0.167 0%, 0.016 3%-0.591 3%, 0.053 5%-0.188 0%, 0.142 4%-0.640 1%, 0.068 0%-0.590 7%, 0.003 2%-1.980 7%, and 0.009 6%-0.740 2%, respectively. Eighteen batches of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were divided into three categories by cluster analysis and eight differential components in Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum were marked by partial least-squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The cumulative variance contribution rate was 90.5%. The HPLC fingerprint combined with the multi-component determination method for Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum is easy in operation and accurate in results, with good repeatability and reliability. The quality of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum can be evaluated and analyzed by the PLS-DA model. This study is expected to provide a reference for the quality control and clinical application of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum.

Quality value transmitting of substance benchmarks in Danggui Buxue Decoction

To clarify the key quality attributes of substance benchmarks in Danggui Buxue Decoction(DBD), this study prepared 21 batches of DBD substance benchmarks, and established two methods for detecting their fingerprints, followed by the identification of peak attribution and similarity range as well as the determination of extract and transfer rate ranges and contents of index components ferulic acid, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and astragaloside Ⅳ. The mass fractions and transfer rates of DBD substance benchmarks from different batches were calculated as follows: ferulic acid(index component in Angelicae Sinensis Radix): 0.037%-0.084% and 31.41%-98.88%; astragaloside Ⅳ(index component in Astragali Radix): 0.021%-0.059% and 32.18%-118.57%; calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside: 0.002%-0.023% and 11.51%-45.65%, with the extract rate being 18.4%-36.1%. The similarity of fingerprints among 21 batches of DBD substance benchmarks was all higher than 0.9. The quality control method for DBD substance benchmarks was preliminarily established based on the HPLC fingerprint analysis and index component determination, which has provided a basis for the subsequent development of DBD and the quality control of novel related preparations.

Pharmacological Potential and Chemical Composition of Crocus sativus Leaf Extracts.

Crocus sativus L. (saffron) has been traditionally used as a food coloring or flavoring agent, but recent research has shown its potent pharmacological activity to tackle several health-related conditions. Crocus sp. leaves, and petals are the by-products of saffron production and are not usually used in the medicine or food industries. The present study was designed to determine the chemical composition of the water and ethanolic extracts of C. sativus leaves and test their cytotoxic activity against melanoma (IGR39) and triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines by MTT assay. We also determined their anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. HPLC fingerprint analysis showed the presence of 16 compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids, which could contribute to the extracts’ biological activities. For the first time, compounds such as tectoridin, iristectorigenin B, nigricin, and irigenin were identified in Crocus leaf extracts. The results showed that mangiferin (up to 2 mg/g dry weight) and isoorientin (8.5 mg/g dry weight) were the major active ingredients in the leaf extracts. The ethanolic extract reduced the viability of IGR39 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells with EC50 = 410 ± 100 and 330 ± 40 µg/mL, respectively. It was more active than the aqueous extract. Kaempferol and quercetin were identified as the most active compounds. Our results showed that Crocus leaves contain secondary metabolites with potent cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.

Quality evaluation of Polygonatum cyrtonema based on HPLC fingerprint and multi-component quantitative analysis

The medicinal and edible Polygonatum cyrtonema is one of the original species of Polygonati Rhizoma. In this study,HPLC fingerprints for 25 batches of P. cyrtonema from 6 provinces were established. A total of 14 common peaks were identified and the similarities of the fingerprints were in the range of 0. 939-0. 999. In additon, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLSDA) demonstrated that the samples had low discriminability except for JX-1 and most components of them had no significant correlation with environmental factors such as longitude, latitude, and altitude. Thus, chemical composition specificity of P. cyrtonema in natural distribution areas had no obvious regularity and their variation might be induced by the local environment. This conclusion explained the lack of records about Dao-di area of Polygonati Rhizoma. However, JX-1 boasted significantly higher content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) and 4',5,7-trihydroxy-6,8-dimethylhomoisoflavone( HIF), thick and long inflorescence and rhizome, and extremely high yield. Therefore, excellent variety of P. cyrtonema might have great potential to improve the quality and yield of Polygonati Rhizoma. Moreover, three components of HMF, polygonalline A(PA), and HIF were identified in the fingerprint. Among them, HMF has the activities of blood rheology improvement, antioxidation, and anti-myocardial ischemia and PA is an indolizine alkaloid with potential anti-inflammatory activity. HIF, the characteristic homoisoflavone in Polygonatum, has the pharmacological activities of regulating blood glucose and anti-tumor. A quantitative analysis method can provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality evaluation of Polygonati Rhizoma.