House Size Research Articles

Adaptation of traditional Malay house design towards housing comfort and satisfaction

Prioritizing of environmental and socio-cultural factors of the community in housing design will be able to create a home that is natural and flexible with various conditions and lives of its occupants from time to time. Thus, will be able to provide comfort and satisfaction of housing to its occupants. This study aims to review and identify the design and concept of traditional Malay houses that suitable to be applied in modern housing development towards improving the occupant’s comfort and satisfaction aspects The literature review has identified several factors in comfort and satisfaction of the housing occupants such as house design, house and space size, space flexibility, space arrangement, space allocation, lighting and ventilation. Traditional Malay houses design are referred as a comparison factor for this study as a basic element of housing comfort and satisfaction. The approach of the study involves a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The analysis led to the discovery of the problems of modern house design from various aspects which including design, size, space arrangement, lighting and ventilation. Therefore, the recommendation is to adapt potential traditional Malay house design elements in modern housing development. The study concludes that the adaptation of potential elements of traditional Malay house design can produce a sustainable housing, offering comfort and satisfaction, improve the quality of life and gives good implications for housing development. Keywords: Housing comfort, housing design, housing development, housing satisfaction, quality of life, traditional Malay house

Multi-sectoral data linkages to explore associations between the built environment and BMI.

ObjectivesIn Wales almost a quarter of adults and 1 in 8 reception age children are obese. Linked data is a key tool to understanding the role of the built environment on obesity rates and is an important part of developing strategies to combat the obesity epidemic in Wales.
 ApproachWe set out to develop an analytical platform for generating evidence on key aspects of the built environment which impact child and adult obesity including; walkability, fast food availability, green space size and qualities, active transport routes and school environments. Utilising the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank We linked multi-sectoral data including routine health data, cohort data, administrative data and linked Geographic Information Systems generated metrics at household and school level. The platform will inform policy makers with and facilitate a better understanding of associations between a range of social, health and built environment factors.
 ResultsWe have created a range of built environment variables including temporally and age varying walkability indices, viewable greenspace, garden and house size, access to services and parks for 1.5 million households. In the first instance, as part of the BEACHES project, this data has been linked to several health datasets including the Child Measurement Programme (CMP, n=188,800) where initial results have shown that associations between garden size and Body Mass Index in children displays a non-linear negative correlation. We have also created follow-up measures for the CMP using routinely collected general practice data which further enables linking 28,389 height and weight measurements. However, potential bias in these follow-up measures is poorly understood with further work being undertaken to assess usability.
 ConclusionThe integrated multi-sectoral data platform approach to linking environmental, administrative, health and cohort data aims to develop insights on a range of public health issues. We are working with a range of stakeholders to develop evidence-based policy initiatives to reduce obesity in Wales.

Testing the monocentric standard urban model in a global sample of cities

Using a unique dataset containing gridded data on population densities, rents, housing sizes, and transportation in 192 cities worldwide, we investigate the empirical relevance of the monocentric standard urban model (SUM). Overall, the SUM seems surprisingly capable of capturing the inner structure of cities, both in developed and developing countries. As expected, cities spread out when they are richer, more populated, and when transportation or farmland is cheaper. Respectively 100% and 87% of the cities exhibit the expected negative density and rent gradients: on average, a 1% decrease in income net of transportation costs leads to a 21% decrease in densities and a 3% decrease in rents per m2. We also investigate the heterogeneity between cities of different characteristics in terms of monocentricity, informality, and amenities.

Determinants of Household Energy Utilization and Changing Behaviour in Kenya: Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Knowing the determinants of household utilization and changing behaviour is an important element in understanding the pathways towards clean, sustainable and modern household energy sources. This study, therefore, examines the drivers of household energy usage and choices in Western Kenya using structural equation modelling from 560 sampled households. The research was carried out in Western Kenya (Uasin Gishu and Bungoma counties) from a target household of 663,000. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed to find standard estimate (path coefficients), standard error, critical ratios and the level of significance using AMOS version 23. SEM analysis found that education level, income, residential status, peri urbanization, house size, house composition, age and gender of the household head were the determinants of household energy choices and changing behaviour among households both for cooking. On the other hand, SEM showed that household energy choices for lighting are significantly influenced by income level, family size, location, education level, and residential status. High income and more educated households residing in peri-urban were more likely to use cleaner cooking (LPG, electricity) while lesser households living in rural areas use firewood and agricultural residues for cooking. Rural households mostly adopt solar energy for domestic use because rural areas are isolated and detached from the power grid. Though income and education are the major factors, the research finds that numerous non-income factors similarly play a key role in determining household energy utilization and changing behaviour. This study offers the understanding of improving household energy planning and designing policy and interventions in Kenya and sub-Saharan African countries.

Unequal housing in Pompeii: using house size to measure inequality

ABSTRACT House size is often used as a tool to calculate wealth in ancient societies, and thus it is also a potential source for the study of inequality. The site of Pompeii, on the Bay of Naples in southern Italy, was first inhabited about 800 years before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried it 79 CE. The city provides one of the largest data sets of private architecture in the Roman world, and it has been utilized to calculate the level of inequality in a Roman urban setting. Nonetheless, to understand the inequality of the entire society of the city, these calculations need to be developed. This article uses quantitative and statistical methods, such as Gini coefficients, Lorenz Curves, and also simpler graphs and their interpretation to advance establish methods for exploring inequality through house and building size. A method is proposed for identifying the top economic elite in this urban setting, and the article develops the calculation of inequality further, to encompass even individuals who did not own buildings. As a result, excavated Pompeii’s top economic elite is estimated to have comprised 50 to 100 households, with a high level of inequality evident in this ancient city during its final phase, the year 79 CE.

Factors Affecting Private Domestic Rental Prices in Hong Kong: Example of the Land Auction

Most of the previous researchers estimated the influencing factors of the rising private domestic rental prices in Hong Kong without considering the impact of the land auction. By using the intermediaries of housing prices and property market yields, this paper contributes to evaluating how land auctions affect the private domestic rental costs in Hong Kong. As one of Hong Kong's most important methods for land resource allocation, the land auction has been an excellent example to study the housing market. Based on the random-effects models, the results indicate that housing prices and property market yield significantly positively affect rental prices. The results also suggest that the influences vary among different house sizes. Therefore, this research supports that under the influence of overbidding, the land auction has a positive overall effect on the Hong Kong rental prices.

Application of Machine Learning to Study Effect of Environmental Manipulation in Frame of Smart Agriculture on the Stomata of Capsicum annuum

Red chili (Capsicum Annuum) is a horticultural crop with high economic value and is one of the commodities contributing to inflation. This study aimed to explore the effect of environment manipulation on the number and the size of the stomata pore of red chili leaves. The study was conducted in screen house size 60 m2. Chili plants 95 days old were cultivated in the polybag and the stomata were measured 60 days after planting. Microclimate condition was recorded using automatic weather equipment. The crop water requirements were calculated using Penman-Monteith based on microclimate data. The stomata of leaves were observed in laboratory using by using a microscope mounted with an Opti-lab 2.2 camera. The Artificial Neural Network was applied to understand the role of microclimate parameters on stomata. The results showed that the average ETc value was 5.06 mm/day. The difference in ETc values occurs due to differences in plant coefficient values and climatic conditions in the study area and the seasons in the region. The largest porous stomata area was found in the afternoon, which is 144.88 µm2. The highest stomatal density the morning and afternoon between 284.94 mm-2-330.541 mm-2. The algorithm multilayer perception test revealed that the light factor was the most significant influence on the stomatal response of 0.463 (100%), followed by the humidity factor of 0.260 (56.1%). Other factors are under 50%.

Determinants of Housing Prices in District Mardan KPK, Pakistan

Residence is basic need of life. Sale and purchase of house is common practice among the society. To investigate the factors that affects house pricing, researchers condicted this study. This study is based on influencing factors or determinants of housing prices in district Mardan. The study has collected primary data through a questionnaire, using a stratified random sampling technique. The data was collected from 250 house buyers; the buyers were selected on the bases of listing done through property dealers. The respondents were selected on the base of house buyers, who bought a house in the last 5 to 10 years. The study has used a multiple regression model. The study found that house size, number of floors, and electricity connection in a house increase house prices. Bad smell and distance to urban areas negatively affect house prices in district Mardan.

Sources of Energy Poverty: A Factor Analysis Approach for Spain

This study estimates housing quality and features explaining energy poverty in Spain and its regions. By using the EU-SILC dataset for 2008–2019, it calculates the hidden links between energy poverty indicators and housing features, controlled by other variables such as type of household, poverty, and housing tenancy. Confirmatory factor analysis is used to identify the role of different dimensions in explaining energy poverty at the household level. The empirical evidence finds three hidden factors associating energy poverty with poverty, poor housing quality, and housing size and outskirts location. These three factors enable classifying households accordingly, revealing their distribution across Spain and three of its 17 Spanish regions: Madrid, Cataluña, and Valencian Community. Findings indicate how the impact of energy poverty differs by region, rejecting the general hypothesis that all households in poverty live in poor housing because they cannot afford the maintenance costs, thus causing energy poverty. Results suggest that energy poverty due to poor housing quality and location affects many households that are not necessarily poor, with different impacts depending on location. The association between energy poverty and larger houses located on the outskirts represents new evidence in the literature and is one of the contributions of this study, together with the methodology for classification. Results suggest that retrofitting investment would be crucial in reducing energy poverty problems in Spain.

(Un-)affordability of Homes From a Resident’s Point of View in Two Mid-Sized Canadian Cities 30 Years Apart

A new theoretical criterion of housing affordability is defined as a mismatch between where a resident likes to live if preferences are unconstrained, and where they can afford to live if preferences are budget constrained. This study theorizes and quantifies the compensatory amounts of money to be spent to reduce these mismatches by acquiring unconstrained most preferred attributes’ levels of homes. Compensatory amounts are quantified with the predicted implicit prices of almost 3,000 sold single-detached(-like) homes in each of two mid-sized Canadian cities. The analysis predicts approximately one-half of up to 74 respondents in each city in 1987 and 2020 will experience a residential mismatch if they choose their budget-constrained most preferred home. Unaffordable compensatory expenditures are especially predicted for non-managerial or professional workers if they want to afford their unconstrained most preferred attributes’ levels of house type and size, house age and exterior finish, basement condition and home renovations, and lot size and garage. Moreover, average predicted compensatory expenditures exceed loans or grants in four past and current public policies in Canada for subsidizing prices of these four attributes or increasing the wealth of homebuyers.

Incremental cost and cost-effectiveness of the addition of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl in sub-Saharan Africa versus standard malaria control: results of data collection and analysis in the Next Generation Indoor Residual Sprays (NgenIRS) project, an economic-evaluation

BackgroundMalaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Widespread resistance to pyrethroids threatens the gains achieved by vector control. To counter resistance to pyrethroids, third-generation indoor residual spraying (3GIRS) products have been developed. This study details the results of a multi-country cost and cost-effectiveness analysis of indoor residual spraying (IRS) programmes using Actellic®300CS, a 3GIRS product with pirimiphos-methyl, in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017 added to standard malaria control interventions including insecticide-treated bed nets versus standard malaria control interventions alone.MethodsAn economic evaluation of 3GIRS using Actellic®300CS in a broad range of sub-Saharan African settings was conducted using a variety of primary data collection and evidence synthesis methods. Four IRS programmes in Ghana, Mali, Uganda, and Zambia were included in the effectiveness analysis. Cost data come from six IRS programmes: one in each of the four countries where effect was measured plus Mozambique and a separate programme conducted by AngloGold Ashanti Malaria Control in Ghana. Financial and economic costs were quantified and valued. The main indicator for the cost was cost per person targeted. Country-specific case incidence rate ratios (IRRs), estimated by comparing IRS study districts to adjacent non-IRS study districts or facilities, were used to calculate cases averted in each study area. A deterministic analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted in each of the four countries for which effectiveness evaluations were available. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used to generate plausibility bounds around the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio estimates for adding IRS to other standard interventions in each study setting as well as jointly utilizing data on effect and cost across all settings.ResultsOverall, IRRs from each country indicated that adding IRS with Actellic®300CS to the local standard intervention package was protective compared to the standard intervention package alone (IRR 0.67, [95% CI 0.50–0.91]). Results indicate that Actellic®300CS is expected to be a cost-effective (> 60% probability of being cost-effective in all settings) or highly cost-effective intervention across a range of transmission settings in sub-Saharan Africa.DiscussionVariations in the incremental costs and cost-effectiveness likely result from several sources including: variation in the sprayed wall surfaces and house size relative to household population, the underlying malaria burden in the communities sprayed, the effectiveness of 3GIRS in different settings, and insecticide price. Programmes should be aware that current recommendations to rotate can mean variation and uncertainty in budgets; programmes should consider this in their insecticide-resistance management strategies.ConclusionsThe optimal combination of 3GIRS delivery with other malaria control interventions will be highly context specific. 3GIRS using Actellic®300CS is expected to deliver acceptable value for money in a broad range of sub-Saharan African malaria transmission settings.

What's driving solar energy adoption in Brazil? Exploring settlement patterns of place and space

The energy transition is forcing power systems to face exceptional transformations, with the rise of the distributed generation systems, and the urge of prosumers. This paper aims to investigate the influence of settlement patterns on residential photovoltaic adoption in Brazil, under a cross-section structure, using the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. Other key drivers are also included as control variables in the analysis. I benefit from a rich dataset of economic, social, housing, and environmental variables for 310,120 census sectors. Variables such as rural/urban dummies or population/housing density, used in previous papers to test for association between settlement patterns and residential PV adoption poorly represent the real relationship between these dimensions. The results of this paper ratify a U-shape relationship between urbanization degree and household solar power uptake. Satellite areas in the surroundings of great urban centers are more likely to present households equipped with photovoltaic systems in Brazil. Besides, the number of housing units, average income, solar resource potential, gender, education, ethnicity, age, housing type, and housing size play an important role in the explanation of the dynamics of household photovoltaic adoption. Policy design must take into consideration these effects in order to democratize photovoltaic home uptake.

Rancang Bangun Prototype Smart Dc House

Solar energy is a source of livelihood for living things that is available in very large quantities, is not polluting, will not run out but is free. However, it is rarely found that the function and benefits of the sun are massive. One of the uses of solar energy is the use of solar cell panels as a renewable energy generator that can produce DC electricity. This study aims to design a smart DC home using a Solar Power Plant (PLTS). This study also aims to calculate the output power of the DC House. Accordingly, the research was conducted with hardware design and software design. Data collection is done by testing and observation techniques. Researchers based on research and discussion can say that they have succeeded in designing a Smart DC House with a total energy requirement used per day, which is 122.2 watt-hours per day. The output power obtained from the system is around 153 watt-hours per day with the specifications of the solar module used with a capacity of 50 Wp with a minimum battery capacity of 38 Ah. This system is built with a house size of 112 cm x 70 cm x 40 cm which consists of a bedroom, bathroom, living room, terrace, and kitchen with a microcontroller as a processor, the sensors used are LDR sensors, raindrop sensors, and infrared photodiode sensors. with the advantages of the system, namely the roof that can open and close automatically

Study on the Variation in Heating Energy Based on Energy Consumption from the District Heating System, Simulations and Pattern Analysis

This study aims to analyze the actual heating energy consumption according to the location and size of apartment houses. The study shows the variation in heating energy consumption in accordance with the living pattern of residents in such apartments. By calculating the average annual heating energy consumption and distribution of the measured heating energy of two years, it was found that the outdoor temperature was inversely proportional to the average heating energy consumption. Moreover, the lowest/highest floors and corner houses were the most vulnerable since they had a lot of area exposed to the outside air and, thus, consume a huge amount of heating energy. According to this study, the heating load had relevance to the factors such as wall loss, window loss, ventilation loss, and solar radiation gain that were analyzed in accordance with the growth in house size. Based on the survey outcome on the living pattern and number of residents, a simulation was conducted to analyze the variation in heating energy consumption. Households consumed the average heating energy for 15.8 h/day and occupied for 16.4 h/day. Households consumed more than the average heating energy for 22.2 h/day and occupied for 21.2 h/day, meaning 6.4 extra hours than those consuming the average heating energy. Households consumed less than the average heating energy for 5.2 h/day and occupied for 10.9 h/day, meaning 10.6 less hours/day than those consuming the average heating energy and 17 less hours/day than those consuming more than the average heating energy.

The importance of brokerage house size in determining the utility of IFRS8 segment data to financial analysts

This paper reveals the important role played by brokerage house size in determining the utility of segment data to financial analysts. Brokerage house size is a proxy both for analysts’ access to company managers and for their access to in-house expertise. Using data for large UK firms, we reveal that the shift to International Financial Reporting Standard 8 (IFRS8) led to significant improvements in forecast accuracy for analysts in large brokerage houses but not for those in small brokerage houses. In addition, the forecasting ability of analysts in smaller brokerage houses was impaired when segments represented lines-of-business. No such effect was evident in the case of large brokers’ analysts. We link these findings to the improved insight which analysts in large brokerages obtained from their superior access to managers and in-house support.

Dynamic Mold Surface Temperature Control Using Induction and Heater Heating Combined with Coolant Cooling

Abstract In this study, both electrical heater heating and electromagnetic induction heating combined with coolant cooling are developed to achieve a dynamic mold surface temperature control. Simulation tool was also developed by integration of both thermal and electromagnetic analysis modules of ANSYS. The capability and accuracy of simulations on the heater heating and induction heating were verified with experiments. To evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of heater heating and induction heating on the mold surface temperature control, a mold plate, roughly about an inset size of cellular phone housing, installed with five heaters and designed with four cooling channel with coolant running through, was utilized for the demo experiments varying mold surface temperature between 110 °C and 200 °C. During induction heating/cooling case, it takes 4 s to increase mold surface temperature from 110 to 200 °C and it takes another 21 s for mold surface to cool down to 110 °C. The mold plate surface temperature can be raised at about 22.5 °C/s and cooled down at 4.3 °C/s within the mentioned temperature range. Mold plate temperature distribution exhibits good uniformity as well in all stage of heating/cooling process. For heaters heating, it takes 37 s to increase mold surface temperature from 110 to 200 °C and it takes another 30 s for mold surface to cool down to 110 °C. The temperature rising rate is only about 2.4 ° C/s. Induction heating is more efficient in mold surface temperatures control than electrical heating and it does eliminate the weld line mark when applied to a tensile test mold with double gate design prior to melt injection.

The relationship between local alveolar bone housing and size of canine in maxillary canine-lateral incisor transposition: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography–based study

This study aimed to use 3-dimensional data to analyze the relationship between local alveolar bone housing and canine size in maxillary canine-lateral incisor transposition. Cone-beam computed tomography study data from 31 patients with maxillary canine-lateral incisor transposition were imported into Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.8; Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif) for measurement. The buccal and palatal alveolar thickness of lateral incisor roots at different heights, the maximal thickness of displaced canine, and canine height were measured. Alveolar height-thickness variation curves at the lateral incisor region and maximal thickness of displaced canine were plotted to calculate the appropriate theoretical minimum alveolar heights of total alveolar housing, buccal alveolar housing after concentrating the bone buccally (TMAH-B1), and original buccal alveolar housing (TMAH-B2) required for correcting the transposition of 2 teeth. Canines could only be moved distally above lateral incisors in 5 patients. The mean value of theoretical minimum alveolar heights of total alveolar housing was 14.57 ± 1.75 mm. It was possible to reposition canines distally by concentrating the alveolar bone buccally in the remaining 26 patients. The mean value of TMAH-B1 was 10.86 ± 3.70 mm. Canines could be repositioned distally directly over the buccal aspect of the lateral incisor in 17 patients. The mean value of TMAH-B2 was 9.30 ± 2.35 mm. Canine height was greater than TMAH-B1 in 18 patients; however, only 10 patients were greater than TMAH-B2. Correction of transposition was difficult in some patients because of the lack of alveolar bone housing. Repositioning was possible when the height of the canine was higher than a certain height. An accurate assessment of the relationship between alveolar housing and tooth size is recommended.

Home Use and Experience during COVID-19 in London: Problems of Housing Quality and Design

COVID-19 lockdowns led to a reassessment of housing conditions and created greater awareness of their impact on wellbeing and inequalities. Changes in home use and lived experience during the pandemic were studied through a survey of London residents (n = 1250) in 2021, focusing on issues of housing design, perceptions of housing quality, and future housing expectations. The survey found that a quarter of all dwellings and at least one room in a third of homes were deemed too small and failing to meet the needs of occupants. Renters with a shortage of space and poorly maintained or designed homes suffered most. A total of 37.9% of respondents reported that their wellbeing was affected by housing conditions. While for well-designed homes aspects of dwelling size were considered the highest priority, dwelling layout, usability, adaptability, and flexibility were equally key concerns. However, how problems of housing design, quality, and size are understood often depends on highly individual experiences and expectations. By highlighting the importance of lived experience, the pandemic shows the limitations of current, normative design standards. Future space standards need greater flexibility in the distribution of floor areas and should consider a wider range of home uses to ensure more equitable and long-term housing provision.

The densification of second home areas — sustainable practice or speculative land use?

UN Sustainable Development Goal #11 prescribes a much more careful territorial planning and land use control. This study documents second homes’ land use from this perspective, considering higher built-up density as a measure to limit land-take. The quantitative study includes public property data on all second homes in Denmark. A concise account of the 180,000 properties demonstrates a tendency towards densification, measured as an increase in the amount of built space on the existing land sites. Over time, the average house size increases, an expression of improved living quality. Incentive for owners are the rising second home market prices and the opportunities for creating profitable ownership by offering the property on the touristic renting market when they do not use it themselves. The sustainability-motivated appeal for densification coincides with the speculative land use intensification. The dual agenda is backed by the tourism lobby and policymakers. The downside of densification is the simultaneous underprioritizing of other important sustainability goals, such as biodiversity, the preservation of landscape values, human wellbeing, etc. Following a public debate about unintended side effects of densification, there seems to be an emerging discussion about the needs to move from a very liberal multilevel planning model for second home areas towards a more firm and transparent planning practice. This corresponds with the recommendations in the SDGs.

Unlimited Surrounding: A Scoping Review on the Impact of the Built Environment on Health, Behavior, and Quality of Life of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities in Long-Term Care

To identify available literature on the impact of built environments on health, behavior, and quality of life of individuals with intellectual disabilities in long-term care. Additionally, we aimed to map the available literature, (re)frame the overall research situation in this area, and formulate recommendations. Long-term care facilities in the Netherlands are planned without using knowledge from research regarding evidence-based design because it is unclear what evidence is available about the impact of long-term care built environments on individuals with intellectual disabilities receiving 24/7 care. Twelve scientific databases were searched for keyword combinations. After systematically screening 3,095 documents, 276 were included in the analysis. There is an underrepresentation of research and publications in intellectual disabilities, compared to other user groups living in long-term care facilities. A total of 26 design components were found in all groups; as for intellectual disabilities, research was available on only seven of them. Community care, home-likeness, and variety seem to have a positive effect on health, behavior, and quality of life. There are conflicting results regarding the effects of house size. Although individuals with intellectual disabilities live in long-term care facilities, sometimes for life, little research has been conducted on the impact of the built environment on them. In the future, more empirical research should be conducted, addressing all aspects of quality of life and specific design components, with hypotheses based on needs assessments and the use of good research designs. This requires an investment of time and funding.