Housing Rights Research Articles

Eat or heat: fuel poverty and childhood respiratory health

When people cannot afford to adequately heat their home, they are experiencing fuel poverty. The drivers of fuel poverty are socioeconomic: low household income, high fuel prices, and energy-inefficient homes. Fuel poverty hits households with children hardest, unsurprisingly, as this demographic is especially susceptible to socioeconomic difficulty. In 2019, 3·2 million households (13·4%) in England were fuel-poor; 40·3% of these included children. Lone-parent families have the highest rates (28% in 2019). When living costs are not met by income or benefits, the choice between necessities (“eat or heat”) is stark. Adequately sized accommodation, with sufficient bedrooms, is expensive and in high demand. It is a vicious cycle: the cheapest accommodation is poor quality and energy-inefficient, so families struggling the most get the least value for money on energy. This winter brought a perfect storm, just as families are spending further periods of enforced time at home. Extreme weather has been frequent and severe, bringing colder homes and property damage. Home energy costs soared, reflecting increased global gas prices. To protect energy suppliers from folding, the UK Government raised the Energy Price Cap (a national regulatory price limit). This financial hit to families is on the backdrop of economic recession, high inflation, and austerity. Temporary increases in Universal Credit, instigated during the pandemic, are being rescinded, rendering households £1040 poorer per year. Children in cold houses are at increased risk of asthma attacks, and respiratory infections including bronchiolitis, in a year of disrupted viral epidemiology. As the temperature drops, circulation of viruses increases (particularly in overcrowded homes), and immunity is impaired. Furthermore, to keep heat in, windows and doors stay closed, and subsequent poor ventilation causes damp, mould, and proliferation of house dust mites, contributing to chronic and acute respiratory ill health. Infants in the coldest houses expend calories trying not to be hypothermic and hypoglycaemic, rather than using energy for growth and organ development. Lung maturation takes a hit at a vulnerable stage, with risks of lifelong pulmonary function deficit. The solution must be systemic. Current government schemes, including a £140 rebate from the Warm Home Discount Scheme and cold weather payments of £25 for each 7-day period below 0°C, are insufficient. Housing agencies, councils, landlords, and health services must work to help families with children. The ultimate aim must be to end child poverty by reducing living costs, and ensuring families have sufficient income and housing rights; in the meantime, Universal Credit cuts must be halted. Health-care services, from bedside to boardroom, must also address socioeconomic causes of illness. Health professionals must be educated, informed by meaningful research around respiratory impacts of cold housing. Consultations should reflect that substandard accommodation is a modifiable factor in child mortality. In the UK, the harms of fuel poverty to children remain unaddressed, because children are not considered a priority. Climate-emergency activists this year glued themselves to motorways to advocate for home insulation for environmental reasons—we have never fought this vociferously for warmer houses for children. Poverty kills children, and the substandard, cold housing in which they live is one reason for this. We declare no competing interests. CB and ARL contributed equally and share first authorship. DBH and IPS are joint senior authors.

Too many rights: too many people without rights\u2014two opposite case studies of claiming spaces and rights in Turin and Geneva

IntroductionThe multiple forms of living in the contemporary city clearly demonstrate how the relationship between living space and rights reveals itself in many ways, even to the point of being divergent and contradictory.Case descriptionIn order to analyze this point, we decided to observe two case studies that are emblematic for the divergence of issues that they are able to highlight. The neighbourhood of Les Grottes in Geneva can be described as a ‘manifesto of living’ based on sharing, solidarity, and freedom. On the other hand, the former Olympic Village in Turin expresses the “individual need to exist” of a population (of political refugees and migrants) not legitimatized to be in that place but one which, generally speaking, has nowhere to live.Discussion and evaluationThese two situations are able to highlight how the right to housing today no longer has a universal meaning as in the struggles of the last century (70 s) but explodes in very different meanings.ConclusionsFor this reason the aim of this paper is try to rethink the concept of housing rights in order to emphasize how this term is still able to tell a lot about the urban and social transformations in contemporary cities.

Moral Harm Compensation as a Remedy to Housing Rights

Introduction. The increased interest in modern Russian legal science towards the problems of moral harm compensation, while having been resulted from the widespread use of this category within legislation and court practice, determines the need for its conceptual research within housing law due to its special significance for being a judicial remedy to housing rights, which is important not only for legal science in general, but also for regulatory enforcement, as well as for further improvement of housing legislation. Insufficient regulatory regulation of compensation for moral harm taking into account the specifics of housing law and the lack of a deep scientific theory has caused law enforcement difficulties in implementing this method of protecting housing rights. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The purpose of this paper is a comprehensive study of conceptual and practical challenges towards moral harm compensation as a remedy to housing rights, the study is based on the analysis of its scope and justification of universality for the protection of housing rights diverse in legal nature. The methodological basis of the paper consists of both general scientific methods (dialectical method, induction, deduction, analogy, analysis, synthesis) and special methods of scientific research – system and complex methods of scientific knowledge. System method allowed to consider the scope of moral harm compensation, it has made possible to determine the internal links of this method of housing rights protection with other elements of housing law system (other methods of remedy, contractual and non-contractual obligations, rights in rem, etc.). Complex methods allowed to make a comprehensive assessment and identify features of the application of moral harm compensation as a remedy to housing rights in different areas of housing relations, and also to determine its interdisciplinary nature. Results. The result of the study reflects the conclusion that industry characteristics of housing rights, due to the specificity of the object of housing rights, distinguish in most cases the derived nature of demands on moral harm compensation from claims for property damage caused to residential premises, and determine the suitability of the application of moral harm compensation to protect the property rights of parties within housing relations only in cases provided for in a law. Moral harm is an independent consequence of violation of housing rights of citizens, that is why it can be compensated independently, regardless of the presence of property damage or along with property damage. Discussion and Conclusion. Court practice reveals a small number of independent claims for moral harm compensation when housing rights are violated. The complex nature of subjective housing rights has revealed a close connection of some property rights of subjects of housing relations with personal non-property rights and intangible benefits, and thus creates the basis for claims for moral harm compensation. Considering the fact that the concept of “housing rights” is a collective notion combining subjective rights various by legal nature (constitutional, civil, social security rights, etc.), the object of which is a dwelling premise, then at that point the possibility to apply for their protection a moral harm compensation proves the interbranch nature of moral harm compensation as a remedy and the universality of its application for the purpose to restore violated housing rights.

Editorial: Environmental class actions; marine alien invasive species; urban biodiversity; domestic waste management; and housing rights in the face of typhoons

"Editorial: Environmental class actions; marine alien invasive species; urban biodiversity; domestic waste management; and housing rights in the face of typhoons" published on Sep 2021 by Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.

A continuing mandamus to enforce rights to adequate housing in the era of super typhoons

The era of super typhoons is here and is predicted to linger due to anthropogenic climate change. Disasters triggered by these typhoons have caused not only loss of lives, but also displacements of people who are left without houses, properties and livelihoods. Using the Philippine experience, this article examines the legal standard of right to adequate housing under the international human rights law and international climate change law, and the Philippines' commitments to these regimes. It argues that the Philippine government's post-typhoon responses are fragmented, reactive, and ephemeral, and that there are gaps in the current housing laws. It is then argued that these issues are incongruent with the minimum standards of adequate housing. To ensure that the housing rights of climate displaced persons are protected, the role of domestic courts in enforcing the government's adaptation commitments under the Paris Agreement using the writ of continuing mandamus is considered.

The impact of public interest litigation: the case of socio-economic rights

ABSTRACT In the global turn to rights, courts are often reified as central actors in processes of social transformation. In this respect, it is worth recalling the clear-eyed and grounded perspective of Andrea Durbach, who emphasised both the potency and limitation of litigation, as well as the diverse functions of courts. This Festschrift essay assesses the transformative power of socio-economic rights litigation. It begins by setting out the different reasons as to why we would expect (or not) judicial intervention on socio-economic rights to engender social change and then distils some central methodological parameters for assessing and undertaking empirical research. This is followed by an overview of the literature with case studies on housing rights litigation in South Africa and education rights in the United States. This reveals significant variance in material and political outcomes for applicant individuals, communities and social movements but points to key determinants of ‘success’—especially the role of social mobilisation, creation of broad-based alliances, and smart remedies.

The role of value engineering in reducing the costs of constructing governmental housing.

The role of value engineering in reducing the costs of constructing governmental housing.

주거권 강화와 개정 주택임대차보호법의 문제점과 개선방안에 관한 소고

인간다운 주거생활을 할 수 있는 권리인 주거권은 주거의 안정성 즉 점유의 법적 안정성과 경제적 부담이 가능할 것을 보장하여야 한다. 국민의 주거복지를 신장하기 위한 가장 기초적인 제도인 주택임대차제도를 주거권 강화를 중점에 두고서 필요한 범위에서는 임대인의 권리를 보호하는 방안도 모색하여 임대인과 임차인 간의 권리 균형을 모색할 필요가 있다. 이러한 관점에서 주임법의 해석론을 제시하면서 문제점과 개선방안과 함께 개정시안을 제시하였다. (1) 임차인의 대항력과 우선변제권을 부여하는 공시방법은 보증금반환과 연계하여 개선되어야 한다. 임차인의 주거권 보호를 위해서는 부작용이 있는 주민등록을 대항요건에서 제외하고, 국토부의 부동산거래관리시스템(http://rtms.molit.go.kr)을 잘 정비하여 부동산거래관리시스템에서의 확정일자와 주택인도만으로 임차인이 대항력과 우선변제권, 그리고 최우선변제권을 가질 수 있도록 주임법을 개정할 필요가 있다. (2) 안정적인 주거권 보장을 위해 주임법 제4조의 최단존속기간을 2년에서 3년으로 변경할 필요가 있다. 또한, 계약갱신요구권의 행사 횟수는 2회 정도로 개정하여 전체적인 임대차기간을 6년 정도를 보장할 필요가 있다. 개정법상 계약갱신요구권 행사와 묵시적 갱신의 경우는 전혀 무관하게 규정하고 있지만 이는 문제라고 본다. 입법론으로는 묵시적 갱신이 되는 경우는 지금과 같이 그 횟수의 제한없이 인정하면서도 묵시적 갱신이 된 경우에는 계약갱신청구권을 행사한 것으로 보는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. (3) 개정법 제6조의3제3항 단서에서는 계약갱신요구시 차임과 보증금의 증액 및 감액이 모두 가능하다고 규정하고 있다. 임대인이 증액을 청구하는 경우 제7조제2항에서 증액의 상한(5%)을 정하고 있지만, 임차인이 감액을 청구하는 경우 제7조제2항이 적용되지 않아서 하한이 없다는 문제점이 있다. 임차권의 강화라는 전제에서도 임대인과 임차인의 관계를 규범적·제도적으로 균형있게 다루어야 하기 때문에 이는 입법의 불비이다. 따라서 제7조제2항의 “제1항에 따른 증액청구는 …”을 “제1항에 따른 증액 또는 감액청구는 …”으로 개정하여야 할 것이다. (4) 계약갱신요구권에 대한 거절사유 중 제8호의 실제 거주자(임대인과 임대인의 직계존속·직계비속이라고 규정)는 “임대인과 그 배우자(임대인과 그 배우자의 직계존속·직계비속을 포함한다)가 목적 주택에 실제 거주하려는 경우”로 개정하여야 할 것이다. (5) 개정법 제6조의3제5항의 법정손해배상과 제6항의 손해배상액 예정의 합의는 제8호에 의한 거절에만 적용되는 것으로 규정하고 있지만, 제7호 ‘철거 재건축 등’의 경우에도 발생할 수 있다. 따라서, 제7호 사유의 경우에도 제5항의 법정손해배상과 제6항의 손해배상액 예정의 합의를 인정할 필요가 있다고 본다. 따라서 제6조의3제5항에서 “임대인이 제1항제8호의 사유로 …”을 “임대인이 제1항제7호 및 제8호의 사유로 …”라고 개정하여 임차인을 보호하여야 할 것이다.

“Unforgotten” informal communities and the COVID-19 pandemic: Sitio San Roque under Metro Manila’s lockdown

PurposeThis paper aims to offer Sitio San Roque, an informal settlement in the Philippines as a case study to explore long-term "forgetful" urban development planning in the Philippines, and the renewed visibility of the urban poor under COVID-19 lockdown. It connects scholarship on informality to issues of housing and political rights in Metro Manila to further investigate how vulnerable communities in the Global South are faring in the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis is an exploration of Sitio San Roque, an informal settler community in Metropolitan "Metro" Manila, Philippines. This paper refers to recent journalistic reports pertaining to the community's ongoing evictions and arrests while under Metro Manila's "enhanced community quarantine." Furthermore, it converses with literature from disciplines including health-care policy, urban studies and recent studies on COVID-19 and vulnerable communities to critically discuss the plight of the urban poor in the pandemic-stricken Metro Manila.FindingsThe urban poor and members of informal communities such as Sitio San Roque are especially vulnerable to contracting COVID-19 because of precarious livelihoods and housing instability. The creation of informality in Metro Manila can be traced to political tensions, economic agendas and development planning since the time of Marcos' administration and also to global restructuring during the 1990s. However, also important to note is that under Metro Manila's lockdown, informal settlers are further disenfranchised and stigmatized via ongoing demolitions and evictions, as well as by processes of policing and criminalization by the state. The use of military and police personnel as a way to enforce lockdown in the metropolis further impedes on the rights of informal settlers and the urban poor.Originality/valueRecent scholarship and reports discuss the challenges for informal communities and the urban poor in navigating the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly due to their housing conditions and loss of economic stability. This paper contributes to a critical understanding of these issues by adding the dimensions of political and housing rights. It refers to the case study of members of Sitio San Roque, who have experienced continuous threats of demolitions and arrests by state police for protesting the lack of government aid under lockdown. Both military approaches of governance and housing informality work in tandem to expose the vulnerabilities of the urban poor in Metro Manila's pandemic. Finally, this paper extends on urban studies scholar Gavin Shatkin's concept of “forgetful planning” (2004) by applying his discussions to the current context. Informal settlers have long been “forgotten” by the state's development plans, but are now remembered and deemed more visible in Metro Manila's ECQ.

Removal of military servants and members of their families from the registration of needs of improvement of housing conditions in the event of departure to a permanent local location

Problem setting. The relevance of this study is, first of all, to cover issues related to the protection of the right to housing of a serviceman when deregistering him, in order to improve the legal framework, which, in turn, is one of the legal means to ensure the practical implementation of the right to housing serviceman and members of his family. The issue of protection of housing rights of those servicemen who did not receive living space in the settlement where they were registered as in need of better living conditions, moved to another settlement for permanent residence, and as a result were removed from this registration. Target of research. Since the right to housing is one of the constitutional rights of citizens, we will carry out a critical scientific analysis of the constitutionality of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Part 2 of Art. 40 of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR and the “modernity” of the requirements of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR and other regulations on the provision of housing for servicemen and members of their families, if they are removed from the list of those in need of better living conditions. and became the purpose of this article. Аnalysis of recent researches and publications. A.R. Melnyk drew attention to the problematic aspects of providing servicemen and members of their families with housing according to the housing legislation of Ukraine, which established what housing is. L. O. Moses considered such a social value as the provision of housing for a serviceman. A.V. Minaev points to the need to solve the problem of housing for servicemen. L.P. Bear analyzes the implementation of social rights and freedoms of servicemen for housing. Article’s main body. As the issue of providing housing for servicemen registered as in need of better housing conditions has not been resolved by the Government before January 1, 2005, there is reason to believe that paragraph 19 of the Regulation on Privileges for Conscripts applies to this issue, persons discharged from military service and their families, approved by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of February 17, 1981 № 193. But for paragraph 2 of Part 2 of Art. 40 Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR, citizens are removed from the housing register and excluded from the lists of persons who enjoy the right of first refusal of housing, if they moved to a permanent place of residence in another locality and, therefore, lost this right. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In summary, we outline the following points. First, the provisions of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR meet the requirements of clarity, clarity, unambiguity of law, are provided for the legal consequences of their application, so do not contradict Part 1 of Art. 8 of the Constitution of Ukraine, Part 2 of Article 24 of the Constitution of Ukraine and Part 2 of Art. 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Secondly, substantiating compliance with paragraph 2 of Part 2 of Art. 40 of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR, we argue that these provisions comply with the provisions of Part 2 of Article 24 of the Constitution of Ukraine because the rights and freedoms of citizens enshrined in laws and regulations are equal. Compliance with paragraph 2 of Part 2 of Art. 40 of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR and indicate in relation to Part 2 of Art. 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine, a former serviceman who could be provided with living space in accordance with paragraph 19 of Regulation № 193. Third, if we consider the “modernity” of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR in 1983, it certainly needs updating through the adoption of the draft Housing Code of Ukraine at the legislative level. In addition, the failure of the Government of Ukraine to resolve the issue of providing servicemen with living space requires the application of paragraph 19 of Regulation № 193, and Art. 40 of the Housing Code of the Ukrainian SSR, item 2 part 2 of which it is determined that citizens are removed from the register of those in need of better living conditions in case of departure to a permanent place of residence to another locality. It should be acknowledged that the mechanism of providing ex-servicemen with housing registered with citizens in need of better housing conditions by January 1, 2005 is imperfect.

Housing systems in the Global South: The relevance of the ‘social housing’ approach in meeting housing needs

This paper addresses the problem of accessing decent and affordable housing in the Global South, where the housing need is, in general, more problematic than in the Global North. The paper first identifies five distinctive characteristics of housing systems in the Global South as compared to those in the Global North. These include: (a) the diverse facets of global financialization; (b) the role of the developmentalist state; (c) the importance of informality; (d) the decisive role of the family; and (e) the rudimentary welfare systems. Given these features, the paper reflects on the concept and practices of social housing, particularly their appropriateness to deal with the housing problem in the Global South. The paper then addresses the question of whether the social housing approach is relevant for solving the contemporary housing needs in the Global South. It argues that social housing, redefined to better encompass the distinctive characteristics of housing systems in the Global South, is indeed a useful policy approach and can play a decisive role in satisfying unmet housing needs. Such an approach needs to take into account the great role of informality and family support systems and develop appropriate funding instruments and modes of institutionalization protecting housing rights and the quality of life.

Sandra, her research and “doing together”

The contribution aims at presenting the publication “Staying put! An anti-gentrification handbook for Southern European cities”, as one of the latest output of the work of Sandra Annunziata. Sandra was a an Italian researcher in the field of urban studies, who left us in January 2019 after completing a large research project on housing rights in Madrid, Athens and Rome, which had international relevance in the field of gentrification studies. The paper illustrate Sandra’s work and research approach, defined as “doing together”, from the viewpoint of ETICity the association who Sandra contributed to found in 2012.

Social Exclusion and the Runaway Couples: A Study of Their Hardships

In terms of marriage, an individual becomes excluded or attains a disadvantaged position when she/he deviates from the existing norms of society. In this sense, generally, three types of marriages become contentious: (a) widow remarriage, (b) inter-caste marriages and (c) runaway marriages. These types of marriages are treated as deviance from society’s normative guidelines, and such couples are vulnerable to various levels of exclusion and stigma. Against this backdrop, the present study was undertaken to explore the hardships of nine runaway couples (18 participants). The selection of participants was made through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings revealed that most runaway couples face extreme relationship breakdown, exclusion and stigma, along with a lack of basic amenities, including housing, household amenities, medical care and ownership rights. They mainly reside in the rented buildings and have achieved an outcast’s status even in Muslim-dominated society. Caste, economic background and social status barriers were three significant forces resulting in elopement that reinforce exclusion and violence against runaway couples.

Housing, Land and Property Rights in Transitional Justice

Housing, Land and Property Rights in Transitional Justice

Bills, Rights and Housing Policy: The Evolution of Israel’s Seven-Decade Housing-Related Bills

How do bills contribute to the promotion of housing rights? Is there a relation between the content of proposed bills and a country’s dominant political economy? Are changes in the political-economic regime reflected in housing-related bills? What type of bill is most likely to be enacted: a provision or a protection? These are the challenge of this study. The analysis is based on the theoretical classic distinction between “provisions” (positive rights) and “protections” (negative rights) from the realm of human rights, producing an empirical cumulative-aggregative analysis, which examines the scope and content of housing-related bills in the Israeli parliament since its establishment in 1948, until today. The research findings are counterintuitive, challenging the understanding that welfare regimes encourage extensive provisions, as opposed to neoliberal regimes that promote extensive protections. Given the current global housing affordability crisis, the research findings are relevant to many countries, parliaments, and organizations that are currently seeking to promote various housing rights.

The financialization of rental housing in China: A case study of the asset-light financing model of long-term apartment rental

This paper offers a timely exploration of the ongoing financialization process in the Chinese rental housing sector, focusing on the financial means used by the asset-light “long-term apartment rental” (LAR) firms in this industry. Particular attention is given to an important financial product – “rental loan” – which accumulates capital pool through tenancy assetization. Using Shanghai as a case study, the paper also examines financial risks and tenants’ vulnerability embedded in the new financing strategies used by asset-light LAR firms. Our findings enrich the knowledge of the heterogeneity of financialization as well as the various impacts of financialization on housing rights and urban governance. This work engages with the literature of housing financialization by critically discussing the patterns and consequences of the financialization of rental housing.

The Canons of Social and Economic Rights

Social and economic rights occupy an unsettled place in any global canon of constitutional democracy and human rights. This Article, appearing in a collection of Global Canons in an Age of Uncertainty (S. Choudhry, M. Hailbronner & M. Kumm, eds., OUP) recommends a contender for canonical status, at the same time as it problematizes the search. Insofar as the search for a canon reveals the boundaries of what may be considered exemplary claims of constitutional and democratic practice, the 2000 South African case of Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom is canonical for its treatment of social and economic rights. This Article explores three features of Grootboom – its reasoning, pedigree and visibility – that it argues give it a canonical status, which include the case’s apparent resolution of justiciability, its proximity to South Africa’s post-apartheid Constitution and Constitutional Court, and its ambivalent legacy for housing rights. Yet Grootboom is not a singular source for establishing and renewing the boundaries of the global canon. Moreover, its legacy is not completely secure. The Article introduces the idea of proto-canons and counter-canons as adding to what should be a worldwide debate about foundational texts, for constitutional democracy and human rights. Indeed, proto- and counter-canons are especially useful categories for charting both the ambitions and marginality of social and economic rights, as well as the hegemony of distinctive visions of constitutional democracy. The Article therefore nominates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a proto-canon for social and economic rights, as crystallizing incipient ideas of freedom from want and an institutionally broad (and non-court centric) vision of realization. It also nominates the 1973 US case of San Antonia School District v. Rodriguez as a counter-canon, as that case marks the interpretive closure, by the Supreme Court, of available arguments for constitutional social and economic rights, and the devolution of the right to education to the states. These proto- and counter-canons help us reflect on the highly unsettled constitutional and democratic norms of the present.

Australian Residential Tenancies Law in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations of Housing and Property Rights

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Australian states and territories implemented eviction moratoriums and measures to vary rent obligations – a remarkable response for jurisdictions that have, for decades, regulated residential landlord-tenant relations on a model of mild consumer protection, market rents and ready termination. This article examines the COVID-19 emergency measures and their implications for tenants’ housing rights, and landlords’ property rights. After reviewing the Australian rental housing system’s structure and legislative framework, the article examines in detail the COVID-19 emergency measures regarding evictions and rents in each state and territory. These vary in form and content, mostly on a pattern of additional protection from eviction for a core ‘hardship’ group, and variation of rents by individual negotiation. The article considers problems in the emergency measures, and points on which enduring reforms may be built, as well as critically appraising the argument that property rights protections limit the scope for reform.

Обеспечение жильем детей-сирот: ключевые проблемы и социальные риски

Providing housing for orphans is one of the most pressing problems of modern Russian society. The purpose of the article is to analyze the key problems of providing housing for orphans and children left without parental care, to study the social consequences of violation of their housing rights. The analysis of statistical data illustrates a number of significant problems in the implementation of state policy aimed at ensuring the housing rights of orphans. The key one is the insufficient level of funding, which does not allow regional authorities to fulfill their obligations in a timely manner and in full. The following problems in the field of providing housing to orphans were highlighted: dysfunction of interagency interaction, legal gaps, lack of conditions for registering graduates of residential institutions at the place of residence, narrowing social support, medical care, existing practices of providing housing of unsatisfactory quality, in rural settlements with remote access, low level of infrastructure development, limited conditions for finding a job.

Overview of changes in Russian legislation in the field of construction and real estate management in the first half of 2021

The review presents changes in Russian legislation in the field of construction, real estate management, and housing and communal complex management.
 The overview reflects the normative legal regulation of public relations in the establishment and legal status of a single customer in the field of construction, the authority of local governments on attracting the management of the organization, creating a universal mechanism for integrated development of territories, the establishment of procedures to ensure housing rights of citizens in the implementation of the integrated development of residential areas, etc.