Housing In Rural Areas Research Articles

Seismic performance of a load-bearing prefabricated composite wall panel structure for residential construction

To improve both seismic performance and thermal insulation of low-rise housing in rural areas of China, this study proposes a load-bearing prefabricated composite wall panel structure that achieves appropriate seismic performance and energy efficiency using field-assembled load-bearing prefabricated composite wall panels. A 1:2 scale prototype built using load-bearing prefabricated composite wall panel is subjected to quasi-static testing so as to obtain damage characteristics, load-bearing capacity and load–displacement curves in response to a simulated earthquake. As a result, seismic performance indicators of load-bearing capacity, deformation and energy-dissipating characteristics, are assessed against the corresponding seismic design requirements for rural building structures of China. Experimental results indicate that the earthquake-resistant capacity of the prototype is 68% higher than the design value. The sample has a ductility factor of 4.7, which meets the seismic performance requirement mandating that the ductility factor of such concrete structures should exceed 3. The design can be further optimized to save the consumption of material. This shows that the load-bearing prefabricated composite wall panel structure developed here has decent load-bearing capacity, ductility and energy dissipation abilities, a combination of which is in line with the seismic design code. A new construction process proposed here based on factory prefabrication and field assembly leads to a considerable reduction of energy consumption.

Optimal Vent Design for Additional Sunspace of Passive Houses in Rural Areas

Optimal Vent Design for Additional Sunspace of Passive Houses in Rural Areas

A study to assess the clinical profile of patients with snake bites in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Snakebite is a life-threatening medical emergency. It occurs frequently among rural people, especially those working in the fields. Most houses in rural areas of India are made of mud and have many crevices where rodents flourish. Delay in seeking medical aid or ignorance among primary care physicians about the correct treatment of snakebite is responsible for the high morbidity and mortality. Authors objective was to study the clinical profile of snake bite at a rural tertiary care centre.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at M S Rammaih Medical College Bangalore from June 2017 to June 2018. The incidence of Snake bite in Karnataka is 0.5% and at 95% confidence interval with Margin of error at 1% the estimated sample size was 197, but in this study author were able to collect data of 237 cases, hence all the cases were included in the study and analyzed.Results: Majority of the respondents were middle aged between 21-50 years. Around 63.3% of the respondents were male and nearly 56.2% were farmers. The incidence of snake bite of Cobra was seen in 8.9%, Krait 5.1% and viper 4.2%. Around 70% patients had no significant complications following hospitalization in our study. Around 20% had hematotoxic like ARF, DIC and local gangrene.Conclusions: Snakebite is one of the common hazards especially in rural setup as agriculture being the main occupation. Snake bite can present with various manifestations at bite sites, neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity.

Ethno-knowledge and attitudes regarding snakebites in the Alto Juruá region, Western Brazilian Amazonia

BackgroundThe Alto Juruá region, located in the extreme western part of the Brazilian Amazonia, possesses an indigenous and riverine population which is involved in agricultural and forest extraction activities, and is a region that stands out for its high incidence of snakebites. ObjectivesTo assess the attitudes of the victims, the characteristics of the snakes and the circumstances of the snakebites which occurred in a region where human populations are highly exposed to snakes. MethodsThe study was conducted at the Regional Hospital of Juruá in the Municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre), which regularly attends victims of snakebites in the Alto Juruá region. The snakes that caused the envenomations were identified from clinical and epidemiological diagnosis of the symptoms and signs that patients presented during hospital, and by enzyme immunoassay for venom detection using serum samples of the patients, or by identification of the snake responsible for the envenomation when it was taken to the hospital or photographed. People who suffered or witnessed the snakebite were interviewed to assess the circumstances of the bite, the attitude adopted after the accident and whether they recognized the species of snake that caused the envenomation. ResultsThere were 133 cases of snakebite (76.24/100.000 inhabitants), mainly involving male individuals living in the rural area and who had a low level of education. The most affected groups were farmers (48%) and children and teenagers (39%). It was observed that 8.3% of them presented a history of recurrence for bites. The lower limbs were the most affected anatomical region (84%). The Bothrops atrox snake, mainly small specimens (mostly juveniles), was the main species involved in the envenomations (83.4%). Snakebites occurred mainly in forest areas, backyards of houses in rural areas and near to aquatic environments, during activities (walking, farming, extractivism, hunting). Most of the time, the snake was on the ground and the bite occurred because of the approximation of the individual, either by trampling or by approximation of a hand. Half of the victims performed some kind of inadequate first aid (not drinking water, use of tourniquet, incision at the site of the bite, use of black stone, drinking a compound “Específico Pessoa”). ConclusionsSnakebite is an important cause of morbidity in the Alto Juruá region. Bothrops bites are mostly caused by small-sized specimens, probably due to the greater abundance of B. atrox juveniles, and also because small snakes are more difficult for people to see. People are more often bitten on the lower limbs probably due to the size of B. atrox (small and medium) and because the snakes are usually on the ground in most situations. Many victims resort to ineffective actions that can cause complications and also delay serotherapy. A low level of education is a factor that may contribute to worse outcomes in snakebites since it is associated with a lack of knowledge of preventive and first aid measures.

Factors associated with reasons for men not seeking Primary Health Care services

For men to adhere to health services and to perceive themselves as the subject of their care, it is of utmost importance that professionals receive them through qualified listening, listening to their desires and difficulties giving them a welcoming environment. Given this, the objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the reasons why men do not seek Primary Health Care services. This was an exploratory, cross-sectional approach, quantitative approach, descriptive study with an analytical character. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews with the aid of the primary care assessment instrument in the adult version (PCATool-brasil adult version) with 485 adult men living in rural and urban areas of a city of Sergipe. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate techniques, Fisher’s Chi-squared and Exact test by IBM® SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0. There was an association with the delay in care reported by 173 (35.7%) respondents, which were among the rural residents and those with less education. Also, the absence of diseases reported by 164 men (33.8%) was associated with housing in rural areas; and the lack of reception by health professionals (16.7%; n=81) was higher among alcoholics and lower among rural residents. It is concluded that the reasons men do not seek the services offered in Primary Health Care are significantly interfered with by sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT IN THE RURAL AREA

The research purpose is to formulate proposals for investment development in the construction of industrial and civilian objects in the countryside of Ukraine, taking into account the experience of rural area development in the EU. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition of socio-economic phenomena in their interconnection, basic provisions of economic theory, scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists on investment development in rural area construction. The following methods were used in the work: theoretical synthesis, analysis and synthesis, historical, abstract-logical method, dialectic – in the study of theoretical foundations of the problem under study and in the formulation of conclusions and proposals. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical, methodological, and applied provisions in the field of investment development in construction in rural areas of Ukraine. Practical implications. When investing in countryside construction development, it is proposed to adhere to the following principles: investor’s free choice of directions and investment volumes; voluntary investment; purposefulness of investments; transparency of the process of using investments in the implementation of construction projects; informative value; independence and responsibility. Taking into account main directions of village social sphere development defined by the state and the current state of investing in rural area civil construction, it is proposed to increase the rights and responsibilities of local authorities and self-government. In order to intensify housing construction in the countryside, individual developers and business entities are encouraged to create mutual funds for financing construction and housing in rural areas. It has been established that during the period of research, investing in industrial and civil construction is distinguished by unevenness and is marked by a significant dependence on the general state of the country’s economy. To enhance investment in industrial and civil construction in the countryside as a factor of increasing socio-economic and environmental impact of the agrarian sector, it is advisable to use different sources of capital investment and increase their number. An attractive investment environment for industrial and civil construction in the countryside is formed at the expense of: the sustainable economy and society development; encouragement of entrepreneurial activity of the population; encouraging enterprises and organizations to carry out expanded reproduction; competent banking and financial and credit policy of the state and local self-government bodies.

AHP 분석을 통한 빈집활용방안 우선순위 평가 : 경상남도 도시와 농촌지역 비교

This study explores ways to better utilize unoccupied houses based on the result of questionnaires administered to experts for those houses in urban and rural areas. To select the subject area of the study, reviewed the urban regeneration new deal project which is a residential environment improvement project implemented and the Saethul community redevelopment project. The areas selected are as follows: Wanwol-dong, Bibong and Okbong area for the urban district, and Geumgok Village and Oeam and Naegok Villages for the rural district. The current environment of the selected areas AHP survey was administered to those working in the field of urban construction and experts with a good understanding of the selected areas, to explore ways to utilize unoccupied houses in those areas. The result of the analysis showed that the plan for the redevelopment of unoccupied houses in urban areas comprised for-profit projects with the intention of improving the residential environment. In this circumstance, the public sector purchases unoccupied houses and supplies them as public rental houses following their renovation. Conversely, for the redevelopment of unoccupied houses in rural areas, the project priorities were welfare, the creation of caretaking spaces, and the establishment of spaces for the rest and recreation of the elderly. This study analyzed experts’ opinions on ways to effectively use unoccupied houses in urban and rural areas.

Experimental investigation on the pull-out force of modified purlin to rafter connections

In Malaysia, almost all houses in rural area are non-engineered structures. The roof of these houses is susceptible to failure and many types if roofing failure can be expected. This study examines the pull-out capacity of several simple connections meant for tying the timber purlin to rafter. The types of connections are single nail, double nail, nail plus metal strap and nail plus rope. The tests were conducted on timber type Damar Minyak (Araucariaceae), commonly used for the purlin and rafter assembly of rural houses. The wind load was applied in the form of pull-out force generated via in-house frame and Universal Testing Machine. The results from the pull-out force versus nail displacement exhibited unique features for each type of connection. In the case of a single nail connection, the graph showed two phases. When the single nail is combined with another nail or metal strap or rope, the responses exhibited in three distinct phases. The first phase for every type of connections showed linear relationship. The failure pattern for nail only (single and double) showed gentle degradation of the connection strength. However, for nail and metal strap connection, the strength degradation was abrupt due to the yielding of the metal strap. On the other hand, for nail and rope connection, the failure phase was cascaded due to the progressive snapping of the jute fibre. The highest the pull-out resistance based on the maximum pull-out force was shown by the nail and metal strap connection.

CARTAGO CASE STUDY: WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF COSTA RICA

Abstract This article provides information on the management of the grey and toilet water collected in rural areas of the province of Cartago, from the years 2014 to 2016. For this research, information was gathered from a survey applied to 614 households located in rural areas. Information was also obtained through field visits and a physical-chemical and microbiological analysis of surface and residual waters. It was found that 100% of greywater from houses in rural areas are thrown into their surrounding rivers and 87% of wastewaters are treated in septic tank systems. Pollution is observed in the surface water sources due to the increase of population density in rural areas and discharge without greywater treatment.

Nájomné bývanie na vidieku na príklade výskumu vybraných obcí

Various forms of tenanted housing that existed in Slovak rural areas in the past have changed in the course of history. The number of tenanted apartments was reduced and minimized both in cities and in villages. Since the beginning of the 21st century the situation has gradually changed and the importance of tenanted housing has increased. The article describes the present situation. The research presented therein was based on the examples from selected successful villages in Slovakia. Research results indicate that there is a higher percentage of this form of housing in rural areas than in the capital city of Slovakia. The development of the phenomenon is described also in European context

Formulating an Optimal Model for Designing and Assessing the Sustainable Housing Indices in Rural Areas (Case Study: Quchan Atigh Dehestan)

Purpose- sustainable rural housing can be considered as an important index in rural development. Hence, preparing plans in the area of sustainable rural housing requires different aspects and components of sustainable housing to be identified and analyzed. Designing and employing sustainable housing indices is especially important in rural planning as an essential instrument to express physical, socioeconomic, and environmental aspects of sustainable housing. The present study aims at identifying and explaining appropriate indices and criteria to evaluate housing sustainability and to operate the indices in the country villages. This is done by emphasizing Ghouchan Atigh rural district and presenting a modern methodological framework through a survey among the scientific elites by Delphi method. The present study is seeking to find out which indices are more valid and valuable for evaluating housing sustainability in Ghouchan Atigh rural district; and how is the process of designing appropriate indices and criteria to evaluate sustainable housing in rural areas. Design/methodology/approach- the methodology of the present study is based on descriptive-analytic methods as well as quantitative-qualitative mixed method. Findings- the findings of the study indicate that among 128 designed indices, 70 key indices were appropriate to rural housing structure especially in Ghouchan Atigh rural district. They include 28 indices to evaluate physical-infrastructural sustainability, 23 indices to evaluate social sustainability, 15 indices to evaluate economic sustainability, and 4 indices to evaluate environmental sustainability. The results also indicate that regarding analysis of the selected indices, physical-infrastructural indices are mostly valid in sustainability analysis with the score of 8.02. Environmental indices with the score of 7.89, social indices with the score of 7.65, and economic indices with the score of 7.49 are at the next ranks.

Monitoring of indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using spider webs

Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the spider webs prepared in the laboratory and exposed to indoor air pollution in a defined period of time. We have selected homes differing in location (rural area vs. city), type of room (living room, kitchen, basement), inhabitants' habits (smoking cigarettes vs. non-smoking) and type of heating/cooking devices used (natural gas, liquefied gas, coal- and wood-fuelled heating). Webs from two species, from Agelenidae and Pholcidae families, were prepared and used for monitoring of PAHs. PAHs were characterised based on concentration, profile distribution, source apportionment by cluster analysis and diagnostic ratios. The concentrations of sum of 15 PAHs (μg g−1 dry weight) varied from 1.7 (bedroom in detached house in rural area) to 67.9 μg g−1 (room with heavy smokers in detached house in the city), and were dominated by 3-ring (6.89–57.1%) and 2-ring compounds (5.05–48.3%). The result of cluster analysis (CA) suggested two distinct groups of PAHs. The dominant PAH source was found to be mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic consisting of a mixture of cooking, smoking, heating and neighbouring traffic activities.

THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL AND MONETARY CHANGES ON THE LEVEL OF FOOD EXPENDITURE IN URBAN AND RURAL EGYPT

The study aimed to identify and compare changes in consumer spending patterns in general and food expenditure in particular in both rural and urban areas during the period (2004 / 20052014 / 2015) Moreover and the economic and monetary changes affecting the standard of livinghas also made in Egypt. The study was based on quantitative and descriptive statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, rate of change and percentages, estimating the marginal slope of expenditure, and the elasticity of expenditure of the main food groups, and use of some quantitative analysis methods as a test of the difference between the average of two independent samples, (2004/05, 2014/2015), as well as some studies and research related to the subject of the study. The results showed that the percentage of expenditure on food and drink in both rural and urban areas decreased from the total annual expenditure per capita in 2014/2015 compared to 2004/2005 and that it ranked first among the various expenditure groups during the two study periods and vice versa to the low rate of expenditure on housing in rural areas, the urban expenditure rate increased during 2014/2015. The results showed that the relative importance of urban rural food expenditure, which was reflected in the reduction of the rural-urban food gap, increased from 27.6% to 14.5%. And vice versa, the percentage increased of the rural- urban nonfood gap, from 50.6% to 42.8% during the two study periods. However, the statistical is no significance of the difference between the average of two samples for the total expenditure, food and non-food between rural and urban during the two periods. Results also showed an increase in expenditure on some food groups such as meat, vegetables, cheese, eggs, fish and non-alcoholic beverages, and the decrease in per capita expenditure on cereals and bread in both rural and urban areas during 2014-2015 compared to 2004/2005 The results showed the variation in the elasticity of the expenditure of the food and drink group in both rural and urban areas, some of which were necessary and some of them were morenecessary during 2004/2005. However, they increased per capita in rural areas for all food commodities during 2014-2015, However, most of the food commodities in urban areas is necessary commodities. With reference to the political and monetary changes that occurred during the last ten years, the results of the study showed that the percentage of families living below the poverty line in the rural areas and their urban rise in 2014/2015 compared with 2004/2005, which means that the urban poor are more affected by their rural, The percent age of households living below the absolute poverty line in both rural and urban areas decreased in the second year compared to the first year. The percentage of non-poor households in both rural and urban areas increased in the second year compared with the first year, which indicates improvement Relative to the living conditions of some rural families, While in urban areas, the decline in the proportion of semi-poor families and the increase in the proportion of both poor and non-poor households makes the change in living standards either positive or negative, but the study suggested that there was a transmission to those who were on the edge of poverty to below the poverty line, A change in the consumption pattern, which was affected by the high prices of most food commodities, especially meat and poultry and try to find different alternatives, whether from fish or from eggs and milk derivatives.

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Dynamic Energy Consumption of Passive Solar House in Rural Areas

The annual dynamic energy consumption of addition solar house and the annual solar energy of exterior-protected construction of passive solar house with additional sunshine room in Tianjin rural areas were calculated by the numerical simulation. The annual exterior-protected construction of that residence has been analyzed also which include the number of before used additional sunshine room and after used it. Meanwhile the annual dynamic energy consumption of the wall with thermal materials and the sunshine room with LOW-E glass are imitated by numerical simulation. The numerical values are compared and analyzed with those of the walls without using thermal materials and LOW-E glasses. Analysis results show that the energy consumption of additional sunshine room with LOW-E glass reduces by 80%, and that of the exterior-protected construction with thermal material reduces by 43.5%. Through the comparison analysis of economic benefit, the investment of thermal materials and LOW-E glass is about 97396 Yuan, the cost of which can be recovered within 5 years.

Rural vitalization-oriented suitability evaluation index for green technologies of rural housing in Northeast China

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the issue of agriculture, rural people and rural areas. After nearly twenty years, the living environment of farmers has been initially improved. However, there are still problems of uneven development and environmental pollution of some areas. For this reason, China has put forward the strategy of rural vitalization, aiming at solving the problems above. With this opportunity, it is feasible to develop green houses in rural areas. Taking the rural housing in Northeast China as an example, this paper analyses rural housing present situation there. The concept of suitability for green building technologies is raised. Based on this, the index system of suitability evaluation of green technologies for residential buildings in northeast rural areas is established. It provides strategies for the government to promote green rural housing.

Factors influencing indoor PM2.5 concentration in rural houses of northern China

In traditional houses in rural areas of Northern China, most traditional heating systems, heated by mini-stove in the kitchen, usually take agricultural residues as fuels resources. Besides, burning cave under the ground-floor of a rural house is also widely used. The higher PM2.5 concentration is crisis for human health. In this study, PM2.5 concentration, temperature, relative humidity inside and outside the houses have been measured, moreover the factors impact on I/O rate coefficient has been discussed. The results show that the I/O rate coefficient in the evening is 2.5 times greater than the I/O rate coefficient in the daytime. I/O rate coefficient of PM2.5 concentration is positive related to air temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. In addition, the impact of outdoor wind speed and predominant wind direction on the PM2.5 emission has been studied.

About cost reduction and improving the quality of construction of model residential houses in rural areas when designing with the use of lightweight concrete

About cost reduction and improving the quality of construction of model residential houses in rural areas when designing with the use of lightweight concrete

Energy Saving Potential from Shading Design for Residential House in Rural Area

There are some architectural factors in the energy saving design of residential houses in Taiwan. In addition, in rural area, window glazing is a key factor to reducing electricity. For these purposes, a simulation model of exterior shading has been done in this study. Various types of shading devices have been analysed and compared in terms of energy savings. Simulation analysis by DesignBuilder reveals that shading devices has substantial impact to minimizing energy consumption. The results derived in this paper could provide useful suggestions for the shading design of residential buildings at rural area in Taiwan.

Innovations In Housing Finance Sector: In Reference To National Housing Bank

structure, products, appraisal and recovery norms etc. Aggressive competition in the field of housing finance has made it imperative that only effective and efficient functioning will be the key to survival and success in the long run. As the apex housing finance institution of the country, NHB has been monitoring and regulating the housing finance industry to ensure its growth on sound and healthy lines. The objective of the paper is to review of existing housing finance products and potential and opportunities associated with innovations in housing finance products. The programme will address issues like Productive Housing in Rural Areas, issues related to Reverse Mortgage and Aam Aadmi Awas along with existing housing finance products.

Sustainability in Self Build Housing in Rural Area of Kedah, Malaysia

Communities face enormous challenges as their social, economic, and environmental resources are depleted and destroyed. Sustainable development represents a holistic way to achieve recovery and enhances the quality of life for everyone in these communities. This concept can be addressed through the development of local assets to revitalise economies, limit waste and pollution, improve the status of disadvantaged people, conserve natural resources, and promote cooperation and efficiency. Among the steps to facilitate the planning and actions by these stakeholders and become effective agents in achieving sustainability is the employment of self help approach to build houses. This paper attempts to provide an overview of the use of self help housing as an avenue to assist home ownership leading to the creation of sustainable community. It further attempts to uncover the responses from the rural households in Kedah (Malaysia) towards the concept of self build housing through the introduction of a simplified prefabricated system and to gather responses on the usage of the system.It is found that majority of the respondents had given positive responses in that the self build components were easily assembled not withstanding that this system introduced a new method to construct a house.