Housing In Poland Research Articles

Variant Analysis of the Ownership Structure of Land Intended for Single-family Housing

The most frequently preferred solution for the ownership structure of land for single-family housing in Poland is the structure of one cadastral plot – one single-family building. However, changing architectural concepts allow for the creation of single-family housing estates in systems consisting of atrial houses or T-type buildings, which have much more advantages than traditional terraced or semi-detached buildings. These advantages result from a different solution of building forms, which can be combined not only in rows, but also in variously shaped groups consisting of many houses. This provides greater possibilities for the free shaping of development plans for groups of houses, which in turn can be combined in various spatial arrangements while maintaining the required conditions of individual entrance, proper lighting of rooms and mutual distances. At the same time, it allows for more intensive use of the area. Despite the indicated advantages, in the light of the observed implementation practice, it seems problematic to locate buildings with separate ownership, used individually on a plot of land used jointly. The article analyzes the possibilities of legal solutions in the area of land and buildings that can be applied in such a solution. The strengths and weaknesses of each solution were assessed and their opportunities and threats were indicated. For the purposes of this research, four differently shaped groups of buildings consisting of T houses were selected. The results were presented in a SWOT analysis for the development variants adopted for the research using the T house as a repeatable residential unit. The article proposes four legal and neighborly solutions that enable and promote the construction of housing estates using highly intensive atrial development based on the T-house.

Alternative forms of housing for longevity based on case studies of multigenerational houses in Poland

The subject of the article is a case study analysis of three experimental projects of multigenerational houses that emerged after 2019 in Polish cities. The author hypothesizes that multigenerational houses represent an alternative form of housing to nursing homes, creating an environment that supports the health and independence of residents of different ages for as long as possible. The purpose of the research conducted is to answer the question of what components of the support system for the elderly are important in the choice and intentional transition to alternative living arrangements and how this relates to multigenerational homes in the cases studied. The research in this article consists of four phases. The first phase examined the institutional and informal approach to organizing care for the elderly in Poland and outlined the components of the support system for the elderly that are necessary for the choice and conscious transition to alternative forms of housing in the aging process. In the second phase, the experience with the governmental program "Multigenerational House" in Germany was analyzed and a multigenerational house was defined. In the third phase, the case study method was used to examine the experience of multigenerational houses built and functioning in Polish cities in recent years: Multigenerational House in Łódź (2019), Multigenerational Housing in Warsaw (2019-2021), Multigenerational House in Wrocław (2020). In the fourth phase, based on the literature review and the analysis of functioning multigenerational houses, a comparative analysis was made and conclusions for further research were drawn.

Sustainable development of housing in Poland - psychological factors versus economic choices in the market in terms of the need for contact with the goods of nature and the goods of civilisation at the place of residence

This study investigates the social impact of developer-promoted trends in real estate and their influence on consumer housing preferences, focusing on the need for both nature and urban amenities in urban residences (cities > 50,000). In order to answer the research question posed, survey and statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 27 package. With its help, an analysis of basic descriptive statistics, exploratory PCA analysis with reliability test, Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's r correlation analysis, analysis of variance, classification-regression trees (CRT) and ROC curve analysis were performed. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of this phenomenon and inform social design in architecture, considering user preferences for designed spaces.

Atrial development as an economical type of complex high-density single-family housing in Poland

Atrial housing, as a type of high-density single-family, appeared in Poland in the 1960s and 1970s. First, in 1962, legal regulations were developed. This was followed by several atrium developments and research work. After 1990, it appeared in only a few publications, and in 2003, it disappeared from the legislation. The aim of the research presented in this article is to demonstrate whether it is possible to build an atrial house or a whole complex of atrial buildings today, based on existing legislation and planning conditions. To this end, the literature on the subject was studied, and 11 existing realisations from the 1970s were analysed. Based on the findings, an atrial house plan was developed, which in turn was used to develop an atrial housing complex located in one of the quarters of the Bialystok Local Spatial Development Plan. The results confirmed that nowadays, subject to certain specific conditions in the provisions of the plans and on the basis of the legal regulations in force, atrial buildings may be used, despite the fact that they are not referred to in the legislation on housing development.

Implementation of the judge's right to adequate housing in Poland on the basis of receiving a soft loan or subsidy

Implementation of the judge's right to adequate housing in Poland on the basis of receiving a soft loan or subsidy

Comparative analysis of decision making factors of hybrid and emission free heat source users in single family houses

Aim/purpose – Energy is traditionally produced using fossil fuels as raw materials, which impacts the environment negatively. Due to the scarcity of fossil fuel supplies, rising prices of energy carriers, and global trends, consumers are turning to renewable energy sources (RES) for home heating. The aim of this study was to determine whether the choice of house heating system using different sources than fossil fuels is driven by any additional components of single-family house users’ purchasing decisions besides cost. Based on research results, the prospects for further transformation of thermal ener- gy in single-family housing in Poland towards RES were determined. Design/methodology/approach – The research on the inhabitants of single-family houses was conducted in December 2022 in Poland. The research method used was a survey using the CATI and CAWI techniques. 600 respondents filled out the question- naire. The results were statistically analyzed. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (non- -parametric ANOVA) and a post-hoc test were used. The distributions’ normality and the variances’ homogeneity were measured using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Brownian– –Forsythe tests. Calculations were performed using Statistica software. Findings – The choice of heating energy source in single-family houses, taking CO2 emis- sions into account, is not dictated by income level. Instead, it is determined by the number of people in the household. More numerous households opt for a zero-emission heat source. Households using emission-based heating energy sources are significantly more driven by the cost of using heating appliances; their purchase price, reliability, and product quality are more important than those using zero-emission methods. The partial use of renewable energy source solutions promotes further investment in emission-free heat sources. Research implications/limitations – The analysis illustrates the state of thermal trans- formation in single-family houses during the energy transition process at the national level. A limitation of the research is that it samples only one EU country struggling with too high CO2 emissions compared to other countries. Originality/value/contribution – A unique approach used in this study is to address the variation in incentives for renewable energy purchasing decisions, considering CO2 emissions. This aspect, although noticeable to some extent, is not directly taken into account by users who do not have the tools to assess their CO2 emissions. However, the proposed research approach showed that the CO2 emission level of a heating system is a factor differentiating some aspects of the decision-making process of system users. In particular, it showed what elements of the decision are essential in households that have not yet taken any action towards energy transformation. Keywords: energy, decision-making process, heat source, hybrid heat sources, emis- sion-free heat sources, consumers’ characteristics. JEL Classification: Q56, G51, O13.

Calculation of the Potential Biogas and Electricity Values of Animal Wastes: Turkey and Poland Case

This research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO’s 2012–2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants.

Economic analysis of heat pump exploitation – A case study

The main aim of the paper is the economic analysis and the assessment of the payback time of the heat pump cooperating with a photovoltaic installation in one of the single-family houses in Poland. The inhabitants consumed 11633 kWh of energy during the year. The heat pump consumed 64.23% of total energy used by inhabitants. The photovoltaic panels generated the electricity of 7728.9 kWh. Profitability of the investment was demonstrated based on analysis of its expenditure and operating costs. The payback time of a heat pump including various financing sources, such as: 100% of one's own contribution, loan for the installation of device using renewable energy sources, the subsidy “My Electricity” and the thermo-modernization allowance was analyzed. The analysis showed that the shortest payback time for this investment using “One's own contribution + subsidy My Electricity + thermo modernization relief” is 11 years and 6 months.

Limitations in the diffusion of collaborative housing in Poland: Expectations and beliefs of young generation as potential users

ABSTRACT There is a strong attachment to individual homeownership in Poland. Young people, just after graduating from college, make housing decisions, most often aimed at purchasing a dwelling and taking out a long-term mortgage. With soaring housing prices in Poland between 2016 and 2021, this is increasingly difficult. Therefore, new integrative, collaborative, and social innovative forms of residence are required, especially when considering the expectations and beliefs of young adults. The authors use Rogers’ five attributes of innovation to examine the constraints on the diffusion of collaborative housing in Poland. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 283 students drawn at the Poznan University of Economics and Finance in Poland. Using the binary logistic regression method, the authors identified a strong relationship between the belief in sharing instead of buying and the respondents’ preference for collaborative housing. Furthermore, lack of application of pro-environmental solutions in collaborative housing, a prolonged process of designing and building such projects, and a strong attachment of young people to individual ownership constitute serious limitations to the diffusion of housing innovations in Poland.

Management of public-private housing condominiums: the case of municipalities in the Warmia and Mazury province in Poland

Privatization of municipal housing in Poland has led to the emergence of public-private housing condominiums. The aim of the study was to investigate the ownership structures of common property management entities in such condominiums in Poland. The intended investigation was conducted on the sample of the 30 largest urban municipalities located in the Warmia and Mazury province. The empirical data was collected by questionnaire interviews using the public information access technique. The aim of the study was achieved through hierarchical cluster analysis using the agglomerative method. The results showed that the structures of common property management entities in studied housing condominiums varied in nature. In most municipalities surveyed, these structures were dominated by municipal entities. However, there is a growing group of municipalities where the surveyed structures have been dominated by private property managers. The in-house management model proved to be not very popular in the surveyed sample of municipalities.

Dependence of Housing Real Estate Prices on Inflation as One of the Most Important Factors: Poland’s Case

Abstract The study aimed to examine the impact of inflation on the real estate market using Polish panel data for the last 13 years. It is based on a panel model, where price changes of one square meter of housing are determined as a function in changes of inflation, the central bank’s base rate, dwellings built, as well as new mortgage loans. The quarterly dynamics of the average price of 1 square meter of housing in Poland’s eight largest cities in the 2009-2021 period was studied. This price was modeled and predicted using one of the Box-Jenkins time series models: the Holt-Winter model of exponential smoothing with a damped trend. The forecasting results showed a small (up to 4%) relative error in comparison with the actual data. In addition, the moment (2017) of the price trend change was found. Therefore, piecewise linear regressions with high regression coefficients were used when modeling the impact of inflation changes on the real estate market indicators under consideration. The results obtained provide valuable insight into the relationship of real estate market indicators, allowing consumers to predict available options and make decisions in accordance with their preferences.

Optimization of the Selected Parameters of Single-Family House Components with the Estimation of Their Contribution to Energy Saving

Knowledge of the influence of factors determining energy consumption in buildings is very important for the possibility of effective energy saving. This article describes the results of an original study on the analysis of the annual energy demand for heating (QH;nd), cooling (QC;nd), and annual usable energy demand (QH/C;nd = QH;nd + QC;nd) assumed as objective functions of a designed single-family building, which can be classified as a typical representative of currently built houses in Poland. It was assumed that the object of study was located in the climatic conditions of north-eastern Poland. The study takes into consideration three groups of selected parameters: architectural/spatial, structural, and physical properties of windows. The research was carried out in a single-family building, as energy consumption in residential buildings accounts for a significant part of the total energy consumption in buildings. In the group of architectural/spatial parameters, the height of rooms in the building (h) and the window area change coefficient (k) were taken into consideration. The design parameters pertained to the solutions of building components: the density of the material of the inner layer of the external walls (ρ1), the density of the material of internal walls (ρ2), and the thickness of internal walls (d). In the third group of parameters, the heat transfer coefficient of the glazing (Ug) and the total solar transmittance of the glazing (g) were considered. Deterministic mathematical models of these dependencies were developed on the basis of the results of a computational experiment, obtained by performing a simulation with the use of the DesignBuilder software, based on the EnergyPlus computational engine. The models allowed the authors to estimate the degree and nature of the influence of the examined factors on the building’s energy demand. As a result of the optimization of parameters according to the energy criterion, the contribution of each of the three groups of parameters to energy saving was determined. Deterministic numerical optimization using MATLAB was applied. It turned out that the factors from the first group played the most important role in energy savings (40.0%), and the factors from the third group contributed slightly less (25.7%). The contribution of the characteristics from the second group was 4.2% of the total value of energy saving. This information can be useful to scientists, as well as engineers and policymakers, in making correct decisions when designing new residential buildings.

Single-family courtyard houses in Poland: conditions and perspectives for development based on the example of Krakow

AbstractSingle-family courtyard houses, with spaces oriented towards an internal, private patio, became popular in Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. In Poland, courtyard developments are infrequent and were mostly built in the 1970s and 1980s. This study aims to improve our understanding of their low popularity. Poles seem to prefer traditional housing solutions, clearly favouring detached houses, considered to provide the most comfort, privacy, and safety. More than half of the country’s population lives in such buildings, considerably more than the European average. This study suggests that planning conditions along with land registry patterns are fundamental barriers to the development of courtyard housing. In practice, they eliminate the potential for building new complexes of this type. In a broader context, planning conditions reinforce the dominance of traditional, less dense forms of single-family development, primarily those of detached development. This paper posits that there are no favourable conditions for new courtyard housing developments if they are to be based on market fundamentals. Courtyard housing could, however, as in the period of its inception and popularity, become part of an extensive housing experiment, for instance, in national or regional pilot projects, and contribute to animation and progression in housing development.

Implementation Risk Factors of Collaborative Housing in Poland: The Case of ‘Nowe Żerniki’ in Wrocław

The main aim of this study is to elucidate implementation risk factors of collaborative housing in Poland. The research is based on Rogers’ framework supported by Kim and Mauborgne’s utility map. On this basis, in-depth interviews were carried out with the leader of a housing project called ‘Nowe Żerniki’ in Wrocław, residents of collaborative housing, third sector actors, architects and researchers. An analysis of potential demand for collaborative housing was conducted using focus groups for a selected group of students who will make housing choices in the coming years. In their work, the authors assess the factors inhibiting the rate of diffusion of collaborative housing in Poland, point out the utility constraints and try to formulate the basic conditions for socio-technical transitions in the area of grassroots housing. The results indicate that collaborative housing in Poland requires a friendly and supporting environment, credit institutions with experience in handling innovative housing projects and experienced leaders. The connection to the place and the local capital are crucial factors for all the key actors of the collaborative housing process.

Circadian winter thermal profiles and thermal comfort in historical housing — field study

In winter thermally inefficient building envelopes of pre-retrofit historical housing allow for ca. sevenfold higher heat loss from heated apartments than the new built housing in Poland. As a result space heating in pre-retrofit tenements is regarded to be highly energy demanding and costly if the internal temperatures were to be kept on average at standard 20 °C assumed in building regulations. In this field study, carried out in January-March 2020, we investigated circadian thermal profiles and the associated thermal comfort in historical tenements both pre-and post-retrofit. The 16 apartments participating in our research were equipped with heating systems prevalent in Polish urban historical buildings, i.e. solid fuel stoves, electric heating, district-supplied central heating, or individual gas boilers. The former systems provided intermittent local heating while the latter central heating with thermostats. Our research comprised spot check multi-parameter measurements and continuous monitoring of the thermal environment, together with a longitudinal thermal comfort questionnaire survey (N=.2539), energy consumption analysis and semi-structured interviews with the residents. The differences detected in average (12.6°C) and range (up to 5.0°C) of diurnal temperatures did not explain the thermal comfort survey results on individual thermal sensations and preferences. What proved more important for the residents was the time of day when the maximum or minimum temperatures occurred and their perceived control over temperature and the cost associated with heating. Accordingly, we identified a need for further studies investigating the link between domestic thermal comfort and satisfaction with the usability of the heating system and control over the cost of heating.

Energy Conservation Behaviors and Awareness of Polish, Czech and Ukrainian Students: A Case Study

Energy education of the younger generation, who are the future decision makers, investors, consumers, scientists, or skilled labor force in new energy technologies, is crucial for the future of Europe and the world. However, beyond the long-term goals of energy education policies, the short-term effects on energy conservation and the promotion of renewable energy sources are equally as important. The main purpose of the paper is to identify and analyze the behavior of students (who study the issues related to energy saving and RES), in terms of energy conservation. The conducted analysis focused on examining and comparing the scope of responses of the surveyed students in individual countries, especially in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ukraine. The survey was carried out using the computer-assisted web interview (CAWI). Descriptive and graphical methods were used to present the results. Statistical analysis of the collected data included basic measures of descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. The main results of the study are as follows: Almost 60% of the surveyed students follow the principles of energy conservation; however increased educational activities on eco-energy behaviors is recommended. The share of RES in the heating systems of the studied residential buildings is 9%, on average, with the highest percentage of houses in Poland (14%) and the lowest in Ukraine (only 2.6%). When compared with literature reports, the collect data show that educational activities can be as effective as a tool in implementing RES and pro-environmental behaviors as the government’s environmental policy and household subsidies.

Council housing in Poland. What should we do to achieve its goals?

Council housing in Poland. What should we do to achieve its goals?

Analysis of the Return on Investment in Solar Collectors on the Example of a Household: The Case of Poland

Background: The growing consumption is what drives the development of unsustainable energy and material-intensive production technologies that emit large quantities of pollutants into the atmosphere, water, and land. Obtaining green energy allows reduction of the interference with the environment and, consequently, fits into a sustainable energy development strategy. In order to achieve the emission targets set by the EU for Poland, it is necessary to prioritize the development of renewable energy sources (RES) technologies within the energy sector.Methods: The purpose of the study was to present the results of the research relating to the return on investment of solar collectors for single-family houses in Poland. The research was presented on the basis of the legal conditions applicable to micro installations in the light of the amendment of the RES Act, and the impact of these amendments on the aspects of such investment was determined.Results: On the basis of the constructed economic model used to assess the return on investment of increasing the area of solar collectors, it has been shown that an operating installation will bring measurable economic benefits in the form of reduction in the amount of energy purchased annually in the amount of 6,756 kWh and environmental benefits in the form of reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere 2.4–3.6 Mg per year. An installation subsidized under the “My Electricity” program can reach an NPV of EUR 6,000 over 20 years at a discount rate r = 0 and assuming that the electricity is EUR 0.15/kWh. If the price rises to 0.2 EUR/kWh, the NPV will be 10,000 EUR. For the analyzed installation, the investment consisting in increasing the collector area in accordance with NPV is economically effective for the absorber area in the range of 5.6–7.6 m2 and reaches the maximum value for the absorber area of 6.6 m2, while the absorber area above 7 m2 contributes to reduce the value of the economic return on investment. The obtained results have been generalized, which allows to use them in the process of selecting the size of collector area for similar installations.Conclusion: The return on investment analysis carried out in respect of a detached house allowed to demonstrate that this project is fully justified. Furthermore, pursuant to the Renewable Energy Sources Act in force in Poland, treating a small entrepreneur as a prosumer who may generally take advantage of favorable conditions for discounting the produced energy leads to very favorable possibilities of settling electricity. Considering an entrepreneur as a prosumer who may use one-off depreciation of a solar collectors installation as a fixed asset and request for VAT refund is what makes such an investment very attractive in financial terms and makes it difficult to find a safe investment alternative characterized by such a high rate of return.

Innovation Management in Polish Real Estate Developers in the Renewable Energy Sources Context

This paper analyses innovative activities, including renewable energy sources (RES) in the housing market, the motivations for their introduction, effectiveness, benefits, limitations and management—which are open and current problems of Polish and international sustainable construction. This problem is part of a research gap concerning, among others, the role of developers and entities responsible for introducing energy innovations into housing construction. The aim of the paper is to analyse innovations, with particular emphasis on RES, introduced by residential developers in Poland in the context of global trends. The work is based on the results of surveys conducted among developers of the primary housing market. The research of 130 questionnaires received from entities such as multi-storey buildings and multi-family houses in Poland, was carried out on a nationwide sample using the CATI Computer Assisted Telephone Interview method. The results of the survey research were summarized by setting research hypotheses, which were verified using the significance test based on the Laplace normal distribution. The research conducted has shown that residential developers in Poland point at, among others, competitive pressures, concern about the quality of products and services offered, increasing market share or satisfaction and increasing customer requirements. This clearly shows that the implementation of innovation is perceived through the prism of increasing competitiveness. Furthermore, developers operating in the more competitive markets—nationwide and on the market of the five largest Polish cities, usually larger companies, showed a greater willingness and even the need to introduce innovation in their activities. In the study, developers as one of the barriers of introducing innovations, apart from the lack of adequate support, mainly from public entities in the field of, inter alia, appropriate law favouring the implementation of innovations and financial support, indicate difficulties of the client’s market manifested by the lack of knowledge and identification of needs in the field of innovation, and the lack of willingness to pay a higher price in regard to the product with higher innovation level. In the paper, the authors recommend developers, among others, to implement in the management process the identification of possible to implement innovations and the customers’ needs in innovations with education in the field of possible innovations and its benefits. The article indicates the need to intensify the implementation of innovations in housing projects in order to increase competitiveness and to meet the European Union’s requirement regarding the use of renewable energy sources.

From institutionalisation to (de)institutionalisation – transferring isolation practices from nursing home care to supported housing in Poland

During the COVID-19 pandemic, discussion re-emerged in many places, among them Poland, about how institutions that provide nursing home care (NHC) contribute to the social isolation of their residents; deinstitutionalisation (DI) as an alternative to collective forms of housing, in the form of sheltered housing and assisted housing, was brought to the fore. The aim of the research was to analyse these forms of housing in terms of the way deinstitutionalisation is perceived and understood by the creators of protected and assisted housing for people with disabilities. The applied perspective is the concept of the permeability of an institution, placed on a continuum between “permeable” and “total”. The research also employed a critical discourse analysis, which included 20 statutes concerning protected and assisted housing. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a practice of transferring elements of institutional thinking and limiting human rights to those forms of housing that are intended to be an introduction to (or an implementation of) the idea of DI. The concepts of sheltered and assisted housing still include many features that may be identified with “total” institutions on the permeability continuum.