Housing Disadvantage Research Articles

Housing Australian Children: A Snapshot of Health Inequities in the First 2000 Days.

Housing is a critical social determinant of children's health. While individual pathways between housing and health are well evidenced, there has been less attention on the co-occurrence of housing disadvantages. We aim to identify typologies of children's housing disadvantage and describe the health inequities they generate. A cross-sectional latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on 4355 Australian children aged 4 to 5years who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Nine binary indicators-dwelling tenure, external condition, affordability, stability, crowding, cleanliness, fuel poverty, and noise exposure-were used to generate latent housing typologies. Generalized linear models with robust standard errors described disparities in quality of life, injury, disability, and health service use across these housing typologies. Four distinct housing typologies were identified in this cohort: "good condition, affordable, and secure" (60%); "insecure" (11%); "crowded" (24%); and "unsuitable" (5%). Unsuitable housing, characterized by crowding, poor external conditions, and noise exposure, was more likely to be occupied by single-parent families, low-income households, and be headed by parents with low levels of education. Children in unsuitable housing lagged on quality of life indicators at preschool age (e.g., by 8.0 points on emotional functioning, 95% CI - 10.6, - 5.5), and underutilized primary healthcare services (e.g., prevalence ratio 0.76 for GP services, 95% CI 0.67, 0.87), compared to children in good quality housing. This finding supports the case for early intervention strategies that account for children's housing circumstances.

Race equality in housing: tracing the postracial turn in English housing policy

Ethnic inequalities in housing in England are entrenched and long-standing. Minority ethnic groups are more likely than the White British population to experience housing disadvantage and deprivation. In recent years, little attention has focused on what steps housing policy is taking to promote race equality. This study fills this gap in knowledge. Focusing on four key housing policy interventions, it traces the policy approach to race equality in England since 2000. A paradigmatic shift is revealed. Previously, policy actively promoted race equality. Inequalities remained but progress was made tackling disadvantage. In contrast, the contemporary policy approach is characterised by non-intervention. This shift is related to the retreat from multiculturalism and increasing influence of postracial notions about the fading legacy of racism, allied with neoliberal understandings of inequality as the product of individual responsibility and choice. In conclusion, the paper calls for research to scrutinise these presumptions and explore whether policy is following a similar trajectory in other countries.

A house is not a home: housing disadvantage, homelessness, and modern slavery

This commentary focuses on the underexplored links between housing disadvantage, homelessness, and modern slavery. Despite significant anecdotal evidence, there is a pressing need for proper theorisation of the connections between housing situation and vulnerability to modern slavery. This commentary combats this lacuna by focusing on four types of (un)housing: homelessness, safehouses, social housing, and the private rented sector. While each site has its own relationship to modern slavery, be it cause, consequence, or potential solution, commonalities emerge. Modern slavery is a form of �hyper-precarity�, and the �ontological security� of a place to call home is crucial when combatting this. But a house is not a home, and security of tenure alone is insufficient � in fact in some cases tenure security can actually increase vulnerability to modern slavery. A sense of home can act as a bulwark against modern slavery, but poor housing and bad policies increase precarity, homelessness, and exploitation.

COVID-19 and the CARES Act: racial disadvantage, mortgage relief, and foreclosure in Tuscaloosa county, Alabama

ABSTRACT The 2020 CARES Act provided mortgage relief to financially distressed borrowers whose loans were insured by the U.S. government. We used cumulative disadvantage theory to examine the effects of mortgage relief in a Deep South County with a history of racial disparities in mortgage lending and homeownership. We collected property and open-access data for a five-year period (2016–2020) to compare pre-moratorium and in-moratorium trends in foreclosure. Fifty-eight (58) foreclosures took place during the moratorium year of 2020, a 50.7% drop from the year before. Non-lender foreclosures, typically initiated by HOAs and utility companies for nonpayment of fees and services, accounted for 40% of the in-moratorium foreclosures, and were spatially defined by race. Trigger events included divorce, death, and incarceration, as well as high debt loads that led most foreclosures to file for bankruptcy prior to foreclosure. Overall, mortgage relief mitigated the risk of foreclosure, suggesting that the Act had blunted the effects of housing disadvantage. The effects were greater for non-Hispanic Black borrowers who experienced higher rates of foreclosure prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. On balance, the Act helped borrowers who qualified for mortgage forbearance, but its exclusions and caveats meant that other borrowers did not receive similar relief.

1444Housing disadvantage in childhood and health: A systematic review

Abstract Background Housing has been recognised as one of the important determinants of health outcomes. However, little is known of the contribution of these pathways to children’s health and wellbeing and their pattern of health throughout life. This review aims to provide a synthesis of longitudinal studies linking experiences of disadvantaged housing in childhood to health outcomes. Methods A literature search was performed on four databases including Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2020. Peer-reviewed longitudinal studies assessing the association between housing disadvantage in childhood and subsequent physical and mental health were included. The methodological quality of selected studies was appraised using the ROBINS-I tool. A narrative synthesis was developed due to study heterogeneity. Results Forty-five cohort studies were included, and no randomised controlled trial met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies was evaluated to have a moderate risk of bias. Across the studies, while many relationships remained mixed, consistent evidence of detrimental impact was identified between: poor housing conditions and mortality; inadequate heating and respiratory illness; frequent residential moves and psychiatric mortality and morbidity. Little evidence is found between overcrowding in childhood and health outcomes. Conclusions Evidence from longitudinal studies indicates that poor housing experience in childhood may impact health later in life. Key messages The findings stressed housing as a key social determinant of child health, and interventions designed to mitigate housing disadvantage may have significant health gains across the life span

COUNTRY HOUSE IN STYLE GLASS FACHWERK

The urgency of the design and construction of country houses in the style of fachwerk is noted. The definition of fachwerk is given. The system of criteria characterizing the fachwerk is listed: the presence of a frame with braces and enclosing filling with various materials: clay, ceramic brick, natural stone. It is noted that glass is one of the most popular materials used in construction, including individual houses. The concept of glass fachwerk as a frame with glazing elements is defined. It is noted that with the advent of new building materials and tools, the construction of country houses using the glass fachwerk technology underwent many changes that affected virtually all the elements of the house's construction: foundation, frame, joint system, roof, roof and glass. The modern technology for the construction of glass fachwerk is described. The requirements for double-glazed windows fachwerk are discussed: high strength, increased sound and heat insulation, protection from solar ultraviolet radiation. A wide range of double-glazed windows satisfying these requirements is given: sun-reflecting, energy-saving, multifunctional and safe (triplex) glasses. The advantages and disadvantages of suburban half-timbered glass houses are discussed. It is shown that the individuality of a glass-fachwerk country house is achieved by the variability of its glazing: frame, frameless, and also depending on the percentage of glazing at home. The conclusion is made about the prospects of country houses in the style of glass half-timbered for the regions of Russia, taking into account the use of new building materials.

Los procesos de renovación urbana como mitigadores de situaciones de desfavorecimiento y vulnerabilidad: análisis en la ciudad de Sevilla

Los procesos de renovación urbana implican cambios materiales e inmateriales que transforman la concepción de la ciudad y sus condiciones de habitabilidad, al tiempo que suponen una mejora en barrios desfavorecidos donde buena parte de la población, por su situación social y condiciones de habitabilidad, es vulnerable. Así, dichos procesos de renovación deben entenderse a un tiempo como mitigadores de situaciones de vulnerabilidad social y desventaja socio-habitacional, no tanto porque mejoren las características sociodemográficas de sus residentes sino porque al mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad también lo hacen la dignidad y el sentimiento de autoestima individual y de barrio. Este estudio se basa en el análisis de datos de distintas fuentes: planeamiento urbano, catastro, censo de población y viviendas, padrón municipal de habitantes y renta familiar en tres sectores urbanos de Sevilla identificados como de elevada vulnerabilidad socio-habitacional. La investigación permite conocer y valorar las implicaciones sociales y habitacionales de los procesos de renovación urbana llevados a cabo en los mismos. Los resultados apuntan a que las actuaciones de renovación y gestión urbanas han mitigado situaciones de desventaja habitacional, aunque han tenido menor efectividad desde el punto de vista social, para lo cual hubieran sido necesarios proyectos de esta naturaleza y de carácter micro-sectorial y social.

Family changes and residential mobility among immigrant and native-born populations: Evidence from Swiss administrative data

Background: Much of the literature on immigrant relocation has focused on human and social capital and has often ignored the role of life-course events as triggers of internal migration and residential mobility. We know that family transitions are closely tied to residential relocation, but the extent to which they might explain differential mobility patterns among immigrant and native-born populations is still largely unknown. Objective: Using Swiss administrative registers and a nationally representative survey, we apply discrete-time logistic models to assess whether residential mobility responses to family changes differ between immigrant and native-born populations. We highlight various patterns of housing adjustment at times of childbirth, marriage (among cohabiting and non-cohabiting partners), and divorce. We also investigate the factors accounting for the differences between foreign- and native-born groups. Contribution: The results suggest that residential mobility increases at times of childbirth, marriage, and divorce for both native- and foreign-born populations living in Switzerland. The results also suggest that the timing and intensity of residential changes in response to (or in anticipation of) family transitions differ across groups according to their birthplace. Compared to native-born residents, immigrants prove to be more residentially mobile at the time of marriage, owing to specific pre-marital cohabitation behaviours, but less residentially mobile at the time of childbirth, an event inherently linked to housing improvement. Household income was identified as an important mitigating factor within the joint processes of family changes and residential mobility. We argue that linking residential mobility to life-course events and statuses can serve as an alternative, dynamic marker of residential integration, preferences, and housing disadvantage among immigrant populations

Housing stratification in Romania: mapping a decade of change

Given increasing economic affluence, improvement in housing conditions and population decline in the last three decades, Romanians should be more likely to experience better housing than ever before, particularly in terms of the availability and affordability of space. But substantial improvement alongside numerous people still suffering poor conditions begs the important question of who has benefited and who has been excluded. Engaging the theoretical framework of diverse economies and drawing on 2007 and 2018 Eurostat-SILC micro-data, we examine the realignment between housing and income stratification across a proposed housing typology that reflects historically enduring arrangements of housing provisions and economic hierarchies. We find that residents’ socioeconomic profiles differ significantly by type of housing (e.g. showing surprising economic prosperity in urban flats and extreme poverty in some rural houses), which positions our typology as an expression of housing stratification. Furthermore, multivariate analyses highlight the increasingly stronger relationship between income and housing consumption over the decade. Of concern, a large share of the population (the bottom 40% of the income distribution) has fallen further into housing disadvantage after controlling for overall improvements in housing conditions. Conversely, the relative distance between middle- and higher-income households has decreased; given the dominance of small dwellings in the housing stock, higher-income groups seem unable to transfer their financial gains into space in their main residence except a minority engaged in the self-provision of ‘villas’. These patterns of housing stratification indicate a move towards a 40%/60% ‘hour-glass’ society if housing continues to remain outside the political agenda.

The relationship between housing and children’s socio-emotional and behavioral development in Australia

Research often finds significant associations between housing characteristics and child outcomes. These are hypothesized to reflect direct and indirect effects, however it is unclear whether these associations exist across the early life course or how they operate in tandem. We investigate this using multilevel growth curve modelling of Australian panel data, focusing on children’s socio-emotional health over ages four to 15. We find that housing characteristics, namely residential instability, family composition, housing tenure and costs and the physical condition of the home dwelling have small significant associations with children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors that change over the course of childhood and adolescence. Low-income households typically face housing disadvantage on several, though not necessarily all dimensions, potentially adding to the developmental burden on children. The results therefore suggest that housing disadvantage may compound and add to the effects of broader socioeconomic disadvantage on children.

Concept of a Dome House for the Village

The article discusses dome-type houses from the point of view of the concept of energy efficiency, energy saving and multi-functionality. The review of foreign and domestic experience in the design and construction of residential buildings, which are based on the dome cover, is presented. On the basis of this review, it is concluded that there is no unified design, calculation, production and technological regulatory framework. The advantages and disadvantages of dome houses are given. It is noted that the most suitable materials for creating the dome cover is a metal frame and almost continuous glazing. It is revealed that the dome design has a minimum surface area, which makes it possible to save up to 20 % of energy costs for its maintenance. The concept of a dome house combining the function of housing and a "winter garden" has been proposed. In addition, when creating a vegetarian house, other important agricultural and ecological problems are solved, the use of alternative energy sources for example. The article outlines the prospects for the development of this concept.

Neighborhood Social Disadvantage and Bicycling Behavior: A Big Data-Spatial Approach Based on Social Indicators

Characterizing the travel behavior of disadvantaged neighborhoods is of significance for social inequality elimination and public well-being promotion. However, rather few studies have empirically been conducted in respect of bicycling, especially in developing countries. Using the case of Shenzhen in China, this paper explores bicycling behavior associated with neighborhood social disadvantage (NSD). Data of 3 explained variables (bicycling frequency, travel duration and trip distance) for bicycling behavior is crawled from mobile application programming interface. Based on a set of 16 potential social indicators, we apply principal component analysis to construct NSD index and it produces 5 sub-indices including income, housing, occupation, education and population. Results of spatial regression demonstrate that NSD generally is positive with bicycling frequency and trip distance, while negative with travel duration. Specifically, income and population disadvantaged neighborhoods tend to bicycling for higher frequency, less time and longer distance. Housing disadvantage and education disadvantage reduce the likelihood of bicycling, while occupation disadvantage encourages bicycling frequency and trip distance. The variance decomposition shows that income disadvantage contributes most for bicycling frequency, housing disadvantage is more important for travel duration. For trip distance, education disadvantage is more influential. Our attempt provides an innovative insight into social indicators research.

KOLOMENGRAD. POST-WAR CONSTRUCTION AND FINAL OF HISTORY

The causes of the typology of low rise multifamily housing construction in the very first years after World War II are considered. On the example of one of the most successful series of residential buildings (series 201), the principles underlying its design are identified. The coincidence of these principles with the main ideas of constructivism is shown. The postwar history of the further construction of the Kolomensky village named after I.V. Stalin ZiS, the layout of the village, the advantages and disadvantages of houses, as well as the history of the subsequent development of this area of Moscow are described.

Precariously placed: housing affordability, quality and satisfaction of Australians with disabilities

Access to adequate, safe, secure, accessible and affordable housing is a fundamental human right and one stipulated in the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Australian adults with disabilities experience housing disadvantage including homelessness, poor-quality housing and housing unaffordability; however, we lack a comprehensive comparison of the housing circumstances of people with and without disabilities and differences by impairment type. We analysed data from a nationally representative sample of 11,394 working-aged Australians collected in 2011. We found that people with disabilities experienced disadvantage across all housing indicators, and people with intellectual and psychological disabilities fared worst. These findings suggest that there is a housing crisis for Australians with disabilities, which may intensify with the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. There is a need to develop long-term housing solutions that promote independence, are accessible and affordable, and that consider location and neighbourhood context.

Slippery discrimination: a review of the drivers of migrant and minority housing disadvantage

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to identify housing disadvantages faced by migrants and ethnic minorities; the legal, policy and market forces that shape them; how they have developed over time; how they are manifest nationally and locally; and how they are being responded to locally by those concerned with mitigating them. The paper thereby intends to provide a foundation to inform future research and policy and to engage with local actors to develop ways of overcoming migrant housing disadvantage and challenging discrimination. The paper finds that the interplay of legal changes, which have increasingly differentiated migrants since the 1940s, and shifting housing markets, has driven exclusion of migrants and minorities such that considerable disadvantage is revealed by analysis of census data. However, attention to local specificity provides evidence of positive responses. Examples are presented in relation to access to affordable housing, enactment of homelessness duties and community actions. Methodologically, this paper highlights the importance of simultaneous consideration of migration and ethnicity as markers of difference and exclusion, and the potential of co-production approaches for socially meaningful research concerned with inequalities.

Interior Courtyard and its Impact on the Well-being of Inhabitants

The aim of the present study has been to investigate the impact of the interior courtyard and garden on the wellbeing of inhabitants in Kuwaiti houses. The study seeks to test public acceptance of the courtyard house form and to measure public views of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the courtyard house. The Kuwaiti public holds the courtyard house type near and dear to their hearts; courtyard houses are among the traditional house types in Kuwait. In fact modern, contemporary free standing houses lack many of the strong elements embedded in the courtyard house. This research paper introduces the courtyard house with its definition and an overview of the historical development of the courtyard house form. The introduction also gives an overview of the courtyard house in the Arab world. As well, some advantages and disadvantages of courtyard houses are provided. Next, this paper establishes a relation between the concept of wellbeing and the interior design of the house lived in. The definition of the concept of the wellbeing is presented and therefore confirms that the building environment has a large impact on inhabitants and users both physically and psychologically. Applying the descriptive approach, this paper uses qualitative descriptions to explain the studied phenomenon. Jointly, this research paper employs the quantitative method to test public views and preferences. Questions for purposes of the research were designed and distributed to a sample of the Kuwaiti public. The responses were collected and analyzed from the sample which were studied to arrive at the general findings. The findings of this research are valuable to planners, designers, and decision makers who deal with housing and development in the state of Kuwait.

‘They took the land, now we’re fighting for a house’: Aboriginal perspectives about urban housing disadvantage

Aboriginal Australians experience substantial housing disadvantage on a range of measures, yet relatively little is known about how urban Aboriginal people perceive their housing circumstances. While most Aboriginal people live in urban or suburban areas, research and policy attention has tended to focus on remote housing issues. This paper draws on focus groups conducted with Aboriginal people at an Aboriginal Medical Service in Western Sydney (n = 38) about their housing experiences and beliefs about why many Aboriginal people experience the housing disadvantage they described. Participants described a landscape in which their housing experiences were materially affected by their Aboriginality and inextricably linked to racial discrimination, poverty, marginalization, the lack of social and affordable housing and disempowerment, all with negative implications for their psychosocial well-being. Participant views aligned with critical race theory, with race described as a fundamental structural force that created and deepened housing disadvantage beyond economic hardship alone.

Neighborhood housing deprivation and public health: Theoretical linkage, empirical evidence, and implications for urban planning

Housing has been acknowledged as one of the principle levels at which neighborhood deprivation occurs in recent literature. The urban political community thus advocates to devise research programs for examining the association between neighborhood housing deprivation and public health. Based on previous social medical studies, this paper proposes a theoretical framework for the mechanistic links between neighborhood housing deprivation and public health; and then quantifies their associations at district level in the case of Shenzhen, China. Data at district level in 2010 are collected for five health outcomes (cardiopathy, chronic pneumonia, general physical fitness, liver cancer, and mental health hospitalizations). Using varimax rotated principle component analysis, we establish an integrated neighborhood housing deprivation index (INHDI) by combining six domains of variables that comprehensively reflect the housing disadvantage (internal facilities, living space, physical form and structure, attached facilities, affiliated natural amenities, affordability). Spatial regression is employed to quantify the association between INHDI and public health, using income, occupation and education as control variables. Results show that housing deprivation acts as a significant exploratory factor for all the health outcomes. Variances decomposition shows that the individual contribution of housing deprivation is stronger than that of socioeconomic disadvantage for cardiopathy, chronic pneumonia and liver cancer. Differently, general physical fitness and mental health hospitalizations are more subjected to the joint impacts of housing deprivation and socioeconomic disadvantage. Path analysis demonstrates that the casual pathways between housing deprivation and public health are quite complex. The developed INHDI can serve as a practical tool to facilitate urban planning with health considerations. This study captures the nuanced health disparities varied with housing deprivation, and therefore produces some more generalized knowledge that ultimately help develop housing construction plans aimed at promoting public health.

Characterizing the inequalities in urban public green space provision in Shenzhen, China

Public green spaces (PGSs) play a critical role in enhancing human well-being and urban quality of life. Characterizing the inequalities in PGSs provision can provide essential references for urban planning. This paper employs spatial regression to examine the PGSs provision in association with district sociodemographics in Shenzhen, China. In particular, district sociodemographics are described by ten variables from five aspects: income, occupation, education, demographic structure and housing arrangements. The PGSs provision is measured by six indicators from three aspects: quantity, accessibility, and quality. Results show that PGSs quantity declines with district disadvantage degree of income, occupation and housing. PGSs present lower quality in the wealthier neighborhoods but better quality in districts with housing disadvantage. The socioeconomically disadvantaged districts have more restricted access to PGSs. These findings demonstrate the inequalities in UPGSs provision in Shenzhen. This study informs urban planners of the ‘oasis and desert’ of PGSs provision across space.

Exploration of Ecological Design Strategies and Technologies for the Floating Residences on Sea - A Case Study in the Xiapu Region of China

With fast developing of economy and increasing shortage of resources, building conservation-type of societies and developing sustainable buildings become more and more necessary. With this background in mind, this paper investigates and discusses the ecological design of residence in the traditional offshore fishing villages in the coastal areas of southeast China. Taking Xiapu region in Fujian province as a case for the study, this paper first introduces the background of traditional fishing villages and fishermans floating houses at the region. Then, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of such houses from design and utilization aspects. Finally, it explores and develops some specific strategies and technologies for the ecological design of new floating residence in the researched region, which can better accommodate local fishermens new needs of living, fish farming and leisure activities.