Housing Design Research Articles

FACTORS IN THE SELECTION OF HOUSES FOR THE DISABLED IN KEDAH

The number of people with disabilities is increasing worldwide every year. This means that individuals with disabilities now have access to a multitude of employment opportunities and can even own their own homes. However, it is crucial for government stakeholders and authorities to develop a plan to improve housing for people with disabilities to better prepare them for homeownership. To achieve this, the housing industry must be more adaptable to accommodate the unique needs of people with disabilities. Additionally, the government needs to create a housing policy that is suitable for all demographics, including individuals with disabilities. People with disabilities are primarily concerned with having access to housing that adheres to regulations and accommodates their needs, which ultimately improves their quality of life. This study focuses on the priorities of the disabled community in Kedah, specifically in terms of pricing, location, legality, and house design. Three respondents from the disabled population in Kedah participated in this study through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The study focuses explicitly on physical disability. The results of this research highlight the importance of price, location, legislation, house design, and the challenges associated with homeownership for individuals with disabilities. Recommendations are made to improve the planning of residential properties for Kedah's disabled population, focusing on pricing, location, and design.

An assessment of crime prevention through environmental design in student housing: a weight-of-evidence approach

PurposeThere is a robust study on crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in student housing nowadays, but has a limited utilization of weight-of-evidence (W-o-E) approach. This study aims to assess the extent of CPTED in student housing facilities of universities in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing the on-campus student housing facilities of both private and public universities, the study adopted W-o-E approach that integrates two postoccupancy evaluations from end-users and student housing managers. In addition, observation by professionals as the lines of evidence (LoE) was also adopted. Weighted median was used to normalise the LoE into a W-o-E as the CPTED value in the student housing facilities.FindingsThe study uncovered low CPTED in the student housing facilities. Maintenance was identified as the leading CPTED principle present in the student housing facilities.Practical implicationsThe study has given the extent of CPTED in students’ housing, an important insight for university students’ housing management. This can serve as a policy alert for the university students’ housing management to adopt building designs that enhance CPTED and the safety of the youth.Originality/valueThis study is different from other CPTED and students’ housing studies commonly situated in the Euro-America context. The study exceptionally applied the use of W-o-E in students’ housing in assessing the extent of CPTED in student housing within the context of sub-Saharan African universities.

Automated Identification of Wood Surface Defects Based on Deep Learning

Wood plates are widely used in the interior design of houses primarily for their aesthetic value. However, considering its esthetical values, surface defect detection is necessary. The development of computer vision and CNN-based object detection methods has opened the way for wood surface defect detection process automation. This paper investigates deep-learning applications for automatic wood surface defect detection. It includes the evaluation of deep learning algorithms, including data generation and labeling, preprocessing, model training, and evaluation. Many adjustments regarding the dataset size, the model, and the modification of the neural network were made to evaluate the model's performance in the specified challenge. The results indicate that modifications can increase the YOLOv5s performance in detection. The model with GCNet added and trained in 4800 images has achieved 88.1% of mAP. The paper also evaluates the time performance of models based on different GPU units. The results show that in A100 40GB GPU, the maximum time to process a wood plate is 2.2 seconds. Finally, an Active learning approach for the continual increase in performance while detecting with the smaller size of manual labeling has been implemented. After detecting 500 images in 5 cycles, the model achieved 98.8% of mAP. This scientific paper concludes that YOLOv5s modified model is suitable for wood surface defect detection. It can perform with high accuracy in real time. Moreover, applying the active learning approach can facilitate the labeling process by increasing the performance during detection.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTEMPORARY HOUSING IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Preservation of historical buildings while accommodating modern housing is a difficult challenge in urban development. The successful integration of contemporary architectural design within the context of historic districts requires careful consideration of various factors. In this article, we present a comprehensive classification scheme for modern housing in historic buildings based on a careful analysis of practical experience and architectural principles. The classification scheme covers eight key features that serve as the main parameters for evaluating and classifying modern housing in a historical context. These features include project quality classes, floor plan, functionality, volume-spatial structure, construction method, furnishing materials, color scheme and approach to harmonization with the historical context. Classification signs are divided into different categories, sometimes into subcategories and cover the relatively maximum load of world experience in the design of modern housing in a historical context. The project quality classes are divided into mass housing and housing of increased comfort. Flooring is defined by three categories: low-rise, medium-rise and multi-story. Different forms of spatial and volumetric structure, which flow from different sections of the design and structure of quarters in the historical districts of the cities, are defined. Furnishing materials are divided into traditional, modern, and combined options. On the basis of historical architecture, coloristic categories are defined, which either repeat the historical colors of the city, or contrast against their background. Also, residential buildings are defined according to functionality, while multi-functional residential buildings are divided into several categories according to various variants of architectural and planning solutions of complexes. The last feature is the main feature in the case of determining the harmonization of modern housing with the historical context and is divided into 5 categories, starting from pseudo-historical design and ending with the contrasting formation of modern architecture.

Identification of epidemiological risk factors for spotty liver disease in cage-free layer flocks in houses with fully slatted flooring in Australia

Spotty liver disease (SLD) is recognized to be caused by infection with Campylobacter hepaticus in adult layer hens farmed in cage-free environments. SLD is an emerging disease as cage-free egg production increases in popularity in response to desires for improved welfare of poultry. Outbreaks of SLD are frequently experienced around peak egg production in flocks, commonly between 25 and 40 wk of age. The disease becomes manifest with increased exposure and access of the birds to the feces of the flock. This study follows from a previous epidemiological survey of free-range and barn flocks in Australia which identified the presence of a scratch area within the laying house as a major risk factor for the occurrence of SLD. However, that survey also observed SLD occurrence in 45% of houses with a fully slatted floor (no scratch area). The present study describes a further analytical survey aimed at identification of risk factors for SLD in houses with fully slatted flooring. A comprehensive questionnaire was completed for 49 cage-free flocks from point of lay until 40 wk of age across Australia, retrieving information on house design, bird breed, flock size, stocking densities, bird growth, and performance and the occurrence of SLD. Multiple logistic regression model building was used to separate factors and identify important management factors that may be amenable to modify the occurrence of SLD in egg layers. Key determinants of SLD identified from the analyses were that houses with mechanical ventilation (such as tunnel ventilation) have some protection from SLD and an increase of an extra 1 bird/m2 of nest space increased odds of occurrence of SLD by 1.172 times. A recommendation to not exceed 112 brown egg layer hens/m2 of nest space in naturally ventilated houses with a full slat floor was suggested. A delay in birds reaching 60% hen day production (HD) by 1 wk is suggested as a possible predictor for a subsequent outbreak of SLD.

Development of Design Optimization for Smart Grid (DOfSG) Framework for Residential Energy Efficiency via Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) Approach

The smart grid revolution has benefited many sectors but the potential for design optimization among residential units has yet to be explored. Despite some researchers having negative perception of house design's association with the smart grid system, there is in fact potential for investigating design attribute optimisation aligned with the smart grid system. As electricity becomes a necessity of the 21st century society, residential dwellers are becoming more dependent on this indispensable source of energy. As such, this paper explains the development of a framework focusing on design optimization for residential units aligned to the smart grid system using the Fuzzy Delphi Method approach. It focuses on the significant smart grid components linked to the residential sector incorporating key design attributes for energy optimization purposes. The proposed framework denoted two main components of residential design optimization, depicted as indoor and outdoor parameters with its subsequent attributes further categorised into main and detailed components. Twelve design parameters were found to be substantial for the DOfSG development, intended to provide useful guide for aligning residential design towards the smart grid system in Malaysia.

Watering Volume and Growing Design’s Effect on the Productivity and Quality of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cerasiformae) Cultivar Ruby

It is intriguing to understand the influence of the watering volume and growing design on the growth, yield, and quality of cherry tomatoes. This study sought to identify the most effective watering volume and growing design treatment for the production and quality of the cherry tomato cultivar Ruby. This study was an exploration using a factorial experiment with an RCBD design. The treatment factors included the growing design (greenhouse, rain shelter, and screen house) and the watering volume (100% ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc). The results showed that the root dry weight and root–shoot ratio were higher in the screen house design, while the fruit firmness was higher in the rain shelter design. Considering the effect of the watering volume, a higher fruit diameter, heavier fruits, more fruits per plant, higher ultimate fruit and biological yield per plant, higher root and shoot biomass, better root–shoot ratio, higher leaf chlorophyll content, greater fruit skin firmness, and greater elasticity were noted for the 100% ETc treatment. In contrast, the growth rate was higher for the 50% ETc treatment. Cultivating cherry tomatoes in a greenhouse using a watering volume of 100% ETc is recommended based on the results. These conditions led to better growth, higher fruit yield, and improved fruit quality, making them favorable options for successful cherry tomato production.

Automobile rear axle housing design and production process improvement using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

The safety of automobile design is crucial to protect drivers, passengers, and other road users, ensuring reliable performance, accident prevention, and regulatory compliance.The rear axle housing in automobiles serves as a protective enclosure for the rear axle assembly, providing support, protection, and structural integrity for the drivetrain components. This research paper employs Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to comprehensively identify and assess common failures in the design and manufacturing process of rear axle housings in automobiles. The study highlights five critical failure modes, namely less durability, faulty blank, hole position out, burred edges, and bore position out. Through the application of recommended solutions, including design optimization, maintenance of shear blades, and the use of jigs, substantial reductions in Risk Priority Number (RPN) values were achieved. Specifically, the RPN values for the aforementioned failure modes were significantly decreased from 280 to 40, 256 to 48, 378 to 21, 378 to 45, and 392 to 56, respectively. Implementation of these solutions promises several benefits, such as enhanced customer satisfaction, reduced failure rates, elevated product/process quality and reliability, streamlined processes, and optimized resource utilization. This study emphasizes the significance of continuous improvement efforts in the automotive industry and demonstrates the pivotal role of FMEA as an invaluable tool for achieving and sustaining these improvements.

Design and Development of Optimal and Deep-Learning-Based Demand Response Technologies for Residential Hybrid Renewable Energy Management System

The principal goal of this study is to conduct a techno-economic analysis of hybrid energy generation designs for residential-form houses in urban areas. Various possibilities for a form house electrification system are created and simulated in order to determine an optimum ideal configuration for meeting residential load demand with an increase in energy capacity and minimal investment. Using NREL’s HOMER optimization tool, a case-study-based virtual HRE model is developed. Pre-assessment data and relevant operation constraints are used to build the system’s objective functions. The instantaneous energy balance algorithm technique is used to solve the multi-objective function. The overall optimization procedure is sandwiched between two supporting advanced approaches, pre- and post-operations. The development of an optimal techno-economic hybrid energy generation system for the smooth fulfillment of urban load demand is aided by novel deep belief network (NDBN)-based pre-stage load demand predictions and an analysis of the necessary demand side management (DSM)practicing code for utility efficiency improvements in post-stage simulations.

Modern Pamir house and calendar and astronomical views of the Pamiris

This paper presents the evolution of the Pamir house over the past 100 years since the explorations of the Russian ethnographer Mikhail S. Andreev took place. Despite the availability of the studies of the 1920s–1950s on the Tajik traditional dwelling (Pisarchik, 1958a; Voronina, 1951, 1975; review studies: Mamadnazarov, 1978; Muradov, 2021), the classical Andreev’s work (1958), conducted in the valley of the Khuf River (Pamir), remains topical. The Gorno-Badakhshan variant of the house construction (Pamir and Pamir region), distinguished on the basis of its ingenuity, stands apart amongst the other four geographical types. The paper concerns the comparison of the main elements of the contemporary dwelling of the population of the Western Pamir with the traditional ones. A special attention is given to the calendar and astronomical matters that relate the design of the Pamiri house to timekeeping. Our research is based upon the results of the study of 26 residential houses in the village of Midensharv (located 20 km southeast of Khorog in Roshtkala District of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug) and several buildings in the villages of Parzudzh, Barodzh, and Tusen. Most of the houses were built in the 1960s–1980s. Modern Pamiris know the places in the house where the sunbeam falls on one or another special day, but in modern buildings there are no marks for the days of Nowruz, and summer and winter chillas, which were reported by Andreev. The methods of mathematical modeling show that in some cases the informants are accurate with the dates, but sometimes they confuse the holidays. Over the last hundred years, the Pamir house has undergone certain changes associated with the natural development. The changes of the traditional society, the beginning of which was noted by M. Andreev, have led to the widespread use of the Gregorian calendar, whilst the functions of individual timekeeping have lost their value. Nowadays, amongst local residents few people would remember the timekeeping by the human body ‘mard’, whilst the modern Pamir house has not preserved the marks of certain days of the year that were present earlier. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the Pamir inhabitants have retained quite a lot of knowledge and traditions. Although there are already no signs in the modern Pamir house, people continue to navigate in time using sunlight marks, which give an accuracy of about 20 minutes, which is enough for a rural lifestyle. All new houses are built according to the Pamir canon, and not by the projects of modern designers.

142 Identifying common housing conditions affecting older people relevant to integrated Care for Older Persons in Ireland

Abstract Background The health and well-being of older people is significantly affected by housing, representing an essential aspect of preventative healthcare in the community. Good quality housing is an important factor in a person’s ability to maintain mental and physical health, as well as sustain optimal quality of life. This is particularly true for older people who may spend more time at home than other demographic groups. This study explores the linkages between housing conditions and the health and wellbeing of older people with the aim to inform housing designers, providers, and policy makers about the key aspects of healthy homes and common housing hazards, affecting older people. Methods The qualitative research programme involved an in-depth stakeholder engagement strategy, with activities including focus groups, diaries, and interviews to place the perspectives of older people at the centre of the work. The research also included a series of case study visits to the homes of patients of an Integrated Care Programme for Older People, where the research team conducted a series of qualitative semi-structured interviews with the patient, as well as a technical and quantitative survey of the home. Results Key themes identified throughout the research programme include overarching themes such as healthy ageing and housing and ageing in place; themes related to the hospital and integrated care, and the local authority; housing conditions and hazards; and built environment issues across the key spatial scales. Conclusion There is a need for better, more accessible data on the housing issues, conditions, and hazards for older people throughout Ireland. Additionally, it is essential to consider the needs of patients with additional care requirements, such as those living with dementia, as the built environment greatly impacts them.

Hani Mushroom House Building Adaptability

The Hani Rice Terraces are a famous World Heritage Site. The mushroom houses in the terraced fields have a unique architectural style and national cultural characteristics. This study focused on four traditional villages with the most obvious characteristics of mushroom houses: Azheke Village, Dayutang Village, Yakou Village, and Dayazi Village. A total of 34 mushroom houses were mapped. The forms of the mushroom houses were classified first, and then, the basic prototype of the building structure of the Hani mushroom houses was extracted for structural modeling. Finally, the structure of the prototype of the mushroom houses under different load conditions was analyzed. The results show that the Hani mushroom house design has a simple structure and good stability, can adapt to the local natural environment, and is the product of the Hani people’s adaptation to the local natural environment.

Pre-market Research: What are the Key Factors that Prevent Human-centered Design from Widespread Acceptance in China

This article explores the limited adoption of Human-centered design (HCD) in China, particularly in architecture, despite its global acceptance. Through case studies of human-centered interior design, the study identifies reasons for the slow adoption and provides recommendations to promote HCD acceptance among the public and local companies. The research involves surveying 100 Chinese consumers and interviewing 20 architects in Jiangsu province, China, to gain insights into the factors influencing HCD application in interior design for housing.

Advanced Manufacturability of Electrical Machine Architecture through 3D Printing Technology

The rapid evolution of electric machines requires innovative approaches to boost performance, efficiency, and sustainability. Additive Manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a transformative technique, reshaping the landscape of electric machine components, ranging from magnetic materials to windings and extending to thermal management. In the area of magnetic materials, AM’s capacity to fabricate intricate structures optimizes magnetic flux dynamics, yielding advanced shape-profile cores and self-coating laminations for superior performance. In windings, AM’s prowess is evident through innovative concepts, effectively mitigating AC conduction effects while reducing weight. Furthermore, AM revolutionizes thermal management, as exemplified by 3D-printed ceramic heat exchangers, intricate cooling channels, and novel housing designs, all contributing to enhanced thermal efficiency and power density. The integration of AM not only transcends conventional manufacturing constraints but also promises to usher in an era of unprecedented electric machine innovation, addressing the intricate interplay of magnetic, winding, and thermal dynamics.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN ESTIMASI BIAYA PADA RUMAH TINGGAL 2 LANTAI MENGGUNAKAN MATERIAL KONTAINER

The dwindling availability of land has resulted in an increase in the price of residential houses every year, moreover cities with relatively denser populations have an increase in house prices of more than 20% each year. The design of residential houses by utilizing used containers will save material, transportation, and construction costs, so it is hoped that this alternative can be developed to become a sustainable solution. The research was conducted by designing a 2-storey container house with a building area of 172.8 m2 using the SketchUp2022 software and then calculating the estimation cost analysis. The results of the estimation costs show that conatainer house needs cost of IDR 565,476,007.90 or IDR 2,827,380.04/m2 included tax. So that container house can savings of 19.22% - 43.45% when compared to the average price of conventional houses in Indonesia of IDR 4,500,000.00 - IDR 6,000,000.00 per m2 .

Bad Architecture: The Problem of the Primitive Hut and the Design of New Zealand’s First Gaol

ABSTRACT New Zealand’s first gaol was built at Okiato in 1840. Like many other gaol buildings built in this period of New Zealand’s colonial history, it has been dismissed as ad hoc and inadequate. Building on work by John Stacpoole, this paper argues that this was not the case, but instead –like the official residence of the British Resident, James Busby (now known as the Treaty House at Waitangi), – New Zealand’s earliest gaol was a deliberate design, consequent of New Zealand’s status as an extension of New South Wales (NSW), and it attributes the design to discredited NSW’s Colonial Architect Ambrose Hallen, the erstwhile editor of John Verge’s Waitangi Treaty House design. The mistaking of Hallen’s Okiato gaol as building rather than architecture was a result of its apparently rudimentary nature, and the New Zealand Centennial’s positioning of New Zealand architecture as directly inherited from Britain – consequently bypassing the significant role of NSW in New Zealand’s earliest colonial architecture, and facilitating the historical belittling of Hallen’s value as an architect.

Spatial Characteristics of Home as Workplace: Investigation of Home-Based Enterprise in Several Housing Typologies in Indonesia

Home-based enterprises, which have grown considerably, use homes as microindustries, and are commonly run by families with the help of one to three workers. One challenge that home-based enterprises face is related to spatial conflicts between work and living areas, which can affect the quality of living spaces. This study investigates the spatial characteristics of homes with home-based enterprises to understand how they are used for income-generating activities and how the spatial characteristics of these homes vary between different industry sectors. This investigation is conducted to find a reasonable concept of flexibility at home that allows for income-generating activities that minimize the spatial conflicts between activities, while maintaining sufficient living space quality. This study used a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with homeowners and quantitative surveys of twenty-nine homes used as workplaces in three cities in Indonesia. The samples represented some housing typologies used in various sectors of home-based industries. The results showed that the spatial characteristics of indeterminant spaces, such as slack, neutral, and joined spaces, as well as the disposition of kitchens with other spaces in the same zone, provided opportunities for juxtaposing the two activities during both day and night. The findings suggest that integrating indeterminant spaces in a housing design can offer more flexibility and adaptability to residential spaces for both dwelling and working, while mitigating the negative impacts of using homes as workplaces.

No House is Just a House: House Interviews, Space-Use Intensity, and City-Making

This article argues that to understand housing as domestic only is a misconception. People intensify the use of their homes in ways that create substantial economic opportunities, urban services, and a range of social protections for themselves and their communities. The research presented here introduces the concept of 'space-use intensity', in fluenced by time-use surveys, Jane Jacobs's ideas on mixed-use, and the continuum approach to the informal economy, as conceptualized by Elinor Ostrom. Further, it describes the 'house interview' methodology devised to document spaceuse intensity and presents findings from houses in informal se lements in Bogotá, Kampala, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar. The data reveal that houses are less than a third residential (29 per cent), almost half of the uses are economic (47 per cent), and they provide a fair share of urban or community services (24 per cent). This visual methodology demonstrates that local governments are overlooking 83.8 per cent of the activities taking place within homes. In sum, the evidence discussed here shows that homes contribute signi ficantly to the urban economy and public services, making space-use intensity analysis instrumental in the design of eff ective housing, urban, and social protection policies.

Value assessment in the traditional housing design: Case studies applying a value analysis model

The traditional design approach faces difficulties in adequately responding to the value expected by customers. This research explores the generation and loss of value in the traditional housing design to understand how it responds to customer needs based on different conditions of satisfaction and identify the most common value losses. The novel Value Analysis Model (VAM) is applied in three traditional housing design projects as case studies to explore the desired, potential, and generated value for four typical customers: owners, designers, builders, and end-users. The main results quantitatively show that the traditional housing design process does not meet the value expected by customers; the builders and the designers obtain less value in the process, and the product, respectively; and both the end-user and the owner are the customers who receive more value. This paper incorporates the value losses associated with differences in the criteria of the various project stakeholders (default) and losses resulting from poor project performance. According to the findings, the most widespread value losses are associated with the project performance itself rather than differences in customers' perceptions. The main practical contribution is that the value benefits become explicit (measurable and traceable) through VAM. These explicit value metrics can be included alongside traditional project performance measures to provide a customer-centric perspective. For teams attempting to design efficiently, having a tool to assess and measure value generation during creating is important because value losses can be detected early.

노인가구 특성이 유니버설디자인이 적용된 주택 거주에 미치는 영향 분석

Korea is facing the impending transition into a super-aged society, where over 20% of the total population is comprised of individuals aged 65 and older. In this trend, housing for the elderly is one of the most important issues for stable retirement design. This study examines the living conditions of elderly households aged 65 and above in Korea, focusing on low-income and disabled households, which are considered vulnerable groups. To accomplish this, we analyzed empirical data from 2020 Korea Housing Survey using binary logistic regression. The findings confirm that low-income and disabled elderly households are the most vulnerable group concerning their residence in housing with universal design. These households tend to live in homes with insufficient universal design, and face challenges in meeting their daily needs while enduring poor living environments. This study provides policy implications for the application of universal design in housing for Aging in Place (AIP) of the elderly households, whose numbers are expected to increase significantly in the future.