Housing Delivery In Nigeria Research Articles

Exploring the opportunities in circular design as an affordable housing solution in Nigeria

Abstract The shortage of adequate housing is caused by global challenges such as urbanisation, economic instability, pandemics, and displacements. Additionally, the building sector is resource-intensive, leading to the emergence of the circular economy (CE) that is focused on resource efficiency. The design stage plays a central role in the CE model. However, circular housing design (CHD) in Nigeria has not been thoroughly explored. This study examined the opportunities for implementing CHD in Nigeria. Through a desk review approach, relevant data from the critical review of selected articles from reputable databases in the last five years were synthesized and incorporated into the study. The findings revealed that the adoption of CHD in Nigeria can assist in achieving affordability, decarbonisation, climate change mitigation, improving environmental value, energy optimisation, resource efficiency, and urban mining. More specifically, it will stimulate sustainability in the housing sector, digitalisation, technical expertise development, policies and regulations, land provision, coordination and collaboration, local voluntary stewardship programme, and new market opportunities in housing delivery in Nigeria. There is a need to develop technical skills in CHD through knowledge sharing among design professionals via multi-stakeholder collaborations and investment in technologies, as well as adopting integrated circular project delivery methods in the supply chain.

Analysis of Selected Macroeconomic Variables and Property Development in Kwara State, Nigeria: Implications on Investment Decisions

The widening gap between housing need and supply has created a void for private developers to fill in housing delivery in Nigeria. However, the uncertainty and instability of the economy across countries of the world as indicated by macroeconomic variables appears very important to be considered. Thus, the study's objective was to evaluate the effect of macroeconomic variables on private residential property development in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria, for investment decision making. This study focused on three macroeconomic variables which include GDP, Interest rate and Inflation rate.
 The research utilized both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected via structured questionnaires administered on Real Estate Development Association Practitioners (REDAN) in Ilorin, Kwara State. The secondary data which include GDP, Interest rate and Inflation rate from 2010 to 2020 was also obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The information obtained were analyzed using Trend analysis and multiple regressions. Trend analysis aimed at projecting macroeconomic movement from 2010 to 2030, while the multiple regressions was used to investigate the effects of macroeconomic variables on private housing development in Ilorin Metropolis.
 The result of the analysis revealed among others that macroeconomic variables affect property development as they show significant effect on private residential property development with GDP producing positive significant effect on residential property development, while interest rate and inflation rate have negative significant effect on property development.
 Therefore, this study recommends that real estate investors in Ilorin metropolis should consider the macroeconomic environment, and evaluate their risk exposure to make informed investment decisions.

Evaluating the Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Housing Provision in Nigeria: A Case Study of Niger State

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) is a joint effort by the public and private sector for the financing, development, operation, and or ownership of public housing and infrastructure. The rapid increase in population and urbanization in Nigeria has resulted in a housing deficit of about 17-23 million. Mortgage financing which is the predominant means of funding housing eludes the low income earners due to their inability to access mortgage facilities. This paper evaluated the implementation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as an option for public housing delivery in Nigeria using Niger State as a case study. Questionnaires were administered to 200 built-environment professionals in public and private sectors in Niger State and interview was conducted with NSPPPA officials on project conception and management. Official reports and guidance documents on PPP implementation for housing were also reviewed. The responses to the questions were categorized into political, project, financial, and environmental factors and the mean score of responses to each question were calculated before calculating the mean score of each category. Political (4.28) and project (4.24) factors were found to have the greatest influence in implementing PPPs in Niger State. Interview and document reviews also revealed that out of eight housing projects conceived under the Niger State PPP program in 2013 only four were implemented. Of the four implemented projects, two were completed while two were delayed due to lack of funds and disagreements between public and private sector partners. The study recommends among others that all stakeholders in Nigeria’s housing sector should work together to realize the goal of PPPs in housing as stated in the New National Housing and Urban Development Policy (NNHUDP) of 2002 and that government should focus more on the provision of housing for the low income earners as they are the most affected by the housing problem in Nigeria.

Drivers, Enablers, Barriers and Technologies (DEBT) For Low-Energy Public Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Nigeria, as a developing country, has vast and varied energy resources, both renewable and non-renewable. In spite of these resources, an estimated 75% of her population of close to 200 million faces serious energy poverty problems due to shortfalls in energy supply compared to its energy demand. Consequently, a large portion of the population lives without access to adequate electricity. Hence, the country encounters unprecedented struggles with incessant power outages, unemployment, a low human development index (HDI), and poverty. This paper examines the drivers, enablers, barriers, and technological considerations for low-energy integration in the provision of housing for Nigeria's huge population. The objective is to harness the varied energy resources to aid in the delivery of environmentally friendly and sustainable housing in a developing economy such as Nigeria. This is critical in light of rising energy costs, environmental degradation, global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption. Reduced energy use in housing is highlighted as a critical issue in environmental management. The paper highlighted several factors that need to be appropriately addressed for a paradigm shift to low-energy integration to achieve sustainable housing delivery in Nigeria. It recommends the application of energy conservation measures in mass housing construction, the full exploitation and promotion of renewable energy resources, and energy efficiency practices in housing provision, among others. The paper concludes that these should be given adequate attention during planning, designing, and delivering sustainable housing.

Identifying Factors Influencing Organizational Leadership for Adequate Housing Delivery in Nigeria: A Delphi Survey Approach

Nowadays, there exists a high incidence of competitions between organizations seeking control, relevance, and dominance in the market space due to globalization exacerbated by the continuous advancement in technologies, high customers’ tastes, and expectations. This has significantly influenced organizational decisions leading to constant reevaluation of operational procedures, adopting and implementing changes that will influence positive business outcomes. The literature search revealed that past studies on organizational leadership focused mainly on elements of leadership styles, strategies, and ethics. Hence, studies have not identified the factors that influence organizational leadership for adequate housing delivery in Nigeria. The study identified the factors that influence organizational leadership in the delivery of housing in Nigeria using the Broaden and Build theory, and Kurt Lewin’s leadership philosophical concepts as the fundamental basis underpinning the study. Delphi study approach was used to determine the areas of commonality before a consensus was reached. A structured questionnaire was administered to validate and removing outliers from the result. The Delphi study identified 20 distinct factors that influence organizational leadership for AHD in Nigeria. Factors such as organizational sustainability, motivation, etc., are the most significant factors influencing organizational leadership towards AHD. However, results from SEM analysis showed that only 12 variables are significant in measuring organizational leadership and management for AHD. The study concludes that the 12 identified factors are significant in AHD. Nevertheless, the application of these factors in housing delivery is still low in Nigeria. Hence, it is recommended that real estate developers and other operators in housing should use the result from this study as a template for developing adequate housing.

MORTGAGE FINANCING AND HOUSING DELIVERIES IN NIGERIA: ANY LINKAGES?

The paper examined if there exist any linkages between mortgage financing and housing delivery in Nigeria from periods of 2002-2021. Specifically, the paper examined the effect of Primary Mortgage Bank Loans, Federal Mortgage Bank Loans to Mortgage, Microfinance Bank loans to mortgage, and Government Allocation to Housing on housing delivery in Nigeria. Data for the study were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the National Bureau of statistics (2021) from 2002 to 2021. Meanwhile, the study adopted the OLS estimate. Various pre-estimation and diagnostic tests considered include: Heteroskedascity test, Ramsey Reset Test, and variance inflation factors/multi-collinearity test. The study reported that, Primary Mortgage Bank Loans have significant adverse effects on housing delivery. Meanwhile, Federal Mortgage Bank Loans to Mortgage improves housing delivery minimally. More so, MBLM and finance Bank loans to mortgage and Government Allocation to Housing are major contributing factor to housing delivery in Nigeria within the periods under review. Hence, the paper concludes that, both microfinance loans to mortgage institutions and government allocations to housing are major drivers of housing delivery in the periods under review. Accordingly, the paper recommends that, the primary Mortgage Bank should heighten efforts towards improving on reforms and policies that encourage the use of loans by mortgage institution for sustained growth and greater house development. More so, the federal Mortgage Bank should introduce new, flexible, and versatile loan policies suited to the prevailing conditions in the country taking into account dynamic changes in the environment. Keywords: Mortgage Financing, Housing Deliveries, Linkages.

Housing Preference and Choice of Nigerians: Evidence from the Organised Private Sector Housing

The decline of housing as a political priority despite growing demand has made housing choice decision more difficult. This study is an examination of the revealed preference of beneficiaries of organized private sector housing delivery in Nigeria. The study relied on data collected from sampled estates from two (2) states in each of the six geo – political zones of Nigeria. These are flats, bungalows, semi – detached and detached houses. In all, about 58% of all beneficiaries choose flats about 31% choose bungalows 7% choose semi – detached houses and only about 4% of all the beneficiaries choose detached houses. The findings from this study showed that about 89% of all beneficiaries choose flats and bungalows. The policy implication of the preponderance of flat and bungalow in the housing choice of beneficiaries is that they are the popular, acceptable and affordable typologies of Nigerians. Therefore, these types of houses should be given priority in funding by National Housing Trust Fund (NHTF).

Sustainable Housing Delivery for The Urban Poor in Nigeria

The plight of the urban poor towards achieving adequate and satisfying housing accommodations remains a recurring decimal in Nigeria. Previous housing policies, concepts, strategies, and initiatives failed to establish a long-term sustainable housing delivery for this particular urban populace with recurrent quality and quantity shortages. This article underlines the challenges facing housing delivery for the urban poor and the need for appropriate and timely developmental strategies to ensure sustainable and effective housing delivery in Nigeria. It examines housing policies, housing conditions, and the constraints of sustainable housing delivery for the urban poor through a systematic review of academic outputs. It was discovered among others that sustainable housing delivery for the urban poor in Nigeria is challenged by the factors of incessant and unmatched urbanization, lack of socio-cultural considerations, economic realities, neglect of urban core, and inappropriate housing policies among others. The paper contributes to the body of knowledge on housing delivery from the perspective of the urban poor and concludes by highlighting some recommendations that are likely to obliterate the challenges identified and discussed.

Investigating the Benefits and Barriers of Quality Assurance Management for Adequate Housing Delivery in Nigeria: An Empirical Overview

Abstract Purpose: The process of housing delivery all over the world is confronted by multiple barriers resulting in houses that are short of clients’ expectations in terms of quality and overall standards. The inability of the house builders (contractors) to deliver quality housing normally occurs due to non-conformance to quality assurance principles and non-adherence to the key quality indicators. An assessment of recent developments and actions in the building industry that might help mitigate the identified barriers has been made in this study. Hence, skilful application of quality assurance principles to overcome quality barriers in housing delivery is essential. Methodology: The study has employed quantitative methods of data collection. Closed-ended questionnaires have been prepared and administered to building contractors in Akure, Nigeria. The collected quantitative data have been analysed with the aid of SPSS software, version 27. The results have been accordingly reported to ascertain the level of commitment made by building contractors on ensuring quality in housing delivery in Akure. Findings: Findings have revealed that building contractors are well conversant and knowledgeable about the probable benefits of implementing quality assurance in the housing delivery process. There are, however, obvious challenges and serious barriers that are militating against effective implementation of quality assurance measures in the housing delivery process such as engaging unskilled labour force. Recommendation: The study recommends that a pre-assessment of the workforce be made to establish their level of knowledge and competencies on quality assurance management principles. Originality and value: Creation of “quality assurance consciousness” for the housing industry will result in quality housing delivery to the satisfaction of all end users and the general public.

Social Welfare and Access to Housing Among the Middle and Low-income Earners in Nigeria: A Review of Frameworks for Housing Delivery

Adequate housing is one of the necessities of a qualitative life. It is only next to food and clothing in importance and contributes to the attainment of the physical and moral health of a nation. Decent housing also stimulates the social stability and economic development for the country. Successive Governments have attempted to provide access to qualitative housing for low-income groups without meaningful results. This study, therefore, interrogates the role of social welfare in enhancing access to housing among the middle and low-income earners to ascertain the extent to which the frameworks for housing delivery in Nigeria advance the welfare of the poor. With the aid of Social Democratic theory, the study opines that access to housing can only be democratized for all classes of income groups when the principle of social welfare constitute the foundation of the framework for housing delivery. The study used documentary tools in the generation of its data and analytical approach in its analysis. The study discovered among others; that social welfare orientation plays crucial roles in the creation of universal access to housing in several advanced countries around the world, and the lack of social welfare principle in the frameworks for housing delivery in Nigeria is to a large extent responsible for the ever-widening housing gap in the country. The study recommends that the Federal Government should undertake a review of the frameworks for housing delivery in order to establish the social welfare principle as a cardinal principle in the housing delivery strategies for the middle and low-income earners in the country. Keywords: Social welfare; Access to housing; Middle and Low-income Earners; Housing Delivery Framework; Housing Delivery. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-1-08 Publication date: February 28th 2021

Housing Affordability In Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis Of Beneficiaries And Non-Beneficiaries Of Organized Private Sector Housing

Housing delivery in Nigeria has been dominated by the On-Site-Builders, each building incrementally as private individual for his household. The need to take advantage of economy of scale in housing delivery to enhance affordability led to the emergence of Organized Private Sector Housing Delivery in Nigeria. Despite this initiative, the majority of the people are not accessing housing from the Organized Private Sector Housing Developers, still employing their incremental housing approach. This study is therefore a comparative analysis of housing affordability of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Organized Private Sector Housing Delivery in Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The respondents, beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Ten percent of beneficiaries’ household heads were selected from the occupied houses (19500) in the estates. The respondents among the non-beneficiaries were selected among the occupied housing units within 1km radius of the houses around each of the sampled estates until equal numbers of respondents from beneficiaries was selected, where possible. Thus, there were 1,950 and 1,332 number of respondents among beneficiaries and no-beneficiaries respectively. The structured questionnaire administered on the heads of households’ elicited information on demographic characteristics (age, sex, household size, etc) and housing affordability variables such as (household income, housing expenditure, access to mortgage, other non-housing expenditure, etc). The questionnaire administered on Organized Private Sector Housing Developers (OPSHDs) seeks information on types of houses produced, selling prices, sales terms, among others. We rely on affordability rating scale of: normal ≤30%; tolerable 30.1-50% and stressed ≥50% to measure and compare housing affordability of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. They study revealed that while about 42% of beneficiaries fall within normal housing affordability, about 76% of non-beneficiaries are in that category. About 37% of beneficiaries are in tolerable housing affordability category while only about 16% of non-beneficiaries are there. Those under varying degrees of housing affordability stress are about 21% and 8% among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively. The major policy implication of the findings is that direct support to non-beneficiaries – the On-Site-Builders by government, through serviced plots and mortgage facility may be a more veritable approach for resolving the current housing crisis in the country.

The Drivers for Low Energy Materials Application for Sustainable Public Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Rural to urban migration has been a disturbing factor in Nigeria. The urban cities have become over populated resulting into poor provision of comfortable and healthy accommodation for the citizenry. The menace has further metamorphosed into complex units of socio-economic and cultural degradation, increasing youth unemployment, poor housing delivery, and depletion of the ozone layers due to carbon dioxide emission from small electric generators called “I pass my neighbor”. The situation is no longer convenient to be curtailed because of the limitations of the existing institution to provide mechanism to curtail the growing challenges. This indicates a factor of undermining urban poor of affordable and decent housing, which makes them “homeless. The research aims at conveying into luminance the drivers of low energy materials that could be employed through sustainable measures to deliver public housing in Nigeria. The objective brings forth considerations for application of low energy materials that can be integrated at the design stage to reduce the energy used in achieving comfort and limit the overall energy consumption of residential buildings in Nigeria. The purpose is to make public housing affordable and sustainable in Nigeria. The study employed the use of qualitative data analysis from relevant literatures. The results obtained indicate the high energy delivery in Nigeria’s public housing reflects the overgrowing poverty level in the country. The population living in poverty has remarkably grown from 1980-2010. This factor has made it difficult for the majority poor populace to own a house due to the high cost involved in obtaining a high energy material for building construction. The study recommends a drift to low energy materials, which involves lesser energy of production and are locally found in the country, and tends to provide affordable housing to the poor living in urban centers. Hempcrete, cob, raw earth, sheep wool, bamboo, rice hull, wattle and daub, rammed earth, the mud, adobe, fire brick, are available traditional building materials with low energy richly found in Nigeria, government and private developers should adopt them in construction of dwellings to curtail the limited provided accommodation for the increasing population in urban centers and to provide decent, affordable, and sustainable accommodation to Nigerians.

Housing Tenure Choice and Housing Affordability in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Owners and Renters of Organized Private Sector Housing

Housing tenure choice is one key decision that a household must make. This decision has been established to have direct implications for household housing affordability. This research assessed and compared the housing affordability of owners and renters of organized Private Sector Housing delivery in Nigeria. Data were collected from eleven (11) states and the Federal Capital Territory across the six (6) geo-political zones of Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted with multi-stage sampling technique employed to select estates residents for interview. Structured questionnaire were administered on 10% (1,950) heads of households randomly selected from all the occupied houses. The study revealed that 48% of the residents were owners and 52% renters. It was discovered that more owners than renters are under severe housing affordability stress/burden. While 29% of owners enjoy “normal housing affordability” (housing expenditure of 1% - 30%), 41% of renters enjoyed such. Also, while 36% of owners enjoyed “tolerable housing affordability” (30.1% - 50% housing expenditure), 41% of the renters fall within that range. Furthermore, while 35% of owners are theoretically under severe housing affordability stress/burden (with >50% housing expenditure), only 18% of the renters are. The study confirmed that renters enjoyed better housing affordability than the owners. Major policy implications include the need for housing policy and delivery in Nigeria to recognize and facilitate rental housing while steps should be taken to relieve the burden of home ownership by working on mortgage penetration, cost of building materials and other incidental expenses of ownership so as to enhance housing affordability of Nigerians.

Sustainable Public Housing Delivery in Nigeria: A Conceptual Stakeholder Management Model

In this study, we introduce a conceptual Housing Stakeholder Management Model that transforms institutional attitudes towards sustainable housing delivery. The essence is to promote a sustainability culture in housing delivery that meets safety and affordability needs of the majority. This exploratory study utilized data from 385 real estate professionals and policy makers. Data was analyzed qualitatively with Scissor-Sort Technique and TEXTPACK, and quantitatively with One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and Spearman Correlation. The findings advance the Model’s effectiveness in identifying stakeholder interests and establishment of a sustainability framework of engagement. Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat analysis was used in validating the Model. Keywords: Stakeholder Management; Stakeholder Management Model; Sustainable Housing Delivery; Social Responsibility Management; Public Housing DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-10-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Housing Deficit Attenuation Through Market-Oriented Polycentric Management: Evidence from Nigeria

With a household renumeration of 39 million, 2.6% annual population growth rate, the over 17 million housing deficit in Nigeria is colossal, and remarkably unsustainable. Public housing providers in Nigeria have approached the scourge through a plethora of economic, financial and social strategies that have been proclaimed ineffective from various empirical standpoints. This paper investigates the market-oriented polycentricity of housing deficit attenuation in Nigeria. Survey method was employed on a sample frame of 384 public housing providers. Data was collected using a Market Orientation and Service Performance modelled questionnaire. Hypotheses testing employed Wilcoxon Signed Rank-Test and Spearman Rank Order Correlation. Results indicate that public housing delivery in Nigeria has not followed a market-oriented polycentric approach. The study recommended a consideration of this in the delivery of public housing, while advocating for the development of a Stakeholder Identification Framework for sustainable public housing delivery. Keywords: Housing deficit, Housing delivery, Polycentric management, Market orientation, Stakeholder identification, Demography management DOI: 10.7176/DCS/10-3-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Housing Affordability and the Organized Private Sector Housing in Nigeria

Growing housing deficit in Nigeria, particularly in urban areas, has resulted to various housing problems such as overcrowding, homelessness, slum and squatter developments. Despite the myriad of housing policies and programmes to solve the housing deficit, the desire goals have not been achieved, hence the adoption of organized Private Sector housing delivery in 2002. This research is an assessment of the Affordability of Organized Private Sector Housing Delivery in Nigeria. We adopted cross-sectional survey and multi-stage sampling technique. Two states with the prevalence of organized private sector housing developers (OPSHD) in each of the six (6) geo-political zones of Nigeria were selected. Ten Percent (1950) households were randomly selected from the occupied houses (19,500) in all the estates. The structured questionnaires administered on 1950 household heads focused on demographic characteristics (age, sex, and household size) and housing affordability variables (income, housing expenditure and access to mortgage). Questionnaire administered on OPSHD focused on types of houses produced, selling prices and terms. Affordability rating scale (normal ≤ 30%; tolerable 30.1% - 50% and stressed > 50%) was used to measure housing affordability. The study revealed that 42.4%; 36.9% and 20.6% of households have normal, tolerable and stressed housing affordability respectively. The implication of these findings is that organized private sector housing is not affordable to most Nigerians, particularly the low and medium income households; and therefore need to be assisted. A more efficient mortgage with better penetration among the low and medium income household is desirable. Also, “rent-and-own” option should be considered to enhance affordability of low and medium income households.

A Review of Public Housing Delivery System in Ogun State, Nigeria

The importance of housing in Nigeria and the various housing strategies formulated by the Ogun state government in solving housing problems and efforts that have been made to-date has been acknowledged. Despite those efforts, it seems that much has not been achieved in terms of the availability of affordable housing. This paper provides a review of the housing programmes as well as public housing delivery in Nigeria with a further examination of the public housing delivery in Ogun State. In order to achieve this aim, a review of the relevant literature pertaining to public housing is made. A primary data gathering exercise is made with the senior officials at the Ogun State Housing Corporation (OSHC) to uncover the challenges as well as the strategies in place for the provision of affordable housing in Ogun State. The data was then supported with data from housing files obtained at the agency. It was revealed that OSHC has four (4) basic public estates in which allocation is made to the public. It was also noted in this study that (OSHC) is tilted to profit-making instead of social welfarism. This has made housing less affordable to the low and medium income earners.

Technology for Energy Efficient Building Materials: Towards Sustainable Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Technology for Energy Efficient Building Materials: Towards Sustainable Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Coping with Challenges of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Although public-private partnerships continue to gain popularity in infrastructure provision, the application of the strategy in housing delivery is bedevilled with many challenges particularly in the context of developing countries like Nigeria. This article aims to offer solutions to the challenges of PPP for housing delivery in Nigeria. Using a case study approach, the article investigated the challenges of PPP housing project in the federal capital territory [FCT] Abuja, Nigeria. The study found that “lack of transparency in the procurement process”, “inappropriate risk allocation”, “poor administrative machinery”, “corruption”, and incompetent private sector” are the major challenges that militate against successful housing delivery through public-private partnership in Nigeria. In conclusion, the paper outlined solutions for coping with the challenges of PPP for housing delivery in Nigeria.

Whispers of Ethno-Religious Violence on Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Nigeria is an agglomeration of different ethnic nationalities with multiplicity of religious inclination of which Christianity and Islam are the dominant. The high level of intra and inter-ethnic rivalry between ethnic nationalities and extreme religious intolerance has resulted in many catastrophic clashes. These clashes have unquantifiable debilitating effects on the equilibrium of housing supply and delivery. The paper through deductive approach from secondary data in literature review, and descriptive analysis, examined the various ethno-religious violence from post-independence Nigeria and their causes in other to establish the impact on the housing sector. Findings revealed that the importance of houses in the African set up is beyond mere shelter, but are sacred and generational assets worth bequeathing. This underscores the reason it becomes target for attacks during ethno-religious violence. Deductive inferences made indicated that the more the loss of lives, the more number of internally is placed persons, the more the severity of the violence on housing and number of displaced persons. The study concluded that conflict resolution strategies are most required for a sustainable urban housing growth