Damage To Houses Research Articles

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among Landslide Survivors: a Descriptive Study

Introduction: Natural disasters cause many problems for survivors. Trauma, one such outcome of disasters, may result in the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to identify the level of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and also its predictor factors among survivors of a landslide disaster at Donorati Village community, Purworejo, Indonesia Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional design research using a quantitative approach. The population of this study were the landslide survivors in Purworejo district. While this research sample was 100 survivors who live in Donorati village. Cluster and consecutive sampling techniques was applied for this study. The variables of this study were PTSD, gender, age, education level, socio-economic status based on occupation, marriage status, severity of natural disaster, exposure to previous disaster events, landslide disaster impact (house damage, injured family members, and death of family members) and evacuation record. The instruments of this research were demographic form and The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Bivariate analysis was performed using Chi-squared test and Fisher’s test, followed by multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of probability of PTSD participants was 27%. Bivariate analysis revealed significant differences in PTSD levels based on sex (p-value = 0,02), age (p-value = 0,009), occupation (p-value = 0,02), severity of disaster (p-value = 0,008), the presence of injured family members (p-value = 0,018), and evacuation history (p-value = 0,001). The multivariate analysis revealed the factors related to PTSD after the landslide as gender and severity of the disaster impact. Conclusions: The level of PTSD was significantly different based on gender, age, occupation, severity of the disaster, the presence of injured family members, and a history of evacuation. Mental health and psychosocial support services need to be developed to help reduce the impact of disasters and to assist survivors to cope better with the outcomes of those events.

Habitabilidad y salud en espacios interiores de viviendas de interés social, mediante la percepción de sus habitantes

The characteristics and qualities of the interior spaces of houses, their physical and environmental sensations, contribute to define their perception of the place they inhabit and establish habitability and design guidelines attached to the sustainable development objectives (SDG) 2030, related to all human activities for their well-being and health established in objective 3 and according to objective 11, it is necessary to have decent housing to inhabit. The purpose of the research was to analyze the factors of thermal and environmental perception for habitability in interior spaces of social interest housing and possible damage to human health, in post-COVID-19 time, in urban areas. The variables were: temperature, humidity, wind, lighting, noise, and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which were considered for the study of preferences, developed in Los Mochis, Sinaloa. The study subjects were the residents of the Infonavit Macapule and Palos Verdes housing complexes, where the survey focused on the following sections was carried out; inhabitant data, housing and health considerations, conditions; thermal, light, sound and odors inside the home, with Rensis Likert scale responses, to estimate the variables through a descriptive statistical analysis with association of frequencies and differences in their behavior. The results showed significant differences in the level of perception, experience and environmental adaptation, which allowed us to identify that the perception was found outside the comfort ranges and with a greater spread in terms of health effects.

Relation of Disaster Exposure With Maternal Characteristics and Obstetric Outcomes: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study.

The present study analyzed the relation of disaster exposure prior to pregnancy with maternal characteristics and obstetric outcomes. The participants were 13,148 pregnant women recruited from 2013 to 2017. The women were classified into three groups by the severity of housing damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011: group A, house was not destroyed/did not live in the disaster area; group B, half/part of the house was destroyed; and group C, house was totally/mostly destroyed. Maternal characteristics, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and gestational weeks were obtained using questionnaires and medical records. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relation between disaster exposure and maternal characteristics, HDP, and GDM. A structural equation model was applied to investigate the relation of disaster exposure with HDP and gestational weeks. The homes of about 11% of the women were totally/mostly destroyed. For groups B and C compared with those in group A, the adjusted ORs for HDP were 1.04 and 1.26 (P for trend = 0.01), and for GDM were 0.89 and 1.14 (P for trend = 0.9), respectively. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) mediated 23.2% of the relation between disaster exposure and HDP. Disaster exposure was associated with gestational weeks. Disaster exposure at least 2.5 years before pregnancy was found to be associated with maternal characteristics and the prevalence of HDP. Pre-pregnancy BMI mediated the relation between disaster exposure and the prevalence of HDP, and gestational weeks were reduced through HDP.

Perceived earthquake risk in housing purchases

This paper investigates the impact of an earthquake on households' perception of the seismic risks associated with residential locations—and, consequently, the impact of this change in perceptions on real estate prices—by performing revealed preference analysis on a unique data set of house prices and damage claims after the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake in New Zealand. We show that both informational and heuristic obstacles could have caused households to underestimate location earthquake risk before the quake and overreact to it after the quake. Our findings highlight the importance of quake-related information for seismic risk management and are robust to households’ risk preferences in neighborhood propensity score matching.

Thermoneutral housing shapes hepatic inflammation and damage in mouse models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Inflammation is a common unifying factor in experimental models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Recent evidence suggests that housing temperature-driven alterations in hepatic inflammation correlate with exacerbated hepatic steatosis, development of hepatic fibrosis, and hepatocellular damage in a model of high fat diet-driven NAFLD. However, the congruency of these findings across other, frequently employed, experimental mouse models of NAFLD has not been studied. Here, we examine the impact of housing temperature on steatosis, hepatocellular damage, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in NASH diet, methionine and choline deficient diet, and western diet + carbon tetrachloride experimental models of NAFLD in C57BL/6 mice. We show that differences relevant to NAFLD pathology uncovered by thermoneutral housing include: (i) augmented NASH diet-driven hepatic immune cell accrual, exacerbated serum alanine transaminase levels and increased liver tissue damage as determined by NAFLD activity score; (ii) augmented methionine choline deficient diet-driven hepatic immune cell accrual and increased liver tissue damage as indicated by amplified hepatocellular ballooning, lobular inflammation, fibrosis and overall NAFLD activity score; and (iii) dampened western diet + carbon tetrachloride driven hepatic immune cell accrual and serum alanine aminotransferase levels but similar NAFLD activity score. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that thermoneutral housing has broad but divergent effects on hepatic immune cell inflammation and hepatocellular damage across existing experimental NAFLD models in mice. These insights may serve as a foundation for future mechanistic interrogations focused on immune cell function in shaping NAFLD progression.

Double Risk Catastrophe Reinsurance Premium Based on Houses Damaged and Deaths

The peaks over threshold (POT) model for catastrophe (CAT) reinsurance pricing has been widely used, but has mainly focused on univariate CAT reinsurance pricing. We provide further justification and support for the model by considering the addition of more than one type of CAT risk in the context of extreme value theory. We further extend the applicability of the CAT reinsurance premium model by considering house damage and deaths as CAT risk. Using the proposed model, we present a simulation framework for pricing double risk CAT reinsurance, based on excess-of-loss reinsurance contract. Furthermore, we fit the POT model to the earthquake loss data in Indonesia. Finally, we provide the price of the double risk CAT reinsurance premium under the standard deviation premium principle. The framework results obtained show that the pricing formulas in this study are appropriate for the double risk claim and may be used as a basis for the pricing of double risk CAT excess-of-loss reinsurance contracts.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS COMMUNITIES’ ANXIETY (A LANDSLIDE CASE STUDY IN LAMKLENG VILLAGE, ACEH BESAR)

The impacts of landslide are loss of life, people and livestock get injury, infrastructure, agricultural land, housing damage, economic loss, and anxiety experienced. Anxiety will have negative impacts, such as panic and respiratory disorders. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between disaster preparedness and anxiety, the effect of disaster preparedness on anxiety, the level of community disaster preparedness, and the level of community anxiety. This study used a correlational quantitative research design. A questionnaire of Google forms was used as a data collection technique. LIPI-UNESCO/ISDR was a parameter scale for preparedness variables, and HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) for anxiety variables. The total number of respondents was 74, and a random sampling technique and Slovin's formula were used to select the sample for this study. Data sources are secondary data and primary data. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and Pearson product-moment were used for analyzing the data. The disaster preparedness in Lamkleng was in the almost ready category with an index of 63, and the community's anxiety level was 85.1% and in the serious category, and there was a relationship between disaster preparedness and anxiety.

Universal health coverage of five essential health services in mothers before and after the Haiti 2010 earthquake: a retrospective cohort study using difference-in-difference

In January 2010, Haiti was hit by a 7.0-magnitude earthquake. The impact of the earthquake on Universal Health Coverage in mothers remains unclear. This study explores the association between the 2010 Haiti earthquake and access to the five quality essential health services among women who gave birth in the two years before and after the earthquake. From the Sixth Demographic and Health Survey in Haiti, we extracted data for women aged 15-49 who had reported a live birth in the two years before and after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. We used difference-in-difference analyses for antenatal care, delivery care, and vaccination, and multivariate logistic regression analyses for family planning and malaria prevention, to assess the impact of the acute damage (household-level damage, such as housing damage and/or loss of a family member, or region-level damage, such as living in a region where 50% or more of the houses were damaged) of the earthquake on these mothers' access to quality essential health services. Mothers who had not suffered acute earthquake damage were more likely to live in rural areas and had less education and household wealth. The difference-in-difference and multivariate logistic regression analyses did not show strong evidence of any significant association between acute earthquake damage and access to quality health services. However, after the earthquake, access to quality health services deteriorated for both mothers with and without acute earthquake damage (-5.6% and -6.2% for antenatal care, -6.5% and 0% for delivery care, and -9.5% and -13.1% for vaccination, respectively). The earthquake adversely affected mothers' access to quality essential health services regardless of their exposure to acute earthquake damage. Mothers in rural areas who avoided such damage might also have experienced long-term negative effects from the earthquake, which was likely exacerbated by other structural factors such as lower education and economic status.

Recent trends in tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea and the vulnerability of India’s west coast

The IPCC’s sixth assessment report emphasizes the increase in the frequency of stronger tropical cyclones (TC, categories 3–5) over the last four decades. The Northern Indian Ocean (NIO) exhibits identical trends. The Arabian Sea (AS) has become a breeding ground for TCs that have wreaked havoc on Oman, UAE, Iran, Muscat, and India’s west coast in recent years. Coastal India is extremely vulnerable to TCs due to its unique coastal topography and population density. Most of the research on the North Indian Ocean is focused on the Bay of Bengal (BoB) TCs, which necessitates rigorous studies in the AS. The focus of this study is to improve our understanding of TC activity over the AS by analyzing the frequency of TCs and energy metrics of TC accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) and Power Dissipative Index (PDI) over the last 39 years. Energy metric analysis confirms the increasing intensity of TCs in the AS. Annual ACE and PDI have been increasing in recent years primarily due to monsoon and post-monsoon TCs, while pre-monsoon TCs show a decreasing trend. The effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on TCs in the AS is found to be negligible. The study also attempts to ascertain the vulnerability of western coastal districts to TCs using housing damage risk data from the Vulnerability Atlas of India. Ahmedabad and Vadodara in Gujarat, Thane and Mumbai Suburban in Maharashtra, Dakshin Kannada in Karnataka, and Malappuram, Ernakulam, and Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala are among the most vulnerable districts along India’s western coast.

University students’ experience of the Beirut port explosion: associations with subjective well-being and subjective symptoms of mental strain

Background: On 4 August 2020, an explosion shook Beirut, killing more than 200 people and leaving thousands injured or homeless. Aims: This study examined mental health of university students through a cross-sectional online survey between December 2020 and January 2021. Methods: The questionnaire consisted of the WHO-5, sense of coherence (SoC), future anxiety, self-developed subjective symptoms of mental strain (SSMS), and items assessing proximity to explosion, extent of injury and house damage. Gender, study level and social status were used as sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Of 1042 participants, 30.8% were at 0–7 km from explosion; 38.1% reported physical injuries; and 12.4% saw their home damaged. Two third (60.3%) reported ≥3 SSMS, and 73.4% reported low well-being. Students with low well-being were more often female and master students (p < 0.001). Females were more often affected by ≥3 SSMS (p < 0.001). Regression analysis with low well-being as dependent variable revealed significant associations with study level (OR: 2.30–2.94), future anxiety (OR: 2.72–4.34) and SoC (OR: 1.81–5.61). For ≥3 SSMS, females (OR: 3.09), moderate/very close distance (OR: 2.13–4.98), injury/death of family member or friend (OR: 2.07–2.06), house damage (OR: 1.72) future anxiety (OR: 1.97–3.11) and SoC (1.79–2.88) were significant predictors. Discussion: Preventive mental health strategies that strengthen SoC and outlook on future could protect against SSMS and low well-being following major trauma.

Factors Associated with Housing Damage Caused by an EF4 Tornado in Rural Areas of Funing, China.

Rural areas are vulnerable to natural disasters and tend to suffer severe losses. An EF4 tornado occurred in Funing on 23 June 2016, killing 99 people, injuring at least 846 people, and destroying more than 2000 houses. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, this study explored the influencing factors between housing damage and variables of building conditions, tornado intensity, and village environmental factors. The results show that 2-story houses and masonry houses were more likely to be slightly damaged or be in a dangerous state. Furthermore, the building area was positively related to houses in two categories: slight damage (SD) and dangerous and requiring immediate repair (DR), indicating that the larger or taller the house, the more severe the damage. In terms of tornado intensity, houses classified as SD were more likely to be hit by EF4 tornados than by EF3 tornados, and houses were damaged more by EF1 or EF2 tornados. This finding demonstrates that the level of housing damage was not strongly correlated with the tornado intensity. Slightly damaged houses exhibited the highest correlation with environmental factors. The proportion of slightly damaged houses was positively correlated with the water area in the village, unlike the proportion of houses in the DR and unable to be repaired (UR) categories. Moreover, the larger the water area of a village, the less housing damage it suffered. These findings provide new insights into minimizing housing damage in wind disasters to improve disaster prevention planning in rural areas.

Traumatic experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake and postpartum depressive symptoms: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study

BackgroundNatural disasters can have serious mental health consequences. We aimed to examine the long-term effects of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) on postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS). MethodsThe Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study recruited pregnant women in Miyagi Prefecture from 2013 to 2016. Data from 11,403 participants were used in this study. Women were asked about their traumatic experiences of the GEJE with questions addressing threat, witness, and loss. PDS were defined as Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score ≥9 at 1 month after delivery. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations of different traumatic experiences of the GEJE and number of traumatic experiences with PDS, after adjustment for age, parity, feelings toward pregnancy, education, income, social isolation, house damage caused by the GEJE, and survey year. ResultsAbout two-fifths of women had at least one traumatic experience of the GEJE. The prevalence of PDS at 1 month after delivery was 13.3 %. Life-threatening experience and witnessing another person's actual or threatened death were associated with PDS: the odds ratios (ORs) were 1.40 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.24–1.59) and 1.28 (95 % CI, 1.08–1.53), respectively. Loss of close person was not associated with PDS: the OR was 1.13 (95 % CI, 0.99–1.30). Larger number of traumatic experiences of the GEJE was associated with increased risk of PDS (p for trend <0.001). LimitationsPDS was self-reported. ConclusionsTraumatic experiences of the GEJE prior to pregnancy were associated with increased risks of PDS.

Disaster Mitigation Efforts Using K-Medoids Algorithm and Bayesian Network

Disaster mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk. One of the disaster mitigation efforts is the supervision of the implementation of spatial planning. Knowing the level of damage to buildings in a region in the event of a disaster can supervise the implementation of spatial planning. To predict the level of damage to buildings in an area, we can use the Bayesian network (BN). There are several types of BN based on the variable type; discrete, continuous, and hybrid BN. A discrete BN is a model in which all the variables involved are discrete. Therefore, if there is a continuous variable, it is necessary to discretize the variable. In this paper, modifications are made to the algorithm commonly used in the clustering process to be used in the discretization process. The algorithm used is the K-Medoids algorithm, where this algorithm uses existing data as a representative of the cluster center. Then, the BN model and the K-Medoids algorithm were used to determine the level of damage to buildings due to the earthquake that occurred in West Sumatra in 2009. From 25,000 house damage data used in this study, we obtain an accuracy rate is 95.17%.

Risk factors for wasting among hospitalised children in Nepal

BackgroundMalnutrition has various adverse effects in children. This study aimed to determine risk factors for malnutrition among hospitalised children, changes in nutritional status at admission and discharge and effects of use of systematic anthropometric measurement in identification of malnutrition.MethodsWe enrolled 426 children, aged between 6 months and 15 years, admitted to Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal, from November 2016 to June 2017. Anthropometric measurements were performed at the time of admission and discharge. Risk factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsMedian age of children was 26 months (IQR: 13–49), and males were 58.7%. The prevalence of wasting was 9.2% (39/426) at admission and 8.5% (36/426) at discharge. Risk factors associated with wasting at admission were ethnic minority (aOR: 3.6, 95% CI 1.2–10.8), diarrhoeal diseases (aOR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.3–11.8), respiratory diseases (aOR: 3.4, 95% CI 1.4–8.1) and earthquake damage to house (aOR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1–6.3). Clinical observation by care providers identified only 2 out of 112 malnutrition cases at admission and 4 out of 119 cases at discharge that were detected by the systematic anthropometric measurement.ConclusionsEthnic minority, diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory infections and house damage due to the earthquake were risk factors associated with wasting. Systematic anthropometric examination can identify significantly more malnourished children than simple observation of care providers.

Long-Term Trend in the Association Between Disaster Damage and Happiness Before and After the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Objectives: Disasters change survivors’ living circumstances, which can affect their happiness. We examined the trends in the association between disaster damage and happiness before and after a disaster. Methods: We analyzed 4,044 participants aged ≥65 years who had experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The baseline survey was conducted 7 months before the disaster. Follow-up surveys have been conducted every 3 years. Using a mixed model for repeated measures, we compared the prevalence ratios (PRs) for unhappiness according to the survivors’ level of housing damage, which is a proxy for disaster damage. Results: The unhappiness in participants who suffered severe damage appeared to be higher than in those with no damage in 2010 (multivariate-adjusted PR: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.93–1.48). A higher PR was observed after the earthquake in 2013 (1.34, 0.79–2.28), while there was no difference in 2016 (1.02, 0.53–1.97) and 2019 (1.03, 0.50–2.12). Conclusion: The prevalence of unhappiness in survivors with severe housing damage was higher before the disaster. However, the unhappiness gap between people with and without housing damage converged during the follow-up.

Mental Health Disturbance after a Major Earthquake in Northern Peru: A Preliminary, Cross-Sectional Study

Little has been studied in Peru on the mental health repercussions after a major earthquake. We aimed to explore the factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in people who experienced a 6.1 magnitude earthquake in Piura, Peru, on 30 July 2021. A preliminary cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population between August–September 2021. An online questionnaire was provided using PHQ-9, GAD-7, and other relevant measures. Generalized linear models were applied. Of the 177 participants, the median age was 22 years, the majority were female (56%), and many experienced depressive (52%) or anxiety symptoms (52%). Presence of depressive symptoms was associated with a personal history of mental disorder, moderate housing damage, social/material support from politicians, moderate food insecurity, and insomnia. Presence of anxiety symptoms was associated with physical injury caused by the earthquake, mild food insecurity, and insomnia. The development of depressive and anxiety symptoms following the 2021 earthquake experienced in Piura depended on multiple individual and socioeconomic factors. Additional studies should reinforce the factors identified here given the methodological limitations, such as the study design, sampling method, and sample size. This would lead to effective intervention measures to mitigate the impact of earthquakes on mental health.

USING SYSTEMS THINKING IN PROVIDING THE ORGANISATION OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS LIFE

The full-scale Russian invasion into Ukraine has formed new challenges and task in urban planning and land design. Many people, who have been forced to leave their homes or deprived of there as a result of the war in the territories in which they have lived, have put on the agenda the organization of housing and work for these people in the new territories. Today, these needs are provided by parks and social service objects, and this reduces the value of these territories for their further using after the victory of Ukraine.&#x0D; This publication presents the basic principles on which a systematic approach can be based for organising living areas (temporary and permanent) for displaced persons and those, who have lost their homes as a result of hostilities. The following factors are analyzed in the article: territorial capacity, resettlement needs, employment, the degree of housing damage, further usіng of territories after victory.&#x0D; The article describes the existing methods of resettlement for internally displaced persons currently practiced in Ukraine. Their disadvantages are described. An alternatives are proposed. There are description of the method of estimating the real capacity of the territory for accommodation of internally displaced persons with the definition of areas for their temporary and permanent residence. The principles of organization of separate towns for internally displaced persons are offered. The method of resettlement of internally displaced persons is proposed, taking into account the needs to provide social services and job places. &#x0D; An algorithm for assessing the needs in the territories to accommodate internally displaced persons and ways of providing them is proposed. It can be used by local governments to optimal organize displaced persons who lives in Ukraine or other European countries.

Who Gets Emergency Housing Relief? An Analysis of FEMA Individual Assistance Data After Hurricane María

In the months after Hurricane María’s devastation of Puerto Rico, press outlets and advocacy groups documented how Puerto Rico’s experience with housing repair and reconstruction programs was rife with complaints and inconsistencies regarding approval of applications and denial of support, especially among vulnerable communities. These problems are not unique to Puerto Rico and have been frequently raised by numerous communities in the United States that have endured disasters. This article contributes to the critical task of revealing postdisaster damages and reconstruction trends through a detailed examination of housing and personal property damages and benefits received through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’s Individual Assistance (IA) Program after Hurricane María. It also shows which municipalities were most affected and have the greatest housing needs. We demonstrate that, in the aggregate, poor or geographically vulnerable households were not likely to be underserved. Nonetheless, poor households are left with a greater burden in the form of pending housing needs after aid relief has been allocated, rendering them more vulnerable to being displaced. Furthermore, households that lacked clear tenure status were unable to access IA aid because of administrative and procedural burdens.

Social hierarchies and the allocation of development aid: Evidence from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal

We study the role of discrimination and in-group biases in the allocation of public funds by community-based committees. Specifically, we investigate the effect of caste hierarchies on the amount of emergency aid given to households after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Local committees allocated aid immediately after the earthquake, and –officially– the amount of aid was a function of the magnitude of the housing damage. To identify discrimination and in-group favoritism in this context, we utilize rich data on house characteristics and housing damage and exploit exogenous variation in earthquake intensity. We first provide evidence for caste-based discrimination by these committees: Upper caste households received more aid than lower caste households. Second, we find in-group favoritism among upper caste households: Upper caste households received more aid if individuals from their own (upper) caste were involved in the allocation of aid. In contrast, lower caste households did not benefit from the presence of their own (lower) caste representatives in aid allocation committees. The results highlight the importance of social hierarchies in the study of favoritism and contribute to a better understanding of social structure for the implementation of development policy.

Association between Social Isolation and Total Mortality after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Iwate Prefecture: Findings from the TMM CommCohort Study.

This study aimed to investigate whether social isolation is associated with mortality, together with the effect of the Great East Japan Earthquake on mortality, due to the social isolation of community residents living in the affected areas, using data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Community-Based Cohort Study. A total of 22,933 participants (8059 men and 14,874 women), who were free from cancer and cardiovascular disease, were followed up with death as an endpoint for five years. Social isolation was assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale (cut-off, 11/12). Using Cox proportional hazards models, hazard ratios (HRs) of total mortality and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with social isolation (no isolation as the reference) were estimated. The latter was significantly associated with an increased risk of total mortality (1.38 (1.04–1.83) in men and 1.49 (1.02–2.19) in women). Moreover, among those with social isolation, the risk of mortality was significantly higher, especially for women with house damage and men who had experienced a death in the family. The disaster may have raised the risk of mortality due to social isolation.