Housing Contracts Research Articles

Risk behaviour determinants among people who inject drugs in Stockholm, Sweden over a 10-year period, from 2002 to 2012

BackgroundPeople who inject drugs (PWID) frequently engage in injection risk behaviours exposing them to blood-borne infections. Understanding the underlying causes that drive various types and levels of risk behaviours is important to better target preventive interventions.MethodsA total of 2150 PWID in Swedish remand prisons were interviewed between 2002 and 2012. Questions on socio-demographic and drug-related variables were asked in relation to the following outcomes: Having shared injection drug solution and having lent out or having received already used drug injection equipment within a 12 month recall period.ResultsWomen shared solutions more than men (odds ratio (OR) 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03; 2.21). Those who had begun to inject drugs before age 17 had a higher risk (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.99; 2.08) of having received used equipment compared to 17–19 year olds. Amphetamine-injectors shared solutions more than those injecting heroin (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.64; 3.62). A housing contract lowered the risk of unsafe injection by 37–59% compared to being homeless.ConclusionsWomen, early drug debut, amphetamine users and homeless people had a significantly higher level of injection risk behaviour and need special attention and tailored prevention to successfully combat hepatitis C and HIV transmission among PWID.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT02234167

거시경제변동 전후 주택시장과 경매시장 간의 관계성 분석

일반적으로 부동산 매매시장과 경매시장 간에는 다양한 측면에서 긴밀한 연관관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 매체에서는 경매시장이 매매시장 경기를 선도하는 주요한 변수로 언급되었다. 본 논문에서는 서브프라임 금융위기 이전의 주택시장 활황기와 이후의 주택시장 침체기 각 시기별로 주택매매시장 및 주택전세시장과 주택경매시장 간의 관계를 벡터오차수정모형(VECM; Vector Error Correction Model)을 이용하여 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 논문에서는 국내 대표적인 부동산시장이며, 시단위에서 가장 많은 경매물건이 거래되는 서울시의 아파트를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 분석변수는 주택매매가격지수, 주택전세가격지수, 낙찰율, 낙찰가율을 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 서브프라임 금융위기 발생 이전인 2002년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지를 Model 1로, 2009년 1월부터 최근 2015년 11월까지를 Model 2로 구분하여 비교분석하였다. 분석결과 경매시장의 경우 주택시장 변동에 상대적으로 덜 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 반대로, 경매시장 충격에는 주택시장이 유의미한 변동을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 경매시장 변화가 주택시장 변동에 선행하는 것을 의미하며 하나의 거래시장으로 경매시장이 활성화되고 있음을 나타낸다. 중앙정부에서는 경매시장의 중요성을 정확히 인지하고 가격변동추이를 면밀히 확인할 필요가 있다. 또한 투자주체들 역시 경매시장에 대한 전문성을 확보할 필요가 있다. It is known that the Real Estate Sales Market and Auction Market are closely interrelated with each other in a variety of respects and the media often mention the real estate auction market as a leading indicator of the real estate market. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the housing market and auction market before and after macroeconomic fluctuations using VECM. The period from January 2002 to December 2008, which was before the financial crisis, was set as Model 1 and the period from January 2009 to November 2015, which was after the financial crisis, was set as Model 2. The results are as follows. First, the housing auction market is less sensitive to changes in the housing market than it is to fluctuations in the auction market. This means that changes in the auction market precede fluctuations in the housing market, which shows that the auction market as a trading market is activated. In this respect, public institutions need to realize the importance of the housing auction market and check trends in the housing contract price in the auction market. Also, investors need to ensure that they have expertise in the auction market.

Event History and Housing Contract Clauses for A Dual-Citywide Event: The 2014 Gay Games

Event History and Housing Contract Clauses for A Dual-Citywide Event: The 2014 Gay Games

Obligaciones a cargo del locatario en el contrato de leasing habitacional con destino a la vivienda familiar, que no guardan relacion con su calidad de tenedor

El contrato de leasing habitacional con destino a la vivienda familiar, se implementó en Colombia desde hace más de una década, siendo de mucha utilidad para el desarrollo de la economía del País, en especial para la adquisición de vivienda.A pesar de su gran utilidad con la ejecución del mismo, han surgido múltiples conflictos, razones por las que es imperioso construir una regulación legal armonizada con su filosofía, como lo es “Crear nuevos mecanismos de financiación de vivienda a largo y mediano plazo en Colombia”. Todo lo anterior, para poderle dar un amplio desarrollo al postulado establecido en el artículo 51 de la Constitución Política de 1991, en el que se garantiza el derecho a acceder a una vivienda digna.Comoquiera que la regulación jurídica del leasing habitacional con destino a la vivienda familiar ha sido bastante escasa y teniendo en cuenta su naturaleza atípica, se requiere identificar cuáles son las obligaciones que surgen para los contratantes, especialmente para el locatario; teniendo en cuenta que entre este y el bien dado en leasing existe una relación tenencial.El leasing habitacional con destino a la vivienda familiar además de ser un contrato atípico, también es un contrato de carácter financiero, razones por las que las entidades autorizadas para celebrar este tipo de operaciones imponen al locatario diversas cláusulas que pueden ser ajenas a la calidad de tenedor que tiene el locatario; y por ende, podrían resultar abusivas a la luz de la Constitución Política, la ley y la doctrina referente a la protección al consumidor.Conforme a la anterior realidad, tanto el legislador como la Corte Constitucional han establecido directrices para la implementación de mecanismos que propendan por la protección del locatario, teniendo en cuenta que el objeto del contrato de leasing habitacional con destino a la vivienda familiar, recae sobre un derecho humano. Así las cosas, resulta útil identificar cuáles son las obligaciones a cargo del locatario que no guardan relación con su calidad de tenedor; para poder valorarlas y concluir que estas, riñen con las políticas de protección establecidas para el locatario.

Rent-to-Own Housing Contracts Under Financial Constraints

Rent-to-Own Housing Contracts Under Financial Constraints

Rent-to-Own Housing Contracts: Features, Valuation and Heuristics

Rent-to-Own Housing Contracts: Features, Valuation and Heuristics

Urban renewal without displacement? Belgium’s ‘housing contract experiment’ and the risks of gentrification

Gentrification has become part and parcel of urban policies throughout the world. Critics have argued against those policies but they have not yet developed concrete and comprehensive alternatives. This paper seeks to remedy this omission by investigating the Belgian ‘housing contract’ experiment (2005–2007). Quite exceptionally, Belgium’s ‘housing contract’ experiment was based on the premise that housing policies should improve the quality of life in deprived urban neighborhoods without displacing the poor. We investigate both the philosophy of the housing contract experiment as well as its effects. On the basis of this evaluation, we sketch the contours of a housing policy that incorporates rent gap theory and counters the negative effects arising from disinvestment and gentrification.

The private finance initiative and social housing: A financial adviser perspective

AbstractThis paper looks at the expectations of local authorities when letting a social housing contract under the private finance initiative, the expectations of private sector parties bidding for the contract and how they can meet each other's expectations to deliver a successful project.

Private rental housing in Tanzania — a private matter?

Secure tenure, the citizenship rights of slum dwellers, and community participation are key words in the international discourse on housing policy. This paper reports the results from a study of private rental housing and tenants in unplanned settlements in Mwanza City, Tanzania. It examines the tenants' position in Tanzanian housing policy discourse, considers government housing policy and private rental tenure practices, and explores how the discussion about secure tenure in urban areas is focused on the formalisation of land. In 2005, rental legislation was changed in Tanzania because it was thought to be overly protective of tenants. Since then, tenants in rental housing have been ignored in the national policy discourse, despite the quantitative importance of rental housing in metropolitan Tanzania. The government has concluded that home ownership is the norm in Tanzania, and it regards private rental tenure as a private matter. It does not monitor conditions in the private rental market. In this paper, I suggest that the urban housing situation in Tanzania will not improve until the government acknowledges private rental tenure, views the tenants as urban citizens, and then attends to their needs and interests. One way to start this process is to educate landlords and tenants about their rights and obligations under housing contracts. This would help to reduce the number of conflicts in rental housing and bring about a more secure tenure situation for many residents.

Housing Futures Markets: Early Evidence of Return and Risk

This paper examines risks and returns in the newly created market for housing futures traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). The estimates of contract returns on housing futures average about 8.6% annually, with a standard deviation of 12.6%. Returns show little relationship to the movements in the corresponding housing price indexes. When standardized for maturity and time, risk premiums on housing contracts appear to be higher in Boston, Chicago, Denver, New York, and San Francisco and lower in Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, San Diego, and Washington, DC. The level of risk premiums appears to have been falling since the trading in housing futures was initiated on the CME. Finally, the findings reveal that risk premiums tend to be higher on contracts where the basis is high and the time to maturity is short.

The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare

This article argues that the decline of the public housing program in the early 1950s has an overlooked political dimension—the role of the Red Scare/McCarthyism. Public housing advocates had used social democratic reform to secure the program. After the 1949 Housing Act, public housing foes were able to sequester the expansion of public housing legislation by turning to the local level. Many municipal policy battles attempted to limit the acceptance of federal public housing by means of Red Scare tactics. This is illustrated by the Los Angeles public housing war, one of the most vicious Red Scares of the domestic cold war. The Red Scare was used to cancel the ten-thousand-unit public housing contract with the federal government and to reverse city policy by toppling the pro–public-housing mayoral regime. Public housing's local defeats were circulated back to the national level, resulting in the demise of the program.

Do the Forward Sales of Real Estate Stabilize Spot Prices?

We examine the effect of forward sale (pre-sale) activities on the volatility of spot prices in the real estate market. The abundance of pre-sales data and major changes in regulatory control on the pre-sale market during the 90's in Hong Kong allow us to undertake empirical tests using Hong Kong's real estate data. Our results show that the volatility of spot prices increased significantly after forward sales were severely dampened by regulatory control measures introduced in 1994, but decreased again when the measures were partly relaxed in 1998. The results contribute to the long lasting debate on whether the introduction of a futures market reduces the volatility of spot prices. Previous studies were mainly conducted in markets with low transaction costs, notably financial markets. By utilizing the unique regulatory changes in the pre-sale market of Hong Kong, we are able to conduct an experiment on the conditional volatility of spot prices in a high information-cost environment, thereby shedding light on the important role of forward housing contracts in providing price expectation information for spot trading.

Do the Forward Sales of Real Estate Stabilize Spot Prices?

We examine the effect of forward sale (pre-sale) activities on the volatility of spot prices in the real estate market. The abundance of pre-sales data and major changes in regulatory control on the pre-sale market during the 90's in Hong Kong allow us to undertake empirical tests using Hong Kong's real estate data. Our results show that the volatility of spot prices increased significantly after forward sales were severely dampened by regulatory control measures introduced in 1994, but decreased again when the measures were partly relaxed in 1998. The results contribute to the long lasting debate on whether the introduction of a futures market reduces the volatility of spot prices. Previous studies were mainly conducted in markets with low transaction costs, notably financial markets. By utilizing the unique regulatory changes in the pre-sale market of Hong Kong, we are able to conduct an experiment on the conditional volatility of spot prices in a high information-cost environment, thereby shedding light on the important role of forward housing contracts in providing price expectation information for spot trading.

Flexible Pay but Fixed Expenses: Personal Financial Strain among On-Call Employees

The aim of the study was to investigate the financial circumstances of a group of temporary employees and whether personal financial strain is related to an increased risk of ill-health. The study group consisted of 778 on-call employees. The response rate to a mailed questionnaire was 56 percent. Twenty percent of respondents stated that they had experienced economic difficulties of some kind. More than 50 percent regarded their form of employment as an impediment to obtaining a loan, and approximately 40 percent regarded it as a barrier to acquiring a housing contract. The study group is strongly polarized with regard to personal financial matters. There is a clear connection between poverty and health. Individuals who were both worried about their personal finances and objectively poor had far lower levels of psychological well-being (as measured by GHQ-12), more stomach, back, and neck complaints, more headaches, and greater tiredness and listlessness. Sleep disturbances acted as a mediating variable between financial pressure and stomach problems.

Prefabrication and barriers to entry—a case study of public housing and institutional buildings in Hong Kong

The Housing Authority in Hong Kong provides around 30,000 subsidized residential units per annum. It is the only major client in Hong Kong requiring prefabrication in its public housing construction, a policy which began in the mid-1980s. Recently, the government has started to promote prefabrication as a general principle to improve buildability, to increase quality and efficiency as well as to reduce construction wastes. However, an analysis of public tender results between 1988 and 2002 shows that the market appears to be less competitive in this housing sector than the other institutional building sector. The former mainly consists of the construction of large residential housing estates with their auxiliary commercial centres and car parks, whilst the latter are non-residential purpose-built structures such as schools and police stations, though occasionally residential quarters are constructed for the disciplinary forces. During this 15-year period, between 38% and 74% of the total annual public housing contracts, by value, were undertaken by only three contractors. Meanwhile in the institutional building sector, the range was between 24 and 61%. This raises the concern that the prefabrication requirement might have raised the market entry barriers, and probably construction costs as well. This study addressed the competition issue by measuring and comparing the Herfinndahl–Hershamann indices (HHI) of the public housing and the institutional building sectors. Regression analyses of the HHIs were then performed on various measures of contract values and a dummy variable representing the public housing or the institutional building sector. The analyses show that prefabrication, ceteris paribus, is not related to HHI. We conclude that the prefabrication requirement by itself does not seem to have raised the barriers to entry to prefabricated housing construction.

改修を前提とした長期借家契約方式と改修計画策定手順の提案 : 定期借家方式による民家再生システムに関する研究

In the central area of local city, there're many traditional vacant houses. This study is suggesting the renovation system of vacant house as rental house. The system is constructed by the clauses of rental contract on a guarantee of long-term residence, and the planning process of repair included the performance diagnosis and reinforcement program. Firstly, the problems of rental contract system are pointed out and next the new system is proposed. Secondly, the case study of long-term rental housing contract is carried out. Thirdly, the simulation of repair with the reinforcement of heat insulation and earthquake resistant performance is shown.

'A Risk' or 'At Risk'? Reconceptualising Housing Debt in a Risk Welfare Society

In England, the economic circumstances of housing, employment and social change have served to create problems of housing affordability and sustainability which leave some within the clefts of social divisions. At the same time, the individualisation trend within housing and other areas of social policy is increasingly driven by notions of self-responsibility and risk which can contribute to such divisions. This paper suggests that social policy could be well served by reconceptualising the constitution of risk to recognise its multiple and situated identity and to question, rather than utilise, its associations with mechanisms of individual culpability. It is also suggested that, for housing policy, this requires a re-examination of the legal basis of housing contracts.

Financial management of housing contracts

A long history of financial failure of parties involved in housing contracts, particularly in, but not confined to, Australia during 1974–1975, produced a need for research to be carried out into the management of such contracts. A research programme was commenced in 1975, and its aims, methods and assumptions are discussed. The results of the research are presented in tabular form, some observations are made, and conclusions are drawn.

転居発生の態様とその要因分析 : 転居の行為システム論的分析 1

In this paper and next ones, I will explain changes of residence by means of the theory called action-system theory or structural-functional analysis. When I try this explanation, the three following problems come about to be solved. (1) What are the factors of changes of residence and how do they work? (2) Changes of residence are at once actions satisfying the present requirements and ones selecting values based on the long-range view of dwelling. Therefore, so that I can explain each change of residence, I have to make clear how these views of dwelling. (3) What is the mechanism of forming the motivation for a change of residence? That is, I elucidate how the motivation is formed and how it is realized or vanished, according to the connection between each view of dwelling and patterns of the change of reidence. This paper is what solves the first problem. To sum up, myconclusions are as follows : 1) There are two types in changes of resldence. One is a compulsory change (I call Type I), and the other is a voluntary change (I call Type II). 2) The change-Type I is brought about by two factors. One of them is about working such as a change of occupation, of working time, and of working place and the other is a change of housing contract. 3) I can see many changes-Type I in such patterns of houses as lodging houses, boarding houses, wooden rental houses, non-wooden rental houses, detatched rental houses and issued houses. 4) As for the factors of the change-Type I, I have clarified their actions by presenting the diagram. 5) The rate of the change of residence in all the examined households is 22.8per cent a year. This is mainly because the changing rates in boarding houses, lodging houses and young one-person households are high. 6) There is a general tendency to decrease changing rate with ascending the level of dwelling, but on the contrary, there is also the stratum of the people who cannot change their residence, remaining the low level of dwelling.