Housing In Urban Areas Research Articles

カンボジアにおける住宅内エネルギー消費量急増の抑制方法に関する研究

South-east Asian countries are now experiencing remarkable economic growth in recent years. In hot and humid countries like Cambodia, air-conditioning equipments are becoming widely accepted. Because of the lack of fundamental data on Cambodian lifestyle and energy consumption, this paper first studies and estimates the amount of energy consumption of Cambodian houses in urban areas by questionnaire method, targeting the families living in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Then the amount of energy consumption of Cambodian houses is estimated by simulation analyses on typical two types of model houses. And the paper simulates many methods to decrease the amount of energy consumption, and proposes the most effective and realistic methods to mitigate the rapid increase of energy consumption in south-east Asian countries.

Domestic Wastewater Quality and Pollutant Loadings from Urban Housing Areas

Wetlands are important spawning and nursery ground for fish and prawns. However, wetlands have been reported to be polluted in different parts of the world. One of the pollution sources is domestic wastewater. Therefore, in this study, domestic wastewater quality was studied at three major housing areas. Samplings were conducted in three trips. Results showed that pH ranged from 6.64 to 7.31 and temperature ranged from 23.5 to 31.7 °C. DO values were low, that is, below 3.5 mg/L for all trips at all areas studied indicating that it was not suitable for aquatic life. Nutrients such as ammoniacal nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus of the housing areas ranged from 11.1 to 17.2 mg/L and 1.05 to 2.43 mg/L respectively. Biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids concentrations at all the housing areas exceeded the Standard B maximum permitted values of Effluent Discharge Standard of Environmental Quality Act 1974. Loadings of pollutants from housing areas in Kuching were computed. This study shows that domestic wastewater was low in DO, high in oxygen demand, high in solids and nutrients thus loading the rivers with pollutants. Therefore, domestic wastewater must be treated before being channeled to the adjacent water bodies to avoid eutrophication in the receiving water and to recover nutrients.

Urban spatial location advantage: The dual of the transportation problem and its implications for land-use and transport planning

Numerous recent studies have investigated the relationship between the location of jobs and housing in urban areas and how this relates to urban commuting patterns. Few have utilised the dual of the transportation problem of linear programming (TPLP) to provide insights into these relationships Accordingly, this analysis utilises the TPLP to determine dual variable values (shadow prices) for a study area in Dublin, Ireland. The approach determines the pattern of relative location advantage for the peak and off-peak travel periods and for public and private transport for 1991 and 2001. The results are set against the expected results for hypothetical urban structures. The results show that the pattern of relative location advantage has altered sharply over the study period for off-peak trip-making but has remained more or less the same for trip-making in the peak period. For the off-peak period, the pattern of relative location advantage has shifted from the central area to the periphery specifically for private transport trips; for public transport, the pattern has remained focused on the city centre. This indicates that private transport users can react more quickly to changes in the distribution of land-use activities than their public transport counterparts due to the relatively fixed nature of the latter mode. This implies that the public transport network needs to be reorganized to better reflect the revised pattern of trip-making specifically for the off-peak period. The results demonstrate the value of using the approach for providing information about the spatial organisation of land uses within cities and where future development may be targeted.

What is social sustainability? A clarification of concepts

Though the concept of sustainable development originally included a clear social mandate, for two decades this human dimension has been neglected amidst abbreviated references to sustainability that have focused on bio-physical environmental issues, or been subsumed within a discourse that conflated ‘development’ and ‘economic growth’. The widespread failure of this approach to generate meaningful change has led to renewed interest in the concept of ‘social sustainability’ and aspects thereof. A review of the literature suggests, however, that it is a concept in chaos, and we argue that this severely compromises its importance and utility. The purpose of this paper is to examine this diverse literature so as to clarify what might be meant by the term social sustainability and highlight different ways in which it contributes to sustainable development more generally. We present a threefold schema comprising: (a) ‘development sustainability’ addressing basic needs, the creation of social capital, justice and so on; (b) ‘bridge sustainability’ concerning changes in behaviour so as to achieve bio-physical environmental goals and; (c) ‘maintenance sustainability’ referring to the preservation – or what can be sustained – of socio-cultural characteristics in the face of change, and the ways in which people actively embrace or resist those changes. We use this tripartite of social sustainabilities to explore ways in which contradictions and complements between them impede or promote sustainable development, and draw upon housing in urban areas as a means of explicating these ideas.

The contribution of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) to improving accessibility of low-income earners to housing in southern Nigeria

Public–Private Partnership is a relatively new approach to housing provision and was introduced in Nigeria to address the burgeoning housing challenges. To date, little is known about the contribution of this approach to improving the chances of low-income earners in gaining access to decent and affordable housing in urban areas in this country. Based on data obtained from a survey of selected government housing agencies in six cities in southern Nigeria, this study found that the Public–Private-Partnership approach, like most previous public housing delivery strategies, has not made any significant contribution to housing low-income earners; rather it is skewed towards providing housing for high- and middle-income earners. This paper identifies the state-market structure of the Public–Private Partnerships and the absence of a National Policy on Public–Private Partnership in housing in Nigeria as being responsible for this development. It therefore suggests that the development and adoption of a uniform National Policy on Public–Private Partnership in housing, government provision of land at no cost to private developers, lowering of the high building standards, and incorporation of assisted-self-help and incremental housing into the Public–Private-Partnership housing delivery system will ensure better results.

The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Historic Urban Space: Areas of Urban Renewal in Istanbul

The state's role in recasting urban space in Turkey entered a new phase during the last decade. The key difference compared with the past is that the inner city has now become the main source of capital accumulation. Interventions based on the rationale of clearing away obsolescent urban space to encouraging capital accumulation by private investors have led to the loss not only of local incomes but also of the cultural capital of local inhabitants. In addition, historical urban housing areas are no longer seen as ‘common public assets’ and designated renewal areas are not viewed as society's common cultural capital. This paper focuses on restructuring policies in historical urban spaces in Istanbul, as authorised by the Law on Renewal enacted in 2005. This law essentially defines the designation of renewal areas, instructions for preliminary and application projects, and the processes of organization, management, supervision, participation, and use. The paper critically analyses the ways local municipalities have made the use of the new legal framework on the basis of four case studies from Istanbul; namely, Sulukule, Tarlabasi, Suleymaniye and Fener-Balat renewal areas.

Regeneration for sustainable communities? Barriers to implementing sustainable housing in urban areas

AbstractThis article outlines the key characteristics of sustainable housing, including environmental, economic and social dimensions. It uses these characteristics to assess housing and regeneration in Dublin since the early 1980s. While regeneration has improved some areas, there are a number of causes for concern. Barriers to achieving sustainable housing include the lack of a shared vision of sustainable housing, inadequate building regulations and non‐compliance with existing regulations, limited knowledge and expertise in green building methods, negative perceptions of higher density housing, poor quality designs, negative attitudes to social mix, an emphasis on demolition, a failure to recognize the need for social regeneration and limited resources. The article concludes that it is essential to target resources at enforcing building regulations, providing sufficient social and affordable housing as well as the social infrastructure required for sustainable communities, adequate management and maintenance, and retrofitting the unsustainable housing constructed in the past. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in a Random Sample of the Urban Population of Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study determines and analyzes the prevalence of Urinary Incontinence (UI) and its demographic and clinical predictors. This epidemiological and cross-sectional study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo, Nursing School. The sample was randomly selected by cluster technique and included 519 individuals aged≥18 years, living in 341 houses in urban areas. Data were analyzed through Chi-Square, Hosmer Lemeshow's test and multivariate logistic regression (stepwise). Prevalence rates were standardized by gender and age. Of the 519 people composing the sample: 20.1% had UI, 32.9% were women and 6.2% were men. Longer duration of losses (OR=29.3; p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR=17.7; p<0.001), stroke (OR=15.9; p<0.001), and cystocele (OR=12.5; p<0.001) were the factors most strongly associated with UI. This study enabled the identification of UI epidemiology and can contribute to the development of public policies for its primary and secondary prevention and treatment, even if such measures are initially implemented at the city level.

Dinamika Pemanfaatan Ruang Berbasis Kearifan Lokal di Kabupaten Buleleng Provinsi Bali

This Research is carried out in urban area and countryside of Buleleng regency. Generally, the aim of this study is to analyze the dynamic space exploitation based on local wisdom. Particularly. this research aims to: (1) analyze the difference of applying of local wise aspect in exploiting of regional room of countryside and lawn of custom society house in urban area and countryside, and factors that cause the difference of its applying and (2) solution of using custom countryside room and lawn of custom society house in urban area and countryside based on local wisdom. To reach the target designed research by using survey device, by using household as analysis unit. Household Sample is determined by proportional sampling random (145 sample). Data are collected through documentation technique, and interview of questioner. Then the data analyzed are through technique analyze qualitative. Research result out find differences of local wisdom applying in exploiting of regional room of countryside and lawn of house, and solution in exploiting of room base on local wisdom concept as materialization of human being interaction process with environment. Based on the research result, contribution that can be put forward: (1) contribution of theory: approach of countryside scale spatial and house made excellence of this research to express the difference of local wise applying in exploiting of regional room of countryside and lawn of house and (2) practical contribution: exploiting of room based on local wisdom can survive and sustain to influence modernize if custom society remains to tie with custom countryside. The concept of Tri Hita Karana as form of local wisdom form in utilizing adaptive room against change and growth of an era which is indicated with being compromise on Kahyangan Tiga as a soul of dwelling, territorial area as a village physical form and people who dwell there. This harmonious relation guarantee harmonious preserving environment.

The two ABCs of aided self-help housing in Ecuador

In 1998, a market-based programme called the Housing Incentives System (SIV) was introduced in Ecuador to promote low-income housing in urban areas. It was based on three components abbreviated as ABC: Ahorro (savings), Bono (subsidy) and Crédito (credit). Quantitative data suggest that the programme has been successful so far. Since 2007 the SIV programme has been adapted to improve access to low-cost housing in non-urban areas as well. For inhabitants in marginally urban and rural areas, the ‘C’ has been changed into Comunidad, meaning obliged communal work. This paper explores the territorial distinction embedded in the ABC formula. It is argued that the programme's duality presupposes socio-cultural distinctions between city and countryside that risk enhancing civic inequality, since it forces non-urban citizens to perform more duties than urban residents. The impact of territorial differentiation in housing policy will be interpreted from the point of view of non-urban applicants.

Using Noise Mapping to Evaluate the Percentage of People Affected by Noise

In noise mapping, the European Directive 2002/49/EC requires an estimation, to the nearest hundred, of the number of people living in dwellings that are exposed to different bands of Lden values in dB 4 m above the ground on the most exposed facade. Even though this methodology always overestimates the effects caused by noise, this estimation is accurate enough for detached or semidetached houses in urban areas. However, for large and tall buildings in urban configuration, this estimation could be confusing and even very vague. In fact, differences regarding the percentage of people affected by noise taken from an exact calculation and from European Directive criterion could be unacceptable. When facade noise map calculation is not possible, either due to being too time consuming or unavailability of software resources, estimating people affected by noise based on the nearest grid point approximation criterion is clearly preferable to the European Directive approach.

THE EFFECT OF COLOR COMBINATION OF EXTERNAL WALL ON VISUAL EVALUATION OF SUPER HIGH-RISE HOUSING

Considering the environmental harmonization and long-term values of super high-rise housing in urban area,the appearance of housing would need to be maintained for a long period on the condition of attractive and good looking. This study was examined in order to clear the effect of color properties of external wall on the visual evaluation of super high-rise building from the viewpoint on the value of the color area ratio and the color combination. The sensory tests were conducted by using the various color simulation panels of super high-rise housing. The appropriate color area ratio and color combination for improving the visual evaluation of super high-rise building was cleared and proposed.

‘Restoring Order’? Operation Murambatsvina and the Urban Crisis in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is experiencing a profound economic crisis, which has devastated the livelihoods of most of its urban population and created conditions of extreme poverty in its towns. Since independence, the state has generally adhered to housing policies that have made it both difficult and expensive for low-income urban residents to comply with legal housing requirements. However, in comparison to most other sub-Saharan African countries, in Zimbabwe the extent of illegal, freestanding urban housing areas has remained relatively limited, forcing many to house themselves in illegal backyard shacks within the plots of formal townships. These shacks were, to some extent, increasingly tolerated during the 1990s and early 2000s as poverty increased. Huge growth in informal employment has also accompanied the country's urban economic crisis. In mid-2005 the Zimbabwean government embarked on a far-reaching and unprecedented campaign within its towns; Operation Murambatsvina (‘Restore Order’) was designed to eradicate ‘illegal’ housing and informal jobs, which directly affected hundreds of thousands of poor urban residents. According to the government this drastic policy was necessary to eradicate illegal housing and activities from the cities although such justifications obscure far deeper economic and political causes. This article surveys and analyses this campaign with reference to trends in incomes, employment and housing and shifts, both apparent and real, in government policy towards these. The article emphasises the injustice of enforcing urban ’order’ when the symptoms of poverty thereby tackled have been forced upon the urban poor, and not chosen by them.

JOINT TITLING — A WIN-WIN POLICY? GENDER AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN CHANDIGARH, INDIA

This article extends the debate on gender and property rights that has previously focused on agricultural land in rural areas to housing in urban areas. Specifically, it explores the impact of joint titling of houses on women's empowerment in urban informal settlements in Chandigarh, India. Property rights increase women's participation in decision making, access to knowledge and information about public matters, sense of security, self-esteem, and the respect that they receive from their spouses. Women display a higher attachment to their houses than men, especially after getting joint titles, because houses play a valuable role in fulfilling women's practical and strategic gender needs. This increased attachment to the house helps reduce property turnover in regularized settlements, hence assisting the government in attaining its goals and making joint titling a win-win policy.

04/00997 Heating detached houses in urban areas: Gustavsson, L. and Karlsson, Å. Energy, 2003, 28, (8), 851–875

04/00997 Heating detached houses in urban areas: Gustavsson, L. and Karlsson, Å. Energy, 2003, 28, (8), 851–875

航空写真を活用した建築形態及び地域別の屋上緑化の潜在性に関する研究

In order to clarify the potentiality of roof greenery revaluating from such construction forms as the higher multistoried ferroconcrete building and the lower residential house in urban area, the research was conducted by analyzing from aerial photographs and GIS data, in Fukuoka City, Kyushu. As the study areas, from 3 different type zones such as the central business and office zone, residential housing zone and the mixed zone, each 2 sample areas were selected at totally 6. Since the weight capacity is controlled by the law, the potentiality of roof greenery was revalued according to each construction type, and suitable greenery way within using grand-cover plants or shrubs were adopted them. The results are as follows: It was become apparent that every 3 type areas showed the similar potentiality of roof greenery around 30% of each total ground area. Furthermore, in case of the central business and office zone, since there were many multistoried ferroconcrete buildings, 44.1% of the roof greenery potentiality showed a possibility of using shrubs. Even in the zones and the residential housing zones, roofs of school and shopping buildings were considered to be able to allow using shrubs.

Heating detached houses in urban areas

District heating systems using cogeneration, as well as local fuel-based and electric heating systems for detached houses, are analysed. The analysis includes the whole energy system, from the natural resource to the end user, with respect to primary energy use, emission and cost. The end-use technologies studied are heat pumps, resistance heaters and boilers. It was assumed that the base-load electricity, except for the cogenerated electricity, was produced in stand-alone power plants using wood chips or natural gas, while peak-load electricity and fuel used for transportation were produced from crude oil. The heat pump and district heating systems are found to be most energy efficient, followed by the local fuel-based systems. The wood-fuel-based systems emit about one tenth of the greenhouse gases emitted by the natural-gas-based systems. The sulphur and nitrogen oxide emission, however, is higher for wood-fuel-based systems. Systems based on natural gas are less expensive than the corresponding wood-fuel-based systems. Decarbonization and carbon dioxide sequestration, however, do not reduce the carbon dioxide emission to the low level of the wood-fuel-based systems and, in addition, make the natural-gas-based systems more expensive than the wood-fuel-based systems.

A study on excess attenuation of road traffic noise due to houses in urban area

A study on excess attenuation of road traffic noise due to houses in urban area

事業実績からみた密集住宅市街地における空間改善プログラムに関する研究

The methods of Citizen Participation of Improvement community planning using Improvement regulation for densely, urban housing areas are established in our country up to now, but on the other hand, the problems that the real spatial improvements are not able to develop smoothly have been pointed. In order to position Improvement regulation for densely urban housing area as one of the effective improvement regulations propelling Improvement community planning, it's necessary to verify it's posibility on the objective results of projects. In our study, the basic study to evaluate Spatial improvement Program, we analyzed the peculiar Spatial improvement Program on the objective results of projects in areas where Improvement regulations took place, and examined the posibility of Improvement regulation for densely urban housing area, which is the improvement regulation propelling the spatial improvements in the density residential areas.

Hazards and 'forced' migration in Bangladesh

This paper deals with two basic assumptions about migration patterns in Bangladesh. First, it is commonly assumed that poverty and landlessness in rural Bangladesh lead to migration to and settlement in disaster-prone areas along the main rivers or in low-lying areas in the Bay of Bengal. Second, it is also commonly assumed that when people living in these areas experience loss of land, property and income opportunities due to natural disasters, they are forced to seek their livelihood and housing in urban areas. These two assumptions are discussed on the basis of data from a char in Jamuna river and a slum settlement in Dhaka.