Household Poverty Status Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF POVERTY STATUS AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN CENTRAL ZONE OF PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the poverty status of farming households in Central Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting the respondents. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire and were analysed using both descriptive (percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (Foster, Greer and Thorbecke and Logistic regression). The results revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 40 years, most of the respondents were married with an average number of 5 persons per households, and relatively low-income level but well educated, it was also confirmed that the average annual income of the respondents was ₦148,855 generated as a result of relatively large farm sizes as indicated by the average farm size of 3.8ha. The finding further reveals that inadequate government support, non-accessibility to improved seeds alongside poor road network/reserves and inadequate healthcare facilities were the major causes of poverty among the respondents. The poverty status was found to be at a moderate poverty line with (2/3 MPCI) of ₦99,236.36 and a core poverty line (1/3 MPCI) of ₦49,618.18, while the poverty incidence and severity were found to be at 0.505 and 0.299 respectively. Some of the major constraints identified in the study area were; inadequate access to funds, security issues and inadequate seminars/workshops. Emanating from the findings it can be concluded that the factors influencing poverty statutes of the farming households were income, education level, age, household size and farming experience. Based on the constraints highlighted the study recommends, the need for government and other relevant stakeholders such as financial agencies and non-governmental organizations to provide support through provision of loans, grants, trainings and seminars on the use of novel technologies in agriculture to foster and boost production among the farming households most especially in the rural settlements.

Multidimensional poverty and small-scale mining in the shadow of large-scale mines in Papua New Guinea

In this paper, we introduce the novel concept of a ‘residual landscape’ to examine the effects of mine closure on local landscapes and lives. Drawing on our study of the abandoned Tolukuma Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea (PNG), we describe the experiences of the people who attempt to make a living from artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) on this residual landscape. We then present fieldwork data on the poverty status of households in Tolukuma based on the use and modification of the Oxford Multidimensional Poverty Index assessment tool. This data is offered against village level poverty assessments in comparable regions in PNG where mining induced impacts have likewise been studied. By attending to the residual landscape, and the livelihood activities occurring on this landscape, we challenge the large-scale bias evident in the literature on mining and highlight the spatial and temporal features of co-existence models driving debates within academic and policy literature on ASM. Importantly, the significant level of ASM activity occurring on the Tolukuma residual landscape provides an opportunity to re-think assumptions about the drivers and experiences of poverty. Specifically, we ask, is it possible for people who appear to be successfully harvesting gold to be categorically poor? And if so, how does this seemingly impossible situation arise? Our data demonstrates why poor people appear to favour large-scale mining despite the harms generated by these activities. We argue that the history of Tolukuma should be read as a cautionary tale for future resource projects noting the persistence of these residual effects throughout the operational and post-operational phase of the mine.

Impact of Child Subsidies on Child Health, Well-Being, and Investment in Child Human Capital: Evidence from Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2010–2017

This study evaluates the impact of introducing the Maternity Capital (MC) program—a child subsidy of 250,000 Rub (7,150 euros or 10,000 USD, in 2007)—provided to mothers giving birth to/adopting a second or subsequent child since January 2007. Eligible Russian families could use this subsidy to improve family housing conditions, fund child’s education/childcare, or invest in the mother’s retirement fund. This study evaluates the impact of MC eligibility on various child health and developmental outcomes, household consumption patterns, and housing quality. Using data from the representative Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2010–2017, I tested regression discontinuity models and found that MC eligibility may have led to a small improvement in child health status, which could be explained by improved housing conditions, particularly in rural areas. However, children living in MC-eligible families were also more likely to report reduced socialisation. Heterogeneity analysis by child gender, household poverty status, and urban/rural residence suggests that MC incentives may have had a differential impact on some analysed outcomes. Results are robust to different polynomial and nonparametric RDD specifications.

ASSOCIATION RULES IN RANDOM FOREST FOR THE MOST INTERPRETABLE MODEL

Random forest is one of the most popular ensemble methods and has many advantages. However, random forest is a "black-box" model, so the model is difficult to interpret. This study discusses the interpretation of random forest with association rules technique using rules extracted from each decision tree in the random forest model. This analysis involves simulation and empirical data, to determine the factors that affect the poverty status of households in Tasikmalaya. The empirical data was sourced from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data for West Java Province in 2019. The results obtained are based on simulation data, the association rules technique can extract the set of rules that characterize the target variable. The application of interpretable random forest to empirical data shows that the rules that most distinguish the poverty status of households in Tasikmalaya are house wall materials and the main source of drinking water, house wall materials and cooking fuel, as well as house wall materials and motorcycle ownership.

Identification and Model Application of Household Income Poverty and Asset Poverty in China

In order to measure the poverty status of Chinese households, the households were first identified under the income and asset criteria, then the incidence and gap rate of income poverty and asset poverty were analyzed by using the information of grouping variables. Finally, the prediction effect was analyzed by comparing the traditional model and the decision tree model, and the generated decision tree structure was used to reflect the internal poverty-causing variables of households. It provides some reference for displaying the poverty status of Chinese families and predicting the poverty status in the future.

Farm size limits agriculture's poverty reduction potential in Eastern India even with irrigation-led intensification.

Millions of people living in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of India engage in agriculture to support their livelihoods yet are income poor, and food and climate insecure. To address these challenges, policymakers and development programs invest in irrigation-led agricultural intensification. However, the evidence for agricultural intensification to lift farmers' incomes above the poverty line remains largely anecdotal. The main objective of this study is to use a large household survey (n=15,572; rice: 8244, wheat: 7328; 2017/18) to assess the link between agricultural intensification and personal daily incomes from farming (FPDI) in the rice-wheat systems of the EGP - the dominant cropping system of the region. We use the Intensification Benefit Index (IBI), a measure that relates farm size and household size to FPDI, to assess how daily incomes from rice-wheat production change with irrigation-led intensification across the EGP. Relative to the international poverty line of 1.90 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)$ day-1 and accounting for variations in HH size in the analysis, we found that small farm sizes limit the potential for agricultural intensification from irrigation to transform the poverty status of households in the bottom three quartiles of the IBI. The estimated median FPDI of households with intensified systems in the bottom three quartiles is only 0.51 PPP$ day-1 (a 0.15 PPP$ gain). The median FPDI increases to 2.10 PPP$ day-1 for households in the upper quartile of the IBI distribution (a 0.30 PPP$ gain). Irrigation-led agricultural intensification of rice-wheat systems in the EGP may provide substantial benefits for resilience to climatic change and food security but achieving meaningful poverty reduction will require complementary investments. Transforming the poverty status of most smallholder farmers in the EGP requires diversified portfolios of rural on- and off-farm income-generating opportunities. While bolstering food- and climate security, agronomic intervention programs should consider smallholders' limited monetary incentives to invest in intensification. Irrigation-led agricultural intensification programs and policies should explicitly account for the heterogeneity in household resources, irrigation levels, and degree of dependence on agricultural income.

Socio-economics characteristics, income inequality, and poverty status of female headed cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) farming households in federal capital territory, Nigeria

The study evaluated the socio-economic characteristics, income inequality and poverty status of female headed cassava farming households in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total sample size of three hundred and three (303) households from the two area councils. The data were analyze using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty index, Gini coefficients, Probit model analysis, and principal components analysis (Factor Analysis). From the results about 59.73% of the female headed cassava farming households were less than 50 years old. 31.35% of the female headed cassava farming household were married. The mean household size was about12.00 persons. The mean annual income was 374, 868 Naira. About 56.77% of the female headed cassava farming household were poor given a poverty line N9, 009.37. In addition, 76% of female headed cassava farming households fell into annual income of below N500, 000 and they control 40% of the market share. The Gini coefficient was calculated to be 0.62. Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) of the Probit Model shows that the coefficients of marital status (P<0.01), educational level (P<0.05), household size (P<0.01), income (P<0.1), and sources of livelihood (P<0.1) were the statistically and significant factors influencing poverty status among the female headed farming households in the study area. The results of the multinomial Logit model analysis show that the factors that statistically and significantly influencing the income inequality of female headed farming households in the study area, were coefficient of marital status (P<0.05), educational level (P<0.10), access to credit(P<0.05), and sources of livelihood (P<0.05) for low income earners. Educational level (P<0.01), access to credit (P<0.10) and farm size (P<0.01), were statistically and significant factors influencing income inequality or income distribution among high income earners among female headed farming households. Trading enterprise, cassava flour/garri processing, and palm/ groundnut oil pressing were major coping strategies employed by the female headed households to against poverty and income inequality. Based on the findings it was concluded that there was high income gap or income inequality among female headed farming households and they were poor. It was recommended that policies that will help create more credit access/programs in terms of loan at low interest rates for women should be implemented at all tiers of government to help mitigate and reduce the poverty among female headed household. Women should also be encouraged to diversify their sources of livelihood this will help them to have a relative equality or balance in their income levels all year round. Facilities should be made accessible to farmers, provision of rice processing equipment should be made available, more effort to empower women should be designed, contract farming and marketing should be encouraged, and information dissemination via communication devices for increased market participation and increased value sold among rice farmers should be a priority to eradicate poverty and improve livelihood.

Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) for handling imbalanced data in poverty classification

Poverty data in official statistics data is important for development planning. The lower percentage of the poor recorded yearly indicates good development of a country. Moreover, there is always a problem when performing an inferential and classification analysis because of the imbalanced data, thereby leading to biases in the estimation results and prediction errors in the classification. One of the solutions to this problem is using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the inference and classification quality using the binary logistic regression model without and with SMOTE. The data utilized was the poverty status of households in the rural and urban areas in East Java, Indonesia as contained in the 2019 National Socio-Economic Survey. Furthermore, the variables used are poverty status of the household, the age of the household head (HH), the ratio of household members who are employed, gender of the HH, number of household members, education level of HH, and occupation of the HH. It was concluded that the model with SMOTE approach was better at inference and classifying the results.

The longitudinal association between asthma severity and physical fitness among new York City public school youth

Severe persistent childhood asthma is associated with low physical activity and may be associated with poor physical fitness. Research on the asthma severity-fitness association longitudinally and across sociodemographic subgroups is needed to inform fitness interventions targeting youth with asthma. We evaluated the relationship between asthma severity (categorized as severe, mild, or no asthma) and subsequent fitness in New York City (NYC) public school youth enrolled in grades 4–12 using the NYC Fitnessgram dataset (2010–2018). Longitudinal mixed models with random intercepts were fit to test the association between asthma severity and one-year lagged fitness z-scores by clustering repeated annual observations at the student level. Models were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, grade level, poverty status, time, and stratified by sociodemographic factors. The analytic sample included 663,137 students (51% male; 31% non-Hispanic Black, 40% Hispanic; 55% in grades 4–8, 70% high poverty; 87%, 11% and 1% with no, mild, and severe asthma, respectively). Students with severe asthma and mild asthma demonstrated −0.19 (95% CI, −0.20 to −0.17) and − 0.10 (95% CI, −0.11 to −0.10), respectively, lower fitness z-scores in the subsequent year relative to students without asthma. After stratifying by demographics, the magnitude of the asthma severity-fitness relationship was highest for non-Hispanic white vs. all other racial/ethnic subgroups, and was similar across sex, grade level, and household poverty status. Overall, we observed an inverse longitudinal relationship between asthma severity and subsequent fitness among urban youth, particularly non-Hispanic Whites. Future research should examine how neighborhood-level factors impact the asthma severity-fitness relationship across racial/ethnic subgroups.

Intra-year employment instability and economic well-being among urban households: Mitigating effects of the social safety net

Labor market structures and job characteristics have changed in the United States over the last few decades – often making work more unpredictable. Employment instability, or job churning, may have distinct consequences for households’ economic well-being. Meanwhile, American social policies have shifted from cash-based benefits toward in-kind and work-conditioned programs. Yet, we know little about how social programs buffer the financial hardships imposed by economic shocks due to job churning. This paper harnesses novel data collected at 3-month intervals to study the associations between household members’ employment trajectories and (1) household income packages, (2) poverty status, and (3) material hardships, paying particular attention to whether government benefit receipt buffers against the adverse financial consequences of unstable employment. We find that consistent unemployment is most strongly associated with low income and poverty but not material hardship. Unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households and experienced only job losses are significantly more likely to experience material hardship than consistently employed households. Our results also suggest that cash transfers effectively buffer against the negative impact of persistent unemployment, while in-kind transfers appear more important for unstably employed households, particularly those that are single-adult headed households. Together, these results highlight the roles and extent of impacts of cash, in-kind benefits, and the tax system, which can inform future policy recommendations in an age of high levels of economic insecurity.

COVID-19 Social Assistance Program and Poverty: Evidence from Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic and policy response caused widespread disruptions to Indonesia's economy. Besides prioritizing saving people's lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government's focus is also to minimize the negative economic impact of the pandemic, including allocating social assistance programs to support household well-being. This study examines the role of COVID-19 social assistance programs in protecting households from falling into poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a longitudinal dataset from SUSENAS March and September 2020, this study employs difference-in-difference estimation with a conditional logit model to estimate the impact of COVID-19 social assistance programs on household poverty status. The result shows that the COVID-19 social assistance programs positively prevent households from becoming poor during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The predictive role of caregiver's language richness in child development outcomes in rural China

There is rich literature on the predictive role of the caregiver's language richness in child development outcomes during caregiver-child interaction. However, it is unclear whether this is true in rural China, where many young children are still not developing to their fullest potential. Our study supplements the current evidence in rural China by answering three questions. First, is the rural caregiver's language richness associated with child development outcomes? Second, do different child characteristics, caregiver characteristics, and household poverty status affect the relationship between caregiver language richness and early child development outcomes? Third, does the caregiver's language suitability moderate the association between language richness and child development outcomes? We observed and recorded 10-minute-long videos of 591 rural children aged 6–30 months and their primary caregiver dyads in a free toy play session and collected their social-demographic information. Trained coders coded videotaped interactions to obtain measurements of the caregiver's language richness and suitability. Children were assessed for cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional development. A multivariate linear regression model adjusted for covariates was used to estimate the association between the caregiver's language richness and child development outcomes. Interaction terms were then added to the adjusted model to explore the moderating role of caregivers’ language suitability, child characteristics, caregiver characteristics, and household poverty status. The caregiver's language richness is positively associated with the child's cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional development. The association is more pronounced for children who are boys, in later toddlerhood, or from registered poverty households. In addition, we found that the caregiver's language suitability could enhance the association between language richness and child development outcomes.

Financial burden and health-seeking behaviors related to chronic diseases under the National Health Insurance Scheme in Bolikhamxay Province, Lao PDR: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundChronic diseases pose a serious threat to health and longevity worldwide. As chronic diseases require long periods of treatment and may become serious conditions, the ensuing financial burden is often worse than that for non-chronic diseases. In 2016, the Lao PDR implemented the National Health Insurance (NHI) system, which covers select provinces. However, data on health service accessibility and the financial burden on households, especially those with chronically ill members covered by the NHI, are scarce.MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional design. Data collection was conducted in Bolikhamxay province (population = 273,691), from January 15 to February 13, 2019. In total, 487 households, selected through stratified random sampling, were surveyed via questionnaire-based interviews. Healthcare service usage and financial burden were examined.ResultsA total of 370 households had at least one member with self-reported health issues within the last 3 months prior to the interview, while 170 had at least one member with a chronic condition. More than 75% of the households accessed a health facility when a member experienced health problems. The majority of households (43.2%) spent the maximum value covered by the NHI, but households in the second largest group (21.4%) spent 10 times the maximum value covered by the NHI. The prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure (i.e., health-related expenditure equivalent to > 20% of total income) was 25.9% (20% threshold) and 16.2% (40% threshold). Through logistic regression, we found that the major factors determining financial catastrophes owing to health problems were household members with chronic illness, hospitalization, household poverty status, household size (for both the 20 and 40% thresholds), visiting a private facility (20% threshold), and distance from the province to the referral hospital (40% threshold).ConclusionsThe NHI system has had a positive effect on households’ access to health facilities. However, catastrophic health expenditure remains high, especially among chronically ill patients. Facilities under the NHI system should be improved to provide more services, including care for chronic conditions.

The determinants of household poverty: the case of berehet woreda, amhara regional state, Ethiopia

Nowadays, poverty is one of the most important issues that needs due attention in many developing countries like Ethiopia. Nonetheless, poverty in Ethiopia remains widespread in both rural and urban areas. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the determinants and status of poverty in Berehet Woreda. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey. To conduct the study, a sample of 384 households was selected using a stratified simple random sampling technique. Foster Greer Thorbecke’s Poverty Index was used to examine the extent and severity of poverty in the Woreda. Accordingly, about 36% of households in Woreda live below the poverty line, with an average poverty gap of 12% and poverty severity of about 7%. The binary logit model showed that household education status, dependency ratio, residential area, and access to credit were statistically significant in determining household poverty status. Since the poverty situation in Woreda was worse than the national average, the regional government should prioritize this Woreda and develop a special type of projects especially in rural areas that can lift the majority of the poor out of poverty.

Determinants Of Women’s Employment Participation Who Have Toddler In East Java During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The current COVID-19 pandemic situation has had an unfavorable impact on Indonesia's employment issues, especially women's employment. Women's work participation is needed to help improve the family's economy during the pandemic. The presence of toddler the household will affect a woman's decision to enter the labor market, because women are faced with a choice between raising children or working. Using Susenas 2021 data, this study aims to exemine the determinants of women's work participation who have toddler in East Java during the Covid 19 pandemic. Based on the results of binary logistic regression, it is known that age, education, area of residence, internet use, household poverty status, husband's employment status in East Java have a significant effect on the participation of women who have toddler in East Java during the Covid 19 pandemic. While the number of members has no significant effect. From this research, it is necessary to implement policies that make it easier for women with toddlers to enter the labor market that favors mothers with working toddlers such as policies on working time, sick leave, maternity leave, and exclusive breastfeeding.

Multidimensional poverty alleviation effect of different rural land consolidation models: A case study of Hubei and Guizhou, China

Eradicating all forms of poverty is the goal of sustainable development in the world, and the problem of returning to poverty has received widespread attention from international organizations and various countries around the world. Rural land consolidation (RLC) has achieved sustainable land use by combining with land system reform and policy innovation, thus RLC has become an important means to consolidate the achievements of poverty eradication in China. Under the sustainable livelihood approach, this study reveals the pathways to alleviate multidimensional relative poverty of different RLC models. Based on questionnaire data of rural households from poor areas of Guizhou and Hubei provinces in China, this study constructs a multidimensional poverty indices (MPI), including five dimensions of relative poverty measurement indicators (income, education, livelihood, housing, and employment) and the corresponding critical values, and measures the multidimensional relative poverty status of rural households as well as the change before and after RLC. In addition, the effects of multidimensional poverty reduction of different RLC models on poor households were investigated by the quasi-experimental PSM-DID method. The results show that different RLC models exhibit different poverty reduction effects. A comprehensive analysis of the multidimensional relative poverty indices demonstrates that public-private partnership (PPP) model of RLC can significantly alleviate poverty status of rural household, whereas the government-led model has no significant multidimensional poverty reduction effects. The investigation of each of five dimensions reveals that the PPP model has a significant poverty reduction effect on all the five dimensions (income, education, livelihood, housing, and employment), but the government-led model has a significant poverty reduction effect only on income dimension. Accordingly, this study proposes related policy recommendations, which provides Chinese experience for other developing countries to formulate RLC poverty alleviation strategies.

The Effects of the Transmigration Programme on Poverty Reduction in Indonesia’s Gorontalo Province: A Multidimensional Approach

The transmigration program in Gorontalo Province plays an important role in poverty reduction. The districts of Gorontalo and Boalemo, as a part of Gorontalo Province, were purposefully selected as research locations. A total of 240 respondents of transmigrant and local households were interviewed using a questionnaire containing a list of questions with a 5-Likert scale. The objectives of this research are: (1) to measure the multidimensional poverty level of transmigrant and local households, (2) to determine the impact of the transmigration program on poverty reduction and (3) to identify the factors that influence poverty status of transmigrant and local households. The results show that the poverty level of transmigrant households tends to be lower than local households. The longer the placement of transmigration, the more likely it is to reduce regional poverty levels. The health dimension has a high contribution to the cause of poverty of transmigrants, while the education dimension contributes to the highest cause of poverty of local households. The results of the analysis also show that farmers who are more educated, participate in skills training and have a side business have more opportunity to reduce poverty. The study confirms that the transmigration program has a significant impact on poverty reduction in the region.

Analyzing the status of multidimensional poverty of rural households by using sustainable livelihood framework: policy implications for economic growth.

Poverty is a multifaceted and location-based issue that cannot be quantified using monetary metrics alone. This study aims to evaluate the multidimensional poverty status of poor households in Ha Giang province, Vietnam, by using the DFID (Department for International Development) sustainable livelihood framework, an integrating technique for spatial recognition of multidimensional poverty, was developed and deployed to conduct a county-level poverty assessment in rural Vietnam. The multidimensional poverty standard is considered a novel approach to assess poverty, identify causes of poverty, and encourage poor households to sustainably escape poverty. A household survey was conducted in three rural districts, namely Dong Van, Hoang Su Phi, and Bac Quang in Ha Giang province, Vietnam, during 2016 to 2021. The results of the study show that surveyed households are deficient in all five main sources of livelihood, in which the three most deficient capital sources are natural capital, social capital, and financial capital. The findings revealed that the majority of farming households were classified as multidimensionally poor. The multidimensionally poor regions were not only poorer in single-dimensional and aggregate ratings than the income-poor and recognized poor regions, but they also had several vulnerabilities and insecurity. The assessment of multidimensional poverty, by distinguishing the poor, marginalized, and dispossessed dimensions, should be extremely beneficial for each region to design and execute poverty reduction programs accordingly, and it would contribute to improving the persistence of alleviating poverty. The article also proposes a number of sustainable poverty reduction measures, in which the root is to improve the spirit of self-raising to escape poverty of households.

Poverty status of rural households in Nigeria: a gendered perspective

PurposePoverty is endemic in rural Nigeria and gender disparity in access to productive resources is a major cause of poverty in the area. Poverty status of rural households along gender line was, therefore, investigated in this study.Design/methodology/approachPanel data from 2010/2011 (wave 1) and 2015/2016 (wave 3) of the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) for Nigeria were used for the study. Data were analysed using Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty indices and binomial panel logistic model.FindingsPoverty measures for women-led households in farming activities were 58.5, 27.8 and 17.1%; men-led farming households had 59.8, 27.4 and 16.3% gender-neutral had 56.8%, 27 and 16.9% in the first panel. Poverty indices increased in the women-led and men-led farming households in the second panel. Poverty incidence was higher amongst farming households than the non-farming counterparts. Correlates of poverty status differ amongst the gender-groups were household size, farming, tertiary education, access to credit and geographical locations.Originality/valueGender disparity is perceived in this study along the line of differences in gender composition of rural households. A gender-blind approach to poverty alleviation programmes likely will not enhance reduced poverty in rural Nigeria. Closing the gender poverty gap will ensure achievement of the first sustainable development goal of poverty eradication.

Causal inference for time-varying treatments in latent Markov models: An application to the effects of remittances on poverty dynamics

To assess the effectiveness of remittances on the poverty level of recipient households, we propose a causal inference approach that may be applied with longitudinal data and time-varying treatments. The method relies on the integration of a propensity score based technique, the inverse propensity weighting, with a general latent Markov (LM) framework. It is particularly useful when the outcome of interest is a characteristic that is not directly observable, and the analysis is focused on: (i) clustering units in a finite number of classes according to this latent characteristic and (ii) modelling the evolution of this characteristic across time depending on the received treatment. Parameter estimation is based on a two-step procedure. First, individual propensity score weights are computed accounting for predetermined covariates. Then, a weighted version of the standard LM model likelihood, based on such weights, is maximised by means of an expectation-maximisation algorithm or, alternatively, adopting a stepwise procedure. Finite-sample properties of the proposed estimators are studied by simulation. The application is focused on the effect of remittances on the poverty status of Ugandan households, based on a longitudinal survey spanning the period 2009–2014, and where manifest variables are indicators of deprivation. We find that remittances reduce the probability of falling into poverty, whereas they exert no impact on the probability of moving out of poverty.