Household Head Research Articles

The roles of urban agriculture to household food security: a case study in Kirkos sub-city, Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia

IntroductionThe main objective of the study was to explore the contribution of urban agriculture (UA) to the household food security of urban farmers in Addis Ababa, using Kirkos Subcity as a case study.MethodsBoth quantitative and qualitative research approaches were employed to ascertain and describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The data collection involved surveys and interviews with urban farmers.ResultsThe study revealed that 48.2% of respondents were food secure, while 23.1% and 28.7% were mildly or moderately food insecure, respectively. Additionally, 33.8% of respondents believed that urban agriculture helped them meet their daily food needs, while the remaining respondents felt it was insufficient. Approximately 47.2% of respondents reported that UA helped them meet their food requirements year-round, whereas 22.6% said it was unable to cover their year-round needs. Most respondents indicated that their income increased due to engaging in urban agriculture. Furthermore, 72.3% of respondents had access to land resources for urban agriculture, while 27.7% did not have access to land. The ordinal logistic regression model indicated that age, family size, formal education, household head, monthly income, marital status, educational level, main income source, farming experience, land access, and market access were statistically significant predictors of household food security.DiscussionThe prevalence of food insecurity among urban households engaged in agriculture highlights the need for additional support and increased intensity of various types of urban agriculture. Policymakers should consider integrating urban agriculture into urban planning strategies to enhance food security and resilience in urban areas.

Barriers to Hermetic Bag Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers in Malawi

Hermetic grain storage bags are an airtight technology that protects stored grain from environmental factors, pests, and pathogens, with proven feasibility for smallholder farmer use. We examined the determinants and barriers to the use of these bags by smallholder farmers in Malawi and found that 83% of farmers were aware of hermetic bags for grain storage, but only 11–20% had ever used them, with half of the farmers who used the bags receiving them through donations. Furthermore, only 7.2% of farmers used the bags more than once. There was no association between their receipt of donated bags and their continued use and purchase of additional bags. There were, however, strong correlations between use of hermetic bags and the age of the head of household, distance to farmer groups’ meeting points, household size, and participation in a CIP-sponsored project. Focus group discussions identified key barriers to adopting hermetic bags, including local unavailability, perceived high cost, limited knowledge of the technology, low yields, and misconceptions about the utility of the bags. Thus, while donations play a central role in introducing hermetic bags, donations alone are insufficient in ensuring their long-term adoption. Addressing the identified barriers through improved availability, reduced costs, local manufacturing, and policy interventions such as microfinancing options and better distribution networks are essential to increasing the uptake of hermetic bags by smallholder farmers in Malawi and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.

Violence Against Women in Lake Victoria Zone: A Case of Tarime District, Tanzania

Violence against women is a global challenge affecting the survivors of violence, their families, and the country at large. While the prevention of violence against women is inevitable for the wellbeing of a nation, yet its preventive measures are vested in the hands of entities with limited capacity to handle it. This study was conducted in Tarime, a district located in the Lake Victoria Zone, to investigate violence against women. Specifically, the study examined the women’s experience of violence, the determinants of violence against women, and analysed the current preventive mechanism. A random sample of 97 households was used. All women aged 15 years and above were interviewed from these households, making a total of 149 interviewees. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and binary regression techniques. Findings revealed that nearly all women had experienced at least some form of violence in their lifetime, and a substantial proportion of women experienced violence in the past 12 months before the period of this survey. The less targeted, less extreme, and violent acts which lacked substantial public discourse were mostly reported to have been experienced by most women. Violence was more severe among women aged between 20-34; an increase in age by one year, as well as being a child to the household head, decreased the likelihood of respondents reporting to have experienced violent acts. Protection committees were not created as proposed by NPA- VAWC. Based on the findings, this study recommends increasing programmes of awareness creation for community transformation, establishing protection entities as per NPA-VAWC guidelines, designing and using strategies and action plans to guide implementation, enhancing the capacity of local leaders to handle violence cases, and establishing a harmonised system for capturing currently unreported incidences of violence cases.

Determinants of Market Outlet Choices for Irish Potato Production among Smallholder Farmers in Mbeya District, Tanzania

The study examined the determinants of market outlet choices among smallholder Irish potato growers in Mbeya District. A two-stage random sampling method was used to select 288 smallholder farmers for primary data collection. The data were analysed using Stata version 15, and the multivariate probit model was applied to assess the factors influencing market outlet selection. The findings showed that the probability of Irish potato farmers choosing blocker, wholesaler, local, and retailer outlets was 32.1%, 31.6%, 28.5%, and 22.3%, respectively. This indicates that blockers were the most commonly chosen outlets, while retailers were the least preferred. The joint probability of farmers opting for all four market outlets was 0.6%, lower than the likelihood of not selecting all four outlets (16.7%). The multivariate probit model results revealed that several factors, including the age of the household head, education level, farm size, distance to the nearest market, availability of market information, access to extension services, and access to credit, had significant effects on farmers' market outlet choice behaviour. Based on these findings, the study recommended improving the current production systems, encouraging farmers to adopt intensive cultivation methods, and ensuring better prices for farmers as important strategies for making informed market outlet decisions. Furthermore, the study emphasised the need for policy measures that strengthen infrastructure development, such as creating market centres closer to farmers' locations and promoting farmers' groups to facilitate better market access.

Determinants of Women Empowerment: Case of Refugee Women Living in Nairobi Kenya

This study investigates the determinants of women empowerment among refugee women living in Nairobi, Kenya. First, the study constructs an index to examine empowerment drivers using data from the Refugee and Host Household Survey (RHHS) 2021. A fractional logit regression model was employed in the study. The results obtained show that the incidence of refugee women empowerment among refugees living in Nairobi was six percent. In addition, the study finds evidence that age; the gender of the household head; the education level of the refugee woman; employment status; and the education of the household head play substantial roles in enabling women empowerment. Conversely, marital statuses (divorced/separated/widowed and single/never married) and religious affiliations (Muslim) hinder women empowerment. Efforts geared towards improving wage employment and education are likely to empower refugee women. The study emphasizes the recognition of the role played by women in household income through care work.

The Role of Women Employments on Reduction of Poverty Among Female Headed Household in Tanzania

The Role of Women Employments on Reduction of Poverty Among Female Headed Household in Tanzania

Relationship Between Household Food Security And Nutritional Status Of Toddlers In Flood-Prone Areas Of Surakarta

Flooding poses numerous negative consequences, particularly for the food security of households in areas prone to flooding. The nutritional health of children under five is directly affected by household food security, highlighting the strong connection between the two. The study was carried out in flood-prone areas within the Pasar Kliwon District of Surakarta, specifically in the villages of Sangkrah and Semanggi. This observational research used a proportional random sampling method to select participants. The respondents were heads of households or mothers, along with their children under five years of age. The collected data includes socio-economic factors such as income, gathered through interviews using a questionnaire. The HFIAS questionnaire was employed to assess household food security, while nutritional status was evaluated through anthropometric measurements. Z-scores were calculated using the WHO-Antro software, with WAZ and BAZ indicators serving to assess nutritional status. Statistical analyses, including the Fisher Exact test and Chi-Square test, were applied to examine correlations between variables. The results indicate that most households participating in this study are classified as food secure, and the majority of children under five are neither underweight nor wasted. While a positive link was identified between household income and food security, no significant correlation was observed between income and the nutritional status of children under five, as measured by WAZ or BAZ scores. Additionally, no relationship was found between household food security and the nutritional status of children under five based on WAZ or BAZ assessments.

Comparative assessment of costs of household trips to healthcare facilities in contiguous riverine regions in Rivers State, Nigeria

Physical access to neighbourhood facilities for utilization depends on distance, time and cost factors in relation to location characteristics. In this study the costs of accessing healthcare facilities in island riverine contiguous regions of Rivers State, Nigeria were considered. The study employed the survey research design following quantitative approach for data collection and analyses. Furthermore, the multistage sampling technique employed and 30% (66) communities of total communities of 223 in the study area was purposively determined. Also sample size of (56,131) households was obtained from total population of 305, 289 of the study area as provided by 1991 National Population Census data by application of Krejcie and Morgan Model (1970) principle and 5 persons average household considered. Finally, the random sampling technique was used in selection of communities for administration of questionnaires in the study area. A total of 382 respondents (household heads) were interviewed including key informants (government agencies and professionals). Other survey tools used were photographs, observations, Stock-watch and Geographic Positioning System (GPS) Speedometer. 328 questionnaires were retrieved from the field and considered valid for analysis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Hypotheses were tested by the application of the multi regression model. It was found in traveling for healthcare, an aggregate of 21.4% of household members in the region monthly made trips in communities with and without PHC facilities with multi-modal transport systems at varied costs.

Study on the Impact of Loans from the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on the Income of Poor Households in Binh Lieu district, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam

Binh Lieu district, Quang Ninh province. It synthesizes previous research and highlights the effects of microcredit on the income of poor households. Building on this foundation, the author investigates the current lending practices of the Social Policy Bank in Binh Lieu district toward poor households in the area. Utilizing the Cobb–Douglas production function and applying Stata software, the author evaluates the impact of loans from the Social Policy Bank on poor households' income. The analysis results indicate that factors such as the age of the household head, loan amount, number of household members, number of laborers, educational level of the household head, household assets, interest rates, and the region where the poor household resides have significant impacts on their income. Based on the study's findings using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the article proposes several policy recommendations to further enhance the bank's lending activities to poor households, with the aim of helping them expand production, improve income, and enhance living standards.

Service Accessibility and Wellbeing in Amman’s Neighborhoods: A Comparative Study of Abdoun Al-Janoubi and Al-Zahra

Amman, the capital of Jordan, has undergone significant urbanization over the past seventy years, evolving from a small village into the nation’s largest city. This rapid growth has led to unpredictable population increases, creating socioeconomic disparities and affecting residents’ access to services and overall wellbeing. This study investigates the impact of service accessibility on wellbeing in two neighborhoods of Amman: Abdoun Al-Janoubi and Al-Zahra. Data were gathered from 492 household heads through structured interviews and systematic sampling. The study analyzed accessibility factors such as safety, convenience, comfort, and esthetics, and their influence on residents’ wellbeing, defined by positive emotions, social relationships, and overall life meaning. The results indicate a robust correlation between service accessibility and resident wellbeing, with Abdoun Al-Janoubi demonstrating superior accessibility and higher wellbeing compared to Al-Zahra. Key insights are illustrated, with data supporting the idea that enhanced urban service access improves quality of life. Safety and esthetics are critical factors, while comfort is less significant. Abdoun Al-Janoubi’s favorable attributes lead to higher wellbeing scores. Recommendations for urban planners include improving Al-Zahra’s infrastructure, enhancing esthetics, and optimizing public transport. Community organizations should promote social engagement, while local governments need to adjust zoning laws and upgrade public amenities.

Examine The Role Played by International Actors in Providing Psycho-Social Support to GBV Survivors in Nakivale Refugee Settlement.

This study examines the role of international actors in providing psychosocial support to survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) in the Nakivale Refugee Settlement. Employing a pragmatic research philosophy, a mixed-methods approach was utilized, integrating both qualitative and quantitative data to gain a comprehensive understanding of the psychosocial challenges faced by refugees. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 166 participants, including 151 household heads and key informants such as local leaders and NGO representatives. Results revealed that an overwhelming 87% of respondents reported being psychologically affected by GBV, underscoring the urgent need for effective psychosocial interventions. The data indicated that 45.2% of survivors benefited from psychosocial support, enabling them to resume normal lives after experiencing depression. However, significant gaps remain, including economic instability and limited access to legal services, which hinder recovery and reintegration efforts. The findings highlight the critical importance of coordinated efforts among international actors, local governments, and community organizations to enhance the effectiveness of psychosocial support for GBV survivors. Recommendations include strengthening multi-sectoral collaboration, improving access to legal services, and addressing underlying socio-economic factors contributing to GBV in refugee contexts. This study contributes to the discourse on GBV in humanitarian settings and emphasizes the need for sustained investment in mental health and psychosocial services.

Understanding smallholder decision‐making to increase farm tree diversity: Enablers and barriers for forest landscape restoration in Western Kenya

Abstract Integrating diverse trees and shrubs (hereafter ‘trees’) in agricultural landscapes has emerged as a crucial nature‐based solution to the triple challenge of biodiversity loss, climate change and food security. The potential benefits of on‐farm trees for both people and nature, however, are often constrained by inadequate consideration of local socio‐ecological factors and an overall lack of species diversity. A deeper understanding of what drives farmers' decision‐making in diversifying farm trees is needed to ensure that scaling up tree‐based restoration efforts in smallholder landscapes delivers the promised benefits locally and globally. We conducted surveys with 620 smallholder farmers across Vihiga County in Western Kenya using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to investigate potential drivers of smallholder intentions to grow more diverse woody plants on their farms. Data was analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). We found that farmers were more likely to diversify on‐farm trees if they had completed education beyond secondary school, derived all their income from their farms, were household heads and were among the wealthiest 20% of farmers. Our results revealed that farmers' decisions about increasing tree diversity were also influenced by socio‐psychological factors, namely their past experiences, the perceived behaviour and opinions of other farmers, their confidence in their ability to increase tree diversity, and their attitudes toward the expected outcomes of growing a wider range of tree species. Key barriers preventing farmers from diversifying were concerns about attracting harmful wildlife, decreasing soil fertility, small farm sizes, lack of time and knowledge, and certain cultural beliefs about planting trees. Synthesis and applications. Understanding the factors influencing farmers' intentions to increase tree diversity on their farms has substantial implications for the success of nature‐based solutions in Western Kenya and other densely populated smallholder landscapes. Addressing the identified barriers and enablers is crucial to design targeted interventions to promote sustainable tree diversification practices among smallholders to bolster local livelihoods and food security while contributing to biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Quality of antenatal care services in Afghanistan: findings from the national survey 2022–2023

BackgroundThe optimum use of antenatal care (ANC) services can reduce pregnancy-related complications and deaths. However, there is limited information on the quality of ANC services in Afghanistan. This study aimed to assess the quality of ANC services and examine the influence of sociodemographic factors on the quality of ANC services received by pregnant women in Afghanistan.MethodsThis study analyzed the data from the 2022–23 Afghanistan Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS), including 9,243 ever-married women aged 15–49 years who had given birth two years prior to the survey. ANC quality was classified as "good" if a woman had at least four ANC visits, initiated ANC during the first trimester, and received all four essential ANC services. Binary logistic regression was employed to examine the likelihood of receiving good-quality ANC across various sociodemographic variables.ResultsOnly 6.2% of women received good-quality ANC. Factors significantly associated with receiving good-quality ANC included woman’s secondary (AOR:1.87, 95%CI: 1.33–2.63) and higher education levels (AOR: 1.75, 95%CI: 1.01–3.03), household head’s higher education level (AOR:1.63, 95%CI: 1.11–2.40), and wealth status (1.71, 2.26, 1.92, and 1.97 higher odds of receiving good-quality ANC for 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th as compared to 1st quintiles of wealth, respectively).ConclusionThe low utilization of good-quality ANC among women in Afghanistan, particularly among those at lower wealth status, with low education levels, underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve access and utilization of antenatal care services.

Early‐Life Famine Experience and Households’ Diversity of Financial Asset Portfolio: Evidence From China

ABSTRACTObjectiveBased on imprinting theory, this study investigates the impact of famine experience on household portfolio diversification, focusing on the three core elements of imprint formation: sensitive period, environmental imprint, and lasting impact.MethodUsing data from the 2013–2019 China Household Finance Survey, we examine how early‐life famine experience affects household investment choices by applying ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordered probit models.ResultsWe find that household heads who experienced famine during childhood tend to hold more stocks and other risky financial assets, leading to more diverse investment portfolios. Further, the impact of famine experience is greater in urban areas and for households with low levels of education and financial literacy. Mechanism analyses reveal that famine experience leads to risk aversion, which increases the diversity of household investments. However, the effect of famine experience weakens over time as the gap between experience and survey period grows.ConclusionThe study offers new insights into how early‐life famine experience shapes household investment behaviors. The findings deepen our understanding of how psychological factors, rooted in early adversities, influence financial portfolio choices, contributing to both upper echelons theory and behavioral finance research.

Cross-Sectional Analysis of Household Food Demand in Estuaire Gabon: A Near-Ideal Quadratic Demand System Approach

Gabon depends heavily on food imports to safeguard its food security; yet household food consumption patterns remain underexplored. This study investigates the structure of food demand in the Estuaire region, incorporating demographic determinants such as the age of the household head, household size, youth proportion, and residential distance from shopping centers. Using primary data collected from a randomized survey of 410 households, the analysis employs the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to estimate expenditure and price elasticities. The results indicate that expenditure elasticities are universally positive, with luxury items, including meat, eggs, and fish, exhibiting greater sensitivity compared to staple foods such as poultry, oil, rice, cassava, and bananas, which display inelastic demand. Price elasticities for meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and rice are negative, adhering to the law of demand. Demographic factors, including education, age, and residential location, significantly influence the consumption of meat, cassava, bananas, and oil. Household size, employment type, and youth composition also emerge as critical determinants of increased demand for poultry, fish, and rice. These findings offer policy-relevant insights to strengthen food security and address socioeconomic disparities.

Impact of Remittances on Spending Behavior and Work Choices in Thai Households: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Remittances from migrants are essential for left-behind families in impoverished areas of developing countries. This paper uses data from the Thailand Household Socio-Economic Survey 2019 (HSES 2019) to quantitatively assess the impact of remittances on household spending behavior and their choice of labor force participation via a propensity score matching technique. An attempt is made to examine whether the outcome varies with the household head’s gender. It is estimated that 2.1 million households, 10% of Thai households, have received remittances from migrants in 2019. Remittance-receiving households reduce spending share on food and allocate the funds toward spending related to durable goods, healthcare, and education. The impact of remittances on productive consumption is more pronounced among female-headed households than male-headed households. Moreover, remittances slightly reduce the labor force participation of female household heads but have no impact on the labor force participation of male household heads. Fiscal policy that encourages sending remittances to families left behind should be established, along with measures that promote international migration through formal channels.

Household dietary diversity and associated factors in rural and peri-urban areas of Mbale District, Eastern Uganda

BackgroundGlobally, the importance of dietary diversity in addressing malnutrition and promoting overall health is increasingly being recognized. However, increasing urbanization has led to shifts in dietary preferences, food consumption patterns, and a greater reliance on less nutritious processed foods. Efforts to address these challenges have been futile, as nutrition in peri-urban areas often receives less attention, with food and nutrition insecurity typically seen as a rural issue. This study, therefore, examined dietary diversity (DD) and its socio-economic and demographic predictors in rural and peri-urban households.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 221 households in rural and peri-urban Eastern Uganda collected data on DD, socio-economic and demographic factors using the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and structured questionnaires, respectively. The data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, and independent sample t-tests compared mean DD scores between rural and peri-urban areas. Pearson Chi-square tested differences in food group consumption, while binary logistic regression in STATA identified socio-economic and demographic predictors of household dietary diversity.ResultsThere was no significant difference in dietary diversity (DD) between rural and peri-urban households, with mean DD scores of 6.64 ± 1.60 and 6.55 ± 1.30, respectively, indicating a medium level in both areas. However, significant differences were observed in the consumption of cereals and roots/tubers/plantains (p < 0.05), while intake of animal-source foods and fruits remained generally low across both settings. In rural areas, household DD was significantly influenced by the education levels of the household head (β: -1.276) and spouse (β: -1.123), as well as access to credit (β: 1.136), while in peri-urban areas, average monthly income (β: -0.801) was a significant predictor of household DD.ConclusionThe study showed that dietary diversity was similar and at a medium level in both rural and peri-urban households, and mainly consisted of plant-based foods, with limited consumption of fruits and animal-sourced foods. Socio-economic factors, including level of education, access to credit, and income, significantly influenced DD. These results highlight the role of socio-economic and demographic factors in shaping household diets and underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve dietary diversity and address nutritional gaps in the study area.

Vegetation based climate solutions for soil management in smallholder farmlands of Kabale and Rubanda districts, Uganda

Understanding and appreciating climate solutions for soil management in smallholder farmlands are paramount. These climate solutions inform smallholder farmers’ actions, choices, decisions and priorities to tackle specific climate change problems and opportunities. The study used structured and semi structured questionnaires to collect field data to ascertain smallholder farmers’ knowledge about vegetation based climate solutions for soil management in Kabale and Rubanda districts, Uganda. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 367 smallholder farmer household head respondents. Regression model, specifically linear to test multicollinearity and multinomial logistic and descriptive statistics was utilised to examine vegetation based climate solutions for soil management. Vegetation based climate solutions such as crop residues, selected trees, Napier grass and Seteria grass (dependent) and gender, age and marital status, and level of education information (independent) were determined predictor variables. The findings revealed that both genders, males (51.5%) and females (48.5%), witnessed climate change as demonstrated in Fig. 2. The chi-square test (χ2 = 376.337) indicated a significant difference between smallholder farmers’ implementing climate solutions. The study observed positive Kendall’s tau (0.357 and 0.118) and a p-value (0.002 and 0.289) of temperature and rainfall respectively. Most farmers (69.2%) relied on fellow farmers as a major source of climate information to manage soil and enhance soil fertility. Vegetation based climate solutions 33.8%, (planting Napier grass, selected tree species, and crop residues) were revealed as suitable and effective soil management interventions to control soil erosion and fertility improvement in smallholder farmlands. Climate solutions were significantly influenced by level of education (0.000) and farmland size (0.001) at 0.05. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate vegetation based climate solutions into government development programmes and agendas to enhance soil fertility and erosion management in smallholder farmers’ farmlands with a focus on livelihood improvement through increasing crop yields and hunger alleviation.

Demand side financing for promoting institutional delivery: experiences of Janani Suraksha Yojana in Indian states.

Public expenditure for the improvement of maternal health is crucial in addressing the major social and demographic challenges in developing countries like India. Accordingly, the Government of India initiated the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) in 2005 as a flagship conditional cash transfer scheme to encourage institutional delivery in the country. While the provisions under the JSY remain uniform throughout the country, there are apprehensions that the impact would differ across the states as well as between the rural and urban setups depending on varied socio-economic conditions and local level dynamics. Besides, households' choice of the type of institution (i.e., government versus private healthcare centres) may also change following the implementation of the JSY. This paper examines these two critical but interrelated aspects. Using secondary data compiled mainly from the last two rounds of the National Family Health Survey and estimating panel data econometric models, the paper finds that interactions with health facilitators during pregnancy, and per capita income contribute positively to the increase in institutional delivery in India irrespective of whether the households are located in rural or urban areas. Importantly, the paper does not find any significant role of the JSY in this regard. On the contrary, the JSY encourages households to prefer public toprivate hospitals in both rural and urban areas, whereas preference for private hospitals is positively associated with the household head literacy rate in urban area and health insurance coverage and per capita income in rural areas. The findings suggest greater emphasis on quality enhancement of the government healthcare centres. Besides, active engagement of the health workers should also be encouraged, particularly in mobilising the community towards institutional delivery and linking them effectively with the related initiatives of the government.

Cost and Its Determinants of Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the North West Region of Cameroon: Quantile Regression Analysis

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Background:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is, particularly, known to require continuous clinical care and management that consumes significant healthcare resources. As a result, most people living with type 2 Diabetes in Cameroon, are prone to suffer from financial hardship. This research seeks to estimate the direct cost and its determinants of treating T2DM in the Northwest of Cameroon. &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;METHOD:&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; A cost of illness using a cross-sectional research design study was conducted in 13 facilities in Cameroon’s Northwest region during a 4-month field survey. Data was obtained with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained nurses. Summary statistics were computed to understand the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, and the various elements of treatment costs of type 2 diabetes. The direct cost of treating type 2 diabetes was computed by summing all the diabetes-attributable resource utilization costs incurred by the patient The determinants for treating T2DM were investigated using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and a quantile regression analysis. &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;RESULTS: &amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;According to the findings, the average cost of treating type 2 diabetes among patients in the Northwest region of Cameroon, was 36,235 FCFA ($60) monthly or 424,000 FCFA ($720) yearly. The determinants were; the type of facility which was significant for the 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and 25&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; quintiles, and age influence cost across the various models and quantiles, the study also revealed the effect of age on the cost increase from the lower to the higher quintile. The level of education influenced the direct cost and this was significant from the 50&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; quintile to the 90&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; quintile with higher levels of education leading to higher costs. Other factors included the household head, frequency of check-up visits to the facility, self-care management, and means of transportation. Gender and marital status influence cost but not across the quintiles. &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;CONCLUSION:&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; The studies revealed that T2DM places a significant cost burden on the patient and their household with determinants being the type of facility where care is sorted, age, level of education, and means of transport. Increased financial resources are required to provide T2DM patients with effective services in the Northwest region of Cameroon. A sincere call is sent to health decision-makers to give more importance to including diabetes care in the package of universal health coverage soonest.