Household Economic Status Research Articles

Multilevel analysis of prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Somalia: insights from the Somalia demographic and health survey 2020

BackgroundDiarrheal diseases remain a critical public health challenge, particularly for children under five in low- and middle-income countries such as Somalia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of diarrhea in this vulnerable population, utilizing data from the 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey.MethodsThis investigation employed secondary data from the 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis involved the extraction and cleaning of variables using STATA version 17. The primary outcome variable was childhood diarrhea, analyzed alongside 19 explanatory variables encompassing sociodemographic and environmental factors. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multilevel logistic regression models were employed to elucidate associations.ResultsThe study identified a diarrhea prevalence of 5.24%. Notably, sociodemographic factors significantly influenced this prevalence. Families within the second wealth category exhibited reduced odds of diarrhea (AOR = 0.699; 95% CI: 0.522–0.936), with those in the middle wealth category experiencing even lower odds (AOR = 0.524; CI: 0.391–0.702). Vitamin A supplementation was found to be critical; children lacking recent supplementation had increased odds of diarrhea (AOR = 1.790; CI: 1.440–2.225). Furthermore, feeding practices indicated that children not using bottle nipples faced higher odds of diarrhea (AOR = 1.377; CI: 1.172–1.617). Maternal age also played a significant role, with mothers aged 45–49 presenting higher odds of their children experiencing diarrhea (AOR = 7.650; CI: 1.762–33.184). Institutional births were associated with lower odds of diarrhea (AOR = 0.693; CI: 0.568–0.847), while children of educated fathers exhibited increased odds (AOR = 1.414; CI: 1.090–1.833). Additionally, lack of deworming medication significantly heightened the odds of diarrhea (AOR = 4.450; CI: 3.619–5.482).ConclusionThe prevalence of diarrhea among children under five relatively high in Somalia. Key determinants include vitamin A supplementation, feeding with bottle, household wealth, age of mothers, place of delivery, paternal education, and deworming medication. Public health interventions should focus on enhancing household economic status, and ensuring regular deworming. Increasing the coverage and frequency of vitamin A supplementation could enhance children’s immune systems and reduce diarrhea incidence. Moreover, targeted economic support, health care programs for older mothers are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of socioeconomic factors on child health, ultimately leading to a substantial reduction in diarrheal diseases among young children.

Prevalence Determinants of Malnutrition among Under-five Children of Farming Households in Nigeria

The prevalence of child malnutrition among farming households in rural Nigeria is a burden to the economy now and in the future. Secondary data was employed in the study, collected from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) for 2018 conducted by the National Population Commission (NPC). The study focused on 3,177 children (0-57 months) whose fathers were employed in agriculture. Descriptive statistics, probit regression, and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilised. The study affirmed moderately high child malnutrition in Nigeria. The disaggregation revealed that the northern zone (55.31%) had higher child malnutrition than the southern zone (32.19%). The likelihood that a child selected at random would be malnourished was higher in the northern geopolitical zones. The higher child malnutrition rate in the northwest than in the northeast geopolitical zone posited that insecurity alone did not cause child malnutrition among rural farming households in Nigeria. There was significant variation in child malnutrition status among the geopolitical zones. Household size, mother’s education and household economic status influenced child malnutrition in the Northeast, northwest, and northcentral, respectively. Additionally, distance to healthcare facilities, mother’s age and mothers’ engagement in agriculture drive child malnutrition in the northcentral, northeast and southern geopolitical zones. Consequently, training of unemployed mothers in craft making and processing of agricultural produce (northcentral and southern zone) to enhance household income by NGOs, intensification of the family planning campaign (northcentral and northeast) by NGOs and health Department of Local Government Area and basic/adult education (northwest) are the geopolitical zones’ specific recommendations to reduce child malnutrition in Nigeria.

Ethnicity/caste and child anthropometric outcomes in India using the National Family Heath Survey 2015-16 and 2019-21.

Socioeconomic inequalities are known to negatively impact anthropometric outcomes among children, particularly in developing countries. This study, therefore, assesses the gap in anthropometric outcomes of children 6-59 months along the ethnicity-based social groups in India using the National Family Heath Survey 2015-16 and 2019-21. The paper utilizes logistic regression models, the exogenous switching treatment effect regression (ESTER) model, and the Blinder-Oaxaca Model to disentangle the role of ethnicity (referred to as caste in India) in influencing child anthropometric outcomes while accounting for socio/economic factors. Approximately 35% of children in the sample were stunted and 20% wasted. Result indicates that despite the progress made in reducing child undernutrition between the two survey periods, there is a higher risk of chronic growth faltering (stunting) and underweight in socially disadvantageous groups, and these ethnicity-based disparities exist independent of education and household economic status. To improve children's nutritional status, India needs to develop new nutrition strategies prioritizing double-duty action due to the persistence of undernutrition and rising overweight/obesity among children. The study suggests a need for a distinguished understanding of the underlying causes of chronic and acute forms of malnourishment, and separate interventions are required to reduce the disparities among disadvantaged groups, particularly in tribal communities.

Revealing the role of intangible factors on migration in MENA: Religious identity and freedom perceptions

AbstractThis study investigates the role of intangible factors in the migration decision‐making processes of citizens from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. While the existing literature often highlights economic factors as the primary drivers of migration, this research explores how religious identity and perception of democracy and freedoms—specifically, freedom of expression and electoral freedom—influence these decisions. Utilising data from the Arab Opinion Index from 2012 to 2020, the study covers nine MENA countries and considers variables, such as gender, education level, household economic status, age, residential area, religious affiliation, and views on social and political freedoms. The findings suggest that intangible factors, particularly religious identity and perceived lack of freedoms, significantly influence individuals' migration decisions, similar to economic factors. Individuals who identify as less religious, associate with a less religious social circle, and perceive that their freedoms are not protected are more likely to consider migrating. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of migration dynamics in the MENA region, providing policymakers with crucial insights to develop evidence‐based strategies addressing the complex drivers of migration.

A systematic assessment of low-carbon energy consumption by an integrated approach in rural China

Many studies highlight the challenges of applying urban-based low-carbon assessment frameworks to rural energy consumption, emphasizing the need for a method suitable for rural conditions. This study aims to develop a systematic methodology suitable for low-carbon assessment of rural energy consumption in China. The proposed methodology was tested on 24,116 rural households across 124 villages in central and western China. Results indicate that it successfully overcomes limitations in current assessments, namely limited relevance, poor applicability, and inadequate policy alignment. The methodology is capable of adapting to the lack of basic data on rural energy and the inadequate statistics on rural energy consumption. The findings of this assessment reveal that energy structure (i.e., energy sources) is the main contributor to rural carbon emissions, followed by household economic conditions, rural house maintenance structure, and the awareness levels of farmers. These factors have a dramatic impact on the transition to low-carbon energy consumption in rural China.

Determinants of rural‑urban child malnutrition disparities in Ethiopia

Child malnutrition is a significant issue in Ethiopia, with high prevalence rates. However, there is limited information on the rural‑urban disparities in child malnutrition of all its forms (stunting, wasting, and underweight) in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap by analysing data from the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS). This study examined the rural‑urban child malnutrition gaps in Ethiopia using an extended Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique. The analysis reveals significant ruralurban disparities in prevalence rates of wasting, underweight, and stunting. The findings highlighted that children in rural areas are more malnourished than their urban counterparts. Additionally, the study identified key determinants of these disparities, including maternal and parental education, household economic status, women’s age at first birth, childbirth size, and working status of women. The results also indicate that institutional delivery, household size, and dependency ratio contribute to widening the rural‑urban disparities in child malnutrition. This study highlighted the importance of targeted policies and interventions to address these disparities and reduce child malnutrition at the national level.

National Trends in the Prevalence of Self-Perceived Overweight Among Adolescents Between 2005 and 2022: Nationwide Representative Study.

Despite several studies on self-evaluation of health and body shape, existing research on the risk factors of self-perceived overweight is insufficient, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify the risk factors affecting self-perceived overweight and examine how the prevalence of self-perceived overweight has changed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we analyzed the impact of altered lifestyles due to COVID-19 on this phenomenon. The data used in the study were obtained from middle and high school students who participated in the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (N=1,189,586). This survey was a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling survey representative of South Korean adolescents. We grouped the survey results by year and estimated the slope in the prevalence of self-perceived overweight before and during the pandemic using weighted linear regression, as well as the prevalence tendencies of self-perceived overweight according to various risk factors. We used prevalence ratios to identify the risk factors for self-perceived overweight. In addition, we conducted comparisons of risk factors in different periods to identify their associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of self-perceived overweight was much higher than BMI-based overweight among 1,189,586 middle and high school participants (grade 7-12) from 2005 to 2022 (female participants: n=577,102, 48.51%). From 2005 to 2019 (prepandemic), the prevalence of self-perceived overweight increased (β=2.80, 95% CI 2.70-2.90), but from 2020 to 2022 (pandemic) it decreased (β=-0.53, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.33). During the pandemic, individuals with higher levels of stress or lower household economic status exhibited a more substantial decrease in the rate of self-perceived overweight. The prevalence of self-perceived overweight tended to be higher among individuals with poor academic performance, lower economic status, poorer subjective health, and a higher stress level. Our nationwide study, conducted over 18 years, indicated that self-perceived overweight decreased during the COVID-19 period while identifying low academic performance and economic status as risk factors. These findings suggest the need for policies and facilities to address serious dieting and body dissatisfaction resulting from self-perceived overweight by developing counseling programs for adolescents with risk factors such as lower school performance and economic status.

Changes in Mental Health Among Adolescents in South Korea Before and After COVID-19: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis From 2015 to 2022

PurposeThis study aimed to examine changes in mental health among adolescents by comparing data from the period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with the period before the pandemic. MethodsWe estimated the annual prevalence of stress perception, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among middle and high school students using data from the Korean Youth Health Behavior Survey spanning from 2015 to 2022. We then compared mental health status across 2 periods—pre-COVID-19 (2015–2019) and during COVID-19 (2020–2022)—employing an interrupted time series analysis. We adjusted for covariates, such as household economic status, residence type, self-rated health, and history of hospitalization, due to violence. ResultsWe analyzed data from 472,385 adolescents (242,819 boys and 230,016 girls). Stress perception, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation showed an increasing trend during the pre-COVID-19 period, followed by a decrease in the first year of the pandemic and an increasing trend in the second and third years. Boys experienced a faster increase in stress and depressive symptoms during the second and third years of the pandemic compared with the pre-COVID-19 period, whereas girls showed trends similar to those observed before the pandemic. Middle school students experienced a more rapid increase in these indicators than high school students during the second and third years. DiscussionAdolescents' mental health initially improved in the first year of COVID-19 but worsened during the second and third years of the pandemic. This suggests a need for intervention policies and programs to support adolescent mental health.

Socioeconomic Inequality in Accessing Professional Higher Education in India: New Evidence from a Household Survey

Using the latest National Statistical Office (NSO) education round data, we investigate the role of gender, caste and economic status of households in explaining the variations in access to professional higher education (PHE) in India. Overall, our results show significant gender and socioeconomic inequality in access to PHE courses such as engineering, management, medicine and law. For instance, we find that male students are 12.6 per cent more likely to enrol in PHE courses than their female counterparts, and this pro-male preference is more pronounced for poor households. In addition, youth belonging to scheduled caste and scheduled tribe backgrounds are less likely to access PHE than upper caste counterparts, and a considerable portion of this difference can be removed by controls for households’ economic status. These findings are significant for the recently adopted National Education Policy 2020 , which aims to make the Indian higher education system egalitarian and inclusive. JEL Codes: I21, I24

GENDER EMPOWERMENT AND EQUALITY IN NEPAL: CURRENT ANALYSIS

This research has explored the roles, opportunities, decision-making processes, responsibilities, and various issues related to gender and the status of women in society. It compares women with their male counterparts across several areas, including household duties, economic conditions, education, health, political engagement, and community decision-making. The main aim has been to perform a contemporary situational analysis of women’s empowerment and rural development, utilizing both primary and secondary data. The focus is on gender inequality, socio-economic factors, political involvement, and demographic trends. The main findings have highlighted that those women, in their journey towards empowerment, require substantial support from their families, communities, and the nation. They have faced significant barriers to accessing opportunities for income generation, employment, decision-making roles, property ownership, and participation in political processes. The majority of women have been primarily engaged in household duties, contributing to their lower socio-economic status. This research seeks to improve the status of women in the study area by highlighting the importance of government policies and programs that include women in development efforts. Addressing these challenges through empowerment has become crucial not only for improving women's lives but also for fostering economic development within the community and the country at large. Apart from the aforementioned suggestions, Constitutional and Legal Framework, National Plan and Policies, Quotas and Representation, Education and Health, Economic Empowerment, Combatting Gender-Based Violence, and Cultural and Social Change, Education and Awareness have been found the policies to be adopted for the gender empowerment and equality in the present condition of Nepal. Despite these policies, challenges such as patriarchal norms, economic disparities, and implementation gaps persist. Continued efforts are needed to ensure effective enforcement of laws, address cultural barriers, and achieve substantive gender equality in Nepal. Likewise, Legal and Policy Framework, Economic Empowerment, Political Participation, Healthcare and Reproductive Rights, Combat Gender-Based Violence, Media and Communication, Community Engagement and Partnerships, Data Collection and Research, and Monitoring and Evaluation have been identified as the ways of gender empowerment and equality in the present context of Nepal. Implementing these strategies requires commitment and collaboration across government, civil society, the private sector, and international partners. Achieving gender equality is a long-term endeavor that necessitates ongoing effort and investment across various sectors simultaneously.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0702/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The sweet burden: Does homeownership improve the economic status of households?

This study utilizes household-level micro survey data from China to investigate the impact of homeownership on the economic status of households and the underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal that homeownership does not enhance the economic status of households. This outcome may be attributed to the inherent immobility of housing as a physical asset and the substantial financial pressure imposed by housing loans, leading to a “housing mortgage slave effect” and reduced job mobility among homeowners. These conclusions remain robust after accounting for endogeneity issues and preforming a series of robustness checks. Moreover, the study finds that homeownership is significantly and negatively associated with changes in the economic status of households without intergenerational financial support, whereas it has no significant effect on those without such support. This suggests that financial supports can alleviate the burden of mortgage debt, therefore mitigating the adverse relationship between homeownership and changes in household economic status.

Household income mobility and adolescent subjective well-being in China: Analyzing the mechanisms of influence

BackgroundThe relationship between adult happiness and income has been a topic of extensive discussion. However, among children and adolescents, who are not directly engaged in economic activities, the relationship between household income over time and happiness is more complex and remains less explored. MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the China Family Panel Study (CFPS) from 2012 to 2018. The analytic sample consisted of 3,607 Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in 2018. Using an ordinary least squares model, we investigated the associations of 2-year (2016–2018), 4-year (2014–2018), and 6-year (2012–2018) household income mobility (i.e., upward mobility and downward mobility) with adolescents’ subjective well-being (i.e., happiness and depression) in 2018. We further explored the potential mediating effects of parental care on these associations and whether they were moderated by adolescent age, adolescent sex, and initial household economic status. ResultsWe found that upward mobility in household income was associated with decreased subjective well-being and parental care mediated this association. Furthermore, we found that the effects of upward mobility on adolescent subjective well-being varied by age, sex, and initial household economic status. Additionally, downward income mobility did not significantly impact adolescents’ subjective well-being. ConclusionOur findings emphasized that economic progress and upward mobility should not come at the expense of parental care, as this would decrease adolescents’ subjective well-being. Collaboration between the government and families is crucial to address the conflicts between work and family responsibilities, ensuring that parents are available and supportive to their children.

Beyond Medical Bills: High Prevalence of Financial Toxicity and Diverse Management Strategies Among Vietnamese Patients With Cancer.

This study was conducted to measure financial toxicity (FT) among patients with cancer in Vietnam using the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) and to describe the cost management strategies employed by these patients. This comprehensive cross-sectional study enrolled 634 patients from 2 specialized oncology hospitals in Vietnam. Using COST cut-off scores, FT was classified as none/mild (≥26), moderate (14-25), or severe (≤13). Cost management strategies, or coping mechanisms, were classified into 4 groups: lifestyle changes, financial resource strategies, treatment modifications, and support seeking. The prevalence of FT was 91.8%, with 51.7% of participants demonstrating severe and 40.1% exhibiting moderate FT. Severe FT was significantly associated with female, low education level, unstable employment, low household economic status, and advanced cancer stage. The most common coping strategies were as follows: among lifestyle changes, reducing spending on basic items and leisure activities (78.7%) and cutting back on essential household expenses (66.4%); among financial resource strategies, borrowing money from relatives or friends (49.1%) and withdrawing funds from retirement or savings accounts (34.1%); within treatment modifications, switching treatment facilities or doctors due to cost concerns (9.3%); and within support seeking, obtaining help from welfare or community organizations (18.8%). All strategies were significantly more likely to be used by patients with severe FT. FT was highly prevalent among patients with cancer. Most patients relied on lifestyle adjustments and coping strategies, underscoring the need for improved financial support systems to alleviate the economic burden associated with cancer care.

Turning the page on energy poverty? Quasi-experimental evidence on education and energy poverty in Zimbabwe

We investigate the long-term causal effects of education on energy poverty among households headed by men and women, leveraging the 1980 Zimbabwe school reform as a quasi-experiment. This reform, which significantly expanded educational opportunities for all children, serves as an ideal setting for assessing the impact of education on energy poverty within a regression discontinuity design, with age at reform determining exposure. Exposure to the reform resulted in a 2.08-year average increase in schooling and a 28.3 percentage point (pp) increase in the probability of completing secondary schooling. The reform's impact was more pronounced for women, increasing their schooling by 2.35 years (compared to 1.68 years for men) and for rural residents, with a 2.53-year increase (compared to 1.00 year for urban residents). A one-year increase in education reduces the risk of energy poverty by an estimated 8.56%, more pronounced among male-head families (5 pp) than among female-headed households (4.6 pp). This increased education enhances labour market outcomes, household economic status, infrastructure quality, and access to information and promotes progressive societal norms. These findings underscore education's crucial role in sustainable and gender-inclusive economic development, highlighting the potential of educational policy in reducing energy poverty and advancing gender equality in low-income countries.

Risk Factor Analysis of HIV/AIDS Incidence in General Hospital

The problem of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a health challenge almost all over the world. The impact is not only health but also in terms of economic, social, psychological, and will also affect reproductive health. Some of the causes of HIV/AIDS include occupation, knowledge, attitude, age, gender, education, household economic status, access to information media, communication with parents, and the presence of friends who behave at risk, sexual behaviour. This study used Cross Sectional research design. The population of this study were patients who visited the skin and genital disease poly room. The sample in this study amounted to 80 people. Sampling was done by non probability sampling with quota technique. Data collection tools using questionnaires and HIV / AIDS test results. Data analysis using Chi Square. Data were collected by structured interviews using questionnaires for specific questions supported by observation. Bivariate analysis using chi square. The results of the analysis showed that there was a relationship between sexual behaviour (ρ value 0.000), occupation (ρ value 0.000), knowledge (ρ value 0.000), family history (ρ value 0.034), marital status (ρ value 0.000) to the incidence of HIV/AIDS. The study concluded that sexual behaviour, knowledge, occupation, family history, and marital status have a significant relationship with the incidence of HIV/AIDS. This study suggests the need for early education and socialisation starting from the junior high school level, there needs to be peer support groups in collaboration with the government and the private sector related to HIV / AIDS sufferers, there needs to be free caten examination related to HIV / AIDS

Prevalence of, and Factors Associated with, Unmet Healthcare Need in Urban Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Bangkok, Thailand: a Mediation Analysis

This study examines the prevalence of, and factors mediated to, unmet healthcare need of urban refugees and asylum seekers (URAS) in Thailand. In 2019, a cross-sectional survey of 181 URAS was merged with Thai data (total n=3,122). Self-reporting questionnaire was applied. Unmet healthcare need, defined as a status where a person needed health examination or treatment within the past 12 months, but he or she did not receive it, were analysed using multivariable logistic regression within a concept of mediation analysis. URAS were younger and had lower household economic status than Thais, and almost all URAS were uninsured. Most URAS suffered from a high prevalence of unmet healthcare need, 54.1% (range 31.4–100.0%) for outpatient (OP) care and 28.0% (range 0–83.3%) for inpatient (IP) care, while unmet healthcare need prevalence amongst Thais was 2.1% for both OP and IP care. For OP care, the direct effect of URAS status (predictor) on unmet healthcare need (outcome) showed a significant adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 8.8 (95% CI 1.3–58.6), and a total effect (combining direct effect and indirect effect where insurance status served as a mediator) had AOR as large as 42.3 (95% CI 26.4–67.8). A significant total effect was also observed for IP care (AOR 13.1, 95% CI 7.8–22.0). Since most URAS substantially suffer from a lack of insurance coverage and this markedly influenced healthcare inaccessibility, policymakers should prioritise expanding insurance coverage towards URAS to promote health equity for all.

Prevalence and factors contributing to stunted growth in young children of Khordha district, Odisha: A cross-sectional study.

Stunting, indicating chronic malnutrition in children, remains a pressing concern globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. India, despite substantial efforts, continues to grapple with high rates of stunting, impacting child development and health outcomes. Understanding the multifaceted factors contributing to stunting is crucial for targeted interventions and policy formulation. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Balipatana, Khordha district, Odisha, India among 400 children. A survey employing structured questionnaires and WHO Anthropometric guidelines for data collection was used. Statistical analyses including Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to uncover significant associations. The study revealed a stunting prevalence of 28% among children under five, with 7% severe and 21% moderate stunting. Regression analysis revealed key risk factors included low birth weight (1.5-2.5 kg), parental illiteracy, lower household income (Rs. 1000-15000), inadequate toilet facilities, and specific drinking water sources. The findings align with global concerns about stunting, emphasizing the complex interplay of socioeconomic and environmental factors. Interventions targeting parental education, household economic status, and improving sanitation and drinking water facilities are imperative. By addressing these factors, focused efforts can be made to reduce childhood stunting, ensuring a healthier future for the nation's children.

Prevalence and associated factors of teenage childbearing among Ethiopian women using semi-parametric and parametric proportional hazard and accelerated failure time models

BackgroundTeenage childbearing is a common issue for young people’s sexual and reproductive health in the world, particularly in low-income countries, and affects teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19. According to several academics, adolescent pregnancy accounts for the majority of Ethiopia’s population increase, and there has been little effort to address this threat. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of the time to teenage childbearing in Ethiopia.MethodThis paper compares the results of the semi-parametric proportional hazard (PH), parametric PH, and accelerated failure time (AFT) models to find the model that best fits the data. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to evaluate the performance of models examined in this investigation. Time to teenage childbearing was the study’s outcome variable, while the analysis considered various independent variables. We analyze data from the 2016 National Demographic Health Survey to assess the influence of different risk factors on teenage pregnancy among Ethiopian women.ResultsOut of the 10,274 teenagers (aged between 13 and 19) who participated in the 2016 survey, 6,430 (62.59%) were parents. The study findings revealed that these teenage parents were influenced by various time-related factors before becoming parents. The log-normal AFT model has the lowest AIC value and hence it is the best fit for this data. Results from this model indicated that significant factors influencing the time to teenage childbearing include the age of the household head, current age of the respondents, region, religion, educational attainment, wealth status, intention to use contraception, and recent sexual activity.ConclusionThis study reveals that 62.59% of surveyed teenagers aged 13 to 19 were parents. Various factors at both the individual and community levels: including the age of the household head, regional differences, religious affiliation, educational level, economic status, contraceptive intentions, and recent sexual activity, determine the time to teenage childbearing. Targeted interventions addressing these factors are essential for reducing teenage pregnancies and supporting adolescent parents effectively.

NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AND CATASTROPHIC HEALTH EXPENDITURE: A COMPLEMENTARY LOG-LOG APPROACH ON YOGYAKARTA’S INCIDENCE 2022

National Health Insurance (JKN) aims to provide health care benefits to meet people's basic health needs. However, despite the high JKN coverage in D.I.Yogyakarta Province, catastrophic health expenditure events remain high. The study examines the implementation of National Health Insurance (JKN) in D.I.Yogyakarta Province and its effectiveness in reducing devastating health expenditures in 2022. Using the Complementary Log-log approach on the 2022 National Social and Economic Survey data, the research findings reveal that the implementation of JKN has been successful, and the ownership of JKN positively affects the reduction of catastrophic health expenditure. The study also shows that the education level of household members and household size have positive effects on reducing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures. However, the presence of babies or the elderly, household economic status, and inpatient status could increase the risk of having catastrophic health expenditures. The study highlights the need for attention to be given to implementing JKN in D.I.Yogyakarta Province and other variables to achieve universal health coverage and reduce catastrophic health expenditure.

Longitudinal Evaluation of the Influence of WORTH Yetu on Household Economic Status Based on the Count of Non-asset Resources for Orphaned and Vulnerable Children’s Well-being in Tanzania

Longitudinal Evaluation of the Influence of WORTH Yetu on Household Economic Status Based on the Count of Non-asset Resources for Orphaned and Vulnerable Children’s Well-being in Tanzania