Household Unemployment Research Articles

THE EXPLOITATION STATUS OF WORKING SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN INDONESIA: A MULTILEVEL BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Many children in Indonesia are exploited in the workforce. In 2022, 12.22 percent of school-age children worked more than 40 hours per week. Children are considered exploited if they work more than 20 hours a week. Children who work for a long time have serious impacts. This study aims to determine a general picture of the exploitation of working school-age children in Indonesia and its influence factors. This study uses the March 2023 Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) data by utilizing multilevel analysis specifically the two-level binary logistic regression method. The study results showed that 54.22 percent of school-age children are working and exploited in Indonesia. The individual and regional contextual factors that are significantly associated with the exploitation status of working school-age children are age, sex, education level, education of household head, sex of household head, employment status of household head, Smart Indonesia Programme (PIP) ownership status, family size, expected years of schooling (HLS), and poverty level. This study finds that increasing age, male sex, lack of access to the PIP, low household head education, female-headed households, unemployed household heads, and larger household sizes increased the likelihood of child exploitation. Moreover, children residing in districts with lower HLS scores had a higher chance of being exploited. These findings highlight the importance of considering both individual and regional contextual factors when addressing child exploitation. A two-level binary logistic regression model with random effects provides a better fit than the intercept-only model. Therefore, it is recommended to prioritize interventions for children without access to the PIP and those from household heads with low education levels. Furthermore, programs emphasizing the importance of education for children should be strengthened.

News‐Driven Household Macroeconomic Expectations: Regional vs. National Telecast Information

AbstractUsing variations in the human‐annotated topic content of national and regional telecasts, I explore the link between aggregated daily news and household unemployment, inflation, and economic situation expectations in France. Beyond the information included in national statistics, household expectations embody news information on topics related to the state of the economy, such as deficit, living cost, and economic crisis. Inflation expectations additionally incorporate news on taxes, energy, and especially oil. Distinguishing regional from national television broadcasts reveals that household expectations incorporate both regional and national news, with news on local labor market conditions having a prominent role.

Sociodemographic characteristics of maternal mortality in Japan: An analysis of national data from 2010 to 2022

ObjectiveThere is a paucity of studies investigating sociodemographic characteristics of maternal mortality in Japan. In this study, we investigated the sociodemographic factors associated with maternal mortality in Japan using national data. Materials and methodsThe Vital Statistics data in Japan (birth and mortality data) from 2010 to 2022 were used in the analysis. Region, maternal age group, maternal nationality, maternal marital status, and the main type of occupation in the household (household occupation) were used as sociodemographic variables. The maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births, maternal age group-specific maternal mortality ratio, and the maternal mortality ratio standardized by maternal age group were calculated by the sociodemographic characteristics. ResultsA total of 12,535,198 live births and 457 maternal deaths were included in the analysis. The age-standardized maternal mortality ratio of metropolitan areas was the lowest among regions. The age-standardized maternal mortality ratio of non-Japanese mothers was approximately twice as high as that of Japanese mothers, and the ratio of unmarried mothers was approximately five times as high as that of married mothers. The age-standardized maternal mortality ratio of households with a full-time worker in a larger company and unemployed households was the lowest and highest, respectively, among household occupations, and that of unemployed households was approximately nine times as high as that of households with a full-time worker in a larger company. ConclusionsSome sociodemographic factors, such as maternal marital status and type of household occupation, were associated with maternal mortality in Japan.

Youth Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET): Evidence from National Labor Force Survey 2018

This study aims to examine and analyze the socio-demographic, socio-economic, and regional characteristics that influence an individual on being Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET). The data is from the February 2018 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) and analysed using binary logistic regression with descriptive and inferential approach. The descriptive results show that socio-demographic characteristics such as female, married, and having disability tend to become NEET. Socio-economic characteristics such as graduating from high school and living with an employed household head also tend to become NEET. Furthermore, regional characteristics such as living in rural area and living in area outside Java Island tend to become an NEET. Meanwhile, the inferential results show that female, married, having disability, not graduating from school, living with an unemployed household head, living in rural area, and living in Java Island have significant effect on the chances of becoming NEET

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 prevention among indigenous population in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant challenge to humanity, especially marginalized groups such as indigenous people. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 prevention among the indigenous population in Lipis district, Pahang, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the indigenous population and the data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a validated questionnaire. The mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 2.35 (SD 1.104), 32.84 (SD 4.756), and 9.64 (SD 3.227), respectively. In the bivariable analysis, the younger the age (p < 0.001), and the higher the education level (p = 0.001) of the participants, the higher the knowledge score on COVID-19. Meanwhile, the female participants (p = 0.043) and the higher the household income, the higher the attitude score of the participants (p = 0.006). Factors that contributed to a higher score of practice towards COVID-19 prevention were younger age (p = 0.013), female (p < 0.001), no religion (p = 0.026), unemployed (p < 0.001), and higher household income (p = 0.012). There was a positive correlation between knowledge score and practice score (p = 0.001) and a positive correlation between attitude score and practice score (p < 0.001), respectively. Multivariable regression analysis showed that the younger age (p < 0.001) was significantly associated with a higher knowledge score. Furthermore, female (p = 0.018), unemployed (p = 0.001), higher knowledge score (p < 0.001), and higher attitude score (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher score of practice towards COVID-19 prevention among the participants, respectively. Indigenous people in Malaysia have a good knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19. However, strategic planning and programmes related to preventive practices against infectious disease outbreaks need to be conducted continuously to reduce the outbreaks in the future.

Electricity Consumption Profile of Urban Households in Nsukka, Enugu State

In recent times, the uncontrollably rising global energy consumption has become a global problem with its attendant socio-economic and environmental consequences. Hence, this study utilized linear regression model to examine how households’ socio-economic attributes and use of appliances together determine electricity consumption and savings in Nsukka metropolis, Enugu state, Nigeria. Socio-economic variables found to have positive and significant effect on electricity consumption were age of working-class respondents, being married, household size, household active members, unemployed household members, prepaid and estimated electricity billing system, monthly income and high electricity supply hours. In terms of electrical appliances, high hours of electronics’ use per week, incandescent and LED bulbs usage, high number of bulbs, cooling hours of 9 and above per week, lighting hours of 16 and above and weekly heating hours were positively related to electricity consumption and statistically significant. We suggest that the creation of energy efficiency awareness at the household and educational institution levels should be vigorously pursued. Government should subsidize the prices of energy efficient appliances to encourage purchases by low-income earners. Constant overbilling of estimated and postpaid electricity users, as lamented by respondents in the survey, should be discouraged by electricity users. This will enable users to conserve energy and not waste energy as revenge tactics for overbilling. The promotion and full deployment of prepaid meters in the study area by electricity providers would go a long way in complementing the efforts for clean development mechanism in Nigeria.

Individual and neighborhood-level social and deprivation factors impact kidney health in the GLOMMS-CORE study

Prospective cohort studies of kidney equity are limited by a focus on advanced rather than early disease and selective recruitment. Whole population studies frequently rely on area-level measures of deprivation as opposed to individual measures of social disadvantage. Here, we linked kidney health and individual census records in the North of Scotland (Grampian area), 2011-2021 (GLOMMS-CORE) and identified incident kidney presentations at thresholds of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) under 60 (mild/early), under 45 (moderate), under 30 ml/min/1.73m2(advanced), and acute kidney disease (AKD). Household and neighborhood socioeconomic measures, living circumstances, and long-term mortality were compared. Case-mix adjusted multivariable logistic regression (living circumstances), and Cox models (mortality) incorporating an interaction between the household and the neighborhood were used. Among census respondents, there were 48546, 29081, 16116, 28097 incident presentations of each respective eGFR cohort and AKD. Classifications of socioeconomic position by household and neighborhood were related but complex, and frequently did not match. Compared to households of professionals, people with early kidney disease in unskilled or unemployed households had increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratios: 95% confidence intervals) of (1.26: 1.19-1.32) and (1.77: 1.60-1.96), respectively with adjustment for neighborhood indices making little difference. Those within either a deprived household or deprived neighborhood experienced greater mortality, but those within both had the poorest outcomes. Unskilled and unemployed households frequently reported being limited by illness, adverse mental health, living alone, basic accommodation, lack of car ownership, language difficulties, visual and hearing impairments. Thus, impacts of deprivation on kidney health are spread throughout society, complex, serious, and not confined to those living in deprived neighborhoods.

Epidemiological characteristics of chronic non-communicable diseases in Dongfang, China, 2021: a cross-sectional survey

ObjectivesThe study aimed to understand the composition, epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of chronic non-communicable diseases and to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and chronic non-communicable diseases.DesignA cross-sectional study.Setting...

High Unemployment and Crime Rates Threaten Slum Dwellers in Egypt

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of three understudied slum areas in Egypt and quantify the determinants of unemployment among their residents, highlighting the prevalence of criminal behaviors in these areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 900 households in three slum areas, namely Bein El-Sarayat, Abou Qatada, and Zenin. A validated questionnaire was developed to collect data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the relationship between residents‘characteristics and unemployment status. Out of the surveyed households, high percentages reported the prevalence of quarrels (73.2%), drug dealing (62.7%), and theft (35%) in their areas. There was a positive correlation between the number of unemployed people and households reporting the spread of criminal behavior in their slums (P-value <.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that residents who are female, unmarried, with chronic diseases, and from Abou Qatada were more likely to be unemployed. Providing employment opportunities and security services simultaneously is an essential tool in the slum upgrading process.

Characterizing opioid overdose hotspots for place-based overdose prevention and treatment interventions: A geo-spatial analysis of Rhode Island, USA

ObjectiveExamine differences in neighborhood characteristics and services between overdose hotspot and non-hotspot neighborhoods and identify neighborhood-level population factors associated with increased overdose incidence. MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective analysis of Rhode Island, USA residents who had a fatal or non-fatal overdose from 2016 to 2020 using an environmental scan and data from Rhode Island emergency medical services, State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System, and the American Community Survey. We conducted a spatial scan via SaTScan to identify non-fatal and fatal overdose hotspots and compared the characteristics of hotspot and non-hotspot neighborhoods. We identified associations between census block group-level characteristics using a Besag-York-Mollié model specification with a conditional autoregressive spatial random effect. ResultsWe identified 7 non-fatal and 3 fatal overdose hotspots in Rhode Island during the study period. Hotspot neighborhoods had higher proportions of Black and Latino/a residents, renter-occupied housing, vacant housing, unemployment, and cost-burdened households. A higher proportion of hotspot neighborhoods had a religious organization, a health center, or a police station. Non-fatal overdose risk increased in a dose responsive manner with increasing proportions of residents living in poverty. There was increased relative risk of non-fatal and fatal overdoses in neighborhoods with crowded housing above the mean (RR 1.19 [95 % CI 1.05, 1.34]; RR 1.21 [95 % CI 1.18, 1.38], respectively). ConclusionNeighborhoods with increased prevalence of housing instability and poverty are at highest risk of overdose. The high availability of social services in overdose hotspots presents an opportunity to work with established organizations to prevent overdose deaths.

Perpetuation of household food insecurity during COVID-19 in South Africa

BackgroundPerpetual food insecurity has long-term health and development effects on populations. The global pandemic created sub-populations that were newly food insecure, but there exists sub-populations were food insecure, and COVID-19 held that situation. This study seeks to identify the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the perpetually food insecure in South Africa in order to obtain specific evidence of populations to be prioritised in the post-pandemic era.MethodsSecondary data from the South African National Income Dynamics CRAM Survey for rounds (Waves) 1 and 5 are analysed. The study population are those respondents who reported a household member not having enough food to eat in the early stages of the pandemic (1st round) and remained without sufficient food a year later (5th round). The study controls for the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population but also changes to employment status, social grant access and willingness to be vaccinated. Descriptive and analytical statistical tests are used.ResultsA total of 26.15% of respondents were food insecure at the start of the pandemic. Of these, 41.09% remained food insecure a year later. The drivers of perpetual food insecurity during the pandemic include unemployment (OR = 2.09; CI 1.335293–3.265678), still being unemployed (OR = 1.86; CI 1.308032–2.636252), seven or more (≥ 7) household members (OR = 1.24; CI 1.1611329–1.610126), those with only a primary education (OR = 1.11; CI 1.5051066–2.434695), participants between the ages of 45 and 64 years old (ORs = 1.03 and 1.20; CIs 1.0171956–1.0171956 and 1.1733304–2.144875, respectively) and women (OR = 1.09; CI 1.0745444–1.406035).ConclusionsSouth Africa needs to address socioeconomic challenges and inequalities to assist the perpetually food insecure and to ensure that, should there be a pandemic resurgence, or a new pandemic, individuals and households in the country are in a better financial situation and appropriately supported to avoid food insecurity at all costs.

Community resilience and its impact on chemotherapy availability: An ecological analysis.

e18510 Background: Cancer patients' resilience influences treatment outcomes, but how community resilience at the ecological level affects hospitals that provide chemotherapy is poorly understood. Methods: Agency for Health Care Research and Quality 2019 ecological data were analyzed (N=3,232 counties). The number of hospitals with chemotherapy services (continuous) was the outcome. The exposure was community resilience- individuals who live with various risk factors (income-poverty ratio, crowding, communication barrier, household unemployment, disability, age 65+; no health insurance, vehicle access, and broadband internet access). Covariates included residential racial segregation-dissimilarity index- degree to which non-white and white residents were distributed across counties, scored 0-100 (integration-segregation) and income inequality scored 0-1 (equality-inequality), recategorized as 10th (low-risk), 11th-89th (moderate-risk), and 90th (high-risk) percentiles and rural-urban and region. Using STATA/MPv.17, descriptive, chi-square; adjusted negative binomial regression were performed adjusting for population weight. P-values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Chemotherapy services were available in 38.4% of counties. The adjusted model reveals that chemotherapy availability decreased in high-risk than in low-risk resilient areas (Coef.: -1.10, 95% CI: -1.34 - -0.86), but increased in rural than in urban areas (Coef.: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.61- 0.49). Conclusions: Chemotherapy services rose in rural than urban areas and services were less likely to be provided when community resilience was low. [Table: see text]

Employment Insurance may mitigate impact of unemployment on food security: Analysis on a propensity-score matched sample from the Canadian Income Survey

Food insecurity, the inadequate access to food due to financial constraints, affects one-sixth of Canadian households, with substantial health implications. We examine the impact of unemployment and the mitigating effect of Employment Insurance (EI) on household food insecurity in Canada. Using the Canadian Income Survey 2018–2019, we sampled 28,650 households with adult workers 18–64 years old. We used propensity score matching to pair the 4085 households with unemployed workers with 3390 households with only continuously employed workers on their propensity towards unemployment. Among unemployed households, we also matched 2195 EI recipients with 950 nonrecipients. We applied adjusted logistic regression to the two matched samples. Food insecurity affected 15.1% of the households without unemployed workers and 24.6% of their unemployed counterparts, including 22.2% of EI recipients and 27.5% of nonrecipients. Unemployment was associated with 48% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–1.66; 5.67 percentage points) higher likelihood of food insecurity. This association was significant and similar across income levels, full-time and part-time workers, and household compositions. EI receipt was associated with 23% (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66–0.90; 4.02 percentage points) lower likelihood of food insecurity, but this association was only significant among households with lower income, full-time workers, and children under 18. The findings suggest a broad impact of unemployment on working adults' food insecurity and a substantial mitigating effect by EI on select unemployed workers. Making EI more generous and accessible for part-time workers may help alleviate food insecurity.

Household consumption and labour participation in Nigeria: Survey-based evidence

Labour participation is a vital component of economic development because of its significance in influencing the well-being of individuals in an economy. As a result, this paper investigated how labour participation influences household consumption in the developing country of Nigeria. For simplicity, the paper used only the labour participation of the head of the household as a proxy for the labour participation of the whole household. The study made use of data extracted from the Nigerian Living Standard Survey (NLSS) carried out in 2018–2019 by the National Bureau of Statistics in conjunction with the World Bank. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and logit models. The results showed that households whose head is self-employed consume less than those whose heads are unemployed, while households whose heads are employed consume significantly more than those whose heads are unemployed. The outcome for the self-employed contradicts the notion that unemployed household heads are likely to consume less than self-employed household heads.

Occupational and geographical differentials in financial protection against healthcare out-of-pocket payments in Nepal: Evidence for universal health coverage.

The low-and middle-income countries, including Nepal, aim to address the financial hardship against healthcare out-of-pocket (OOP) payments through various health financing reforms, for example, risk-pooling arrangements that cover different occupations. World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended member states to establish pooling arrangements so that the financial risks owing to health uncertainty can be spread across population. This study aims to analyse the situation of financial protection across occupations and geography using nationally representative annual household survey (AHS) in Nepal. We measured catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to OOP using two popular approaches-budget share and capacity-to-pay, and impoverishment impact at absolute and relative poverty lines. This study is the first of its kind from south-east Asia to analyse disaggregated estimates of financial protection across occupations and geography. The inequality in financial risk protection was measured using concentration index. Data were extracted from AHS 2014-15 -a cross-sectional survey that used standard consumption measurement tool (COICOP) and International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). We found a CHE of 10.7% at 10% threshold and 5.2% at 40% threshold among households belonging to agricultural workers. The corresponding figures were 10% and 4.8% among 'plant operators and craft workers'. Impoverishment impact was also higher among these households at all poverty lines. In addition, CHE was higher among unemployed households. A negative concentration index was observed for CHE and impoverishment impact among agricultural workers and 'plant operators and craft workers'. In rural areas, we found a CHE of 11.5% at 10% threshold and a high impoverishment impact. Across provinces, CHE was 12% in Madhesh and 14.3% in Lumbini at 10% threshold, and impoverishment impact was 1.9% in Madhesh, Karnali and Sudurpachim at US $1.90 a day poverty line. Households belonging to informal occupations were more prone to CHE and impoverishment impact due to healthcare OOP payments. Impoverishment impact was disproportionately higher among elementary occupations, agricultural workers, and 'plant operators and craft workers'. Similarly, the study found a wide urban/rural and provincial gap in financial protection. The results can be useful to policymakers engaged in designing health-financing reforms to make progress toward UHC.

Who Produces the Peaks? Household Variation in Peak Energy Demand for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water

Extensive research demonstrates the importance of user practices in understanding variations in residential heating demand. Whereas previous studies have investigated variations in aggregated data, e.g., yearly heating consumption, the recent deployment of smart heat meters enables the analysis of households’ energy use with a higher temporal resolution. Such analysis might provide knowledge crucial for managing peak demand in district heating systems with decentralized production units and increased shares of intermittent energy sources, such as wind and solar. This study exploits smart meter heating consumption data from a district heating network combined with socio-economic information for 803 Danish households. To perform this study, a multiple regression analysis was employed to understand the correlations between heat consumption and socio-economical characteristics. Furthermore, this study analyzed the various households’ daily profiles to quantify the differences between the groups. During an average day, the higher-income households consume more energy, especially during the evening peak (17:00–20:00). Blue-collar and unemployed households use less during the morning peak (5:00–9:00). Despite minor differences, household groups have similar temporal patterns that follow institutional rhythms, like working hours. We therefore suggest that attempts to control the timing of heating demand do not rely on individual households’ ability to time-shift energy practices, but instead address the embeddedness in stable socio-temporal structures.

Food Insecurity Levels among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: University students may be vulnerable to food insecurity (FI) due to limited financial resources, lower purchasing power, and increasing housing and food costs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of FI and its associated factors among university students attending a public Portuguese university. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was designed, and data were collected using a self-reported online questionnaire validated for the Portuguese population. The study population included students from all levels of study and the assessments were conducted during the winter semester (December 2021 to February 2022). Chi-square tests were used to determine the associations between FI and sociodemographic variables. Bivariate logistic regression was further used to assess factors associated with FI. Results: From the 284 participants, 17.3% of students were classified as food insecure, consisting of 14.1% with mild FI, 2.1% with moderate FI, and 1.1% with severe FI. FI was significantly associated with nationality (p = 0.028) and the number of unemployed household members (p = 0.001). In comparison to Portuguese students, students of other nationalities were 4.1 times more likely to be food insecure (OR = 4.089, 95% CI:1.057–15.821, p = 0.041). Students in households with a higher number of members (OR = 2.537, 95% CI:1.231–5.230, p = 0.012) and a higher number of unemployed members (OR = 3.192, 95% CI:1.681–6.059, p &lt; 0.001) were also 2.5 and 3.1 times more likely, respectively, to be food insecure. Conclusions: This study provides an insight into the FI levels of university students in a Portuguese university. Further future studies are needed to use objective measures of food insecurity (availability, access, and utilization of food) and explore interventions addressing food insecurity in this population.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Acute Care Utilization Among Patients With Glomerular Disease

The effects of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and disease severity on acute care utilization in patients with glomerular disease are unknown. Prospective cohort study. 1,456 adults and 768 children with biopsy-proven glomerular disease enrolled in the Cure Glomerulonephropathy (CureGN) cohort. Race and ethnicity as a participant-reported social factor. Acute care utilization defined as hospitalizations or emergency department visits. Multivariable recurrent event proportional rate models were used to estimate associations between race and ethnicity and acute care utilization. Black or Hispanic participants had lower SES and more severe glomerular disease than White or Asian participants. Acute care utilization rates were 45.6, 29.5, 25.8, and 19.2 per 100 person-years in Black, Hispanic, White, and Asian adults, respectively, and 55.8, 42.5, 40.8, and 13.0, respectively, for children. Compared with the White race (reference group), Black race was significantly associated with acute care utilization in adults (rate ratio [RR], 1.76 [95% CI, 1.37-2.27]), although this finding was attenuated after multivariable adjustment (RR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.03-1.68]). Black race was not significantly associated with acute care utilization in children; Asian race was significantly associated with lower acute care utilization in children (RR, 0.32 [95% CI 0.14-0.70]); no significant associations between Hispanic ethnicity and acute care utilization were identified. We used proxies for SES and lacked direct information on income, household unemployment, or disability. Significant differences in acute care utilization rates were observed across racial and ethnic groups in persons with prevalent glomerular disease, although many of these difference were explained by differences in SES and disease severity. Measures to combat socioeconomic disadvantage in Black patients and to more effectively prevent and treat glomerular disease are needed to reduce disparities in acute care utilization, improve patient wellbeing, and reduce health care costs.

Drivers of genetically modified maize production among rural farming households in Ngqushwa Local Municipality, South Africa: A triple hurdle approach

Enhancing rural agricultural productivity using proven technologies such as genetically modified (GM) maize production has many advantages as a pathway to economic development and poverty reduction. However, despite the global rise in GM maize and potential benefits of GM technology, the production rates and yields of smallholder farmers remain very low for reasons that are poorly understood. With this background, the aim of this study was to investigate the drivers of genetically modified (GM) maize awareness, participation, and intensity of production at the household level. Data were collected from 400 randomly selected respondents from Ngqushwa Local Municipality using a semi-structured questionnaire. Through a triple hurdle model, the study revealed that GM maize awareness is negatively influenced by age and female gender and positively influenced by married status, employment and number of years in school. Conditional on awareness of GM maize varieties, both participation and intensity of participation in GM maize production are positively influenced by land size, female gender, group membership, income and ownership of arable land and negatively influenced by employment. The study recommends that priority should be given to these socio-economic and institutional (group membership) factors by targeting GM maize awareness campaigns using platforms more suited to female-headed, older, less educated and unemployed rural farming households. The study also recommends addressing income, secure land ownership and access to large areas of land.

Are recent trends in poverty and deprivation in Australia consistent with trickle-down effects?

AbstractThis article examines trends in social disadvantage in Australia over the decade to 2018 using two approaches: a monetary approach using poverty and a living standards approach using deprivation. We compare the two approaches, highlight their implications and assess whether the evidence produced by each is consistent with trickle-down effects. The estimates allow for variations in thresholds, the treatment of housing costs and relative and absolute measures. The findings indicate an overall decline in poverty that is dependent on the treatment of housing costs and a more consistent decline in deprivation but with little or no improvement for many experiencing poverty or deprivation. Poverty and deprivation among unemployed households were above those for people in other labour force states throughout the period and while these differentials have narrowed, the findings suggest that trickle-down effects did not reach many of those highly disadvantaged or are subject to long delays.