Household Scale Research Articles

Analysis of Microbiological Hazards in Turmeric Tamarind Traditional Drink Products

Turmeric tamarind is a traditional drink with a sour and sweet taste traditionally made on a household scale. This drink is popular among the community, students, and local tourists from various regions visiting Yogyakarta. Due to its relatively simple production process and potentially suboptimal hygiene standards, the risk of bacterial contamination remains a concern for public health. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence or absence of bacterial contaminants, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp and Staphylococcus aureus according to SNI 2019 standards. Samples were obtained from 11 locations of turmeric tamarind drink sales and inoculated into Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) differential selective medium, Salmonella Sigella Agar (SSA), and Baird Parker Agar (BPA) for E. coli isolation, Salmonella sp, and S. aureus, respectively. Subsequently, colonies were prified and screened through biochemical tests such as IMViC, Urease test, and sugar fermentation test for lactose, maltose, and glucose. Suspected isolates were also confirmed using API 20E and API STAPH tests. The results showed that E. coli, Salmonella sp, and S. aureus were not reported while Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae 1, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus lentus were obtained.

The effect of carbon farming training on food security and development resilience in Northern Ghana

ABSTRACT Carbon farming has recently been advocated for as climate change and variability mitigation and/or adaptation strategy in global agriculture. In this study, we address an important research question of whether carbon farming training can improve household resilience capacity as well as food security by employing internationally standardized indicators. Household resilience capacity and its components are measured using the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)’s resilience capacity index while the food security measures used include household and child food insecurity experience scale (FIES and CFIES), food consumption score (FCS) and household dietary diversity score (HDDS). We relied on doubly robust treatment effect estimators to account for potential selection bias and heterogeneity. We find that carbon farming training has no statistically significant effect on overall household resilience capacity. However, we find a large and statistically significant effect on key components of resilience (specifically, access to basic services, assets and social safety nets) and a marginal improvement in adaptive capacity. We also find statistically significant effect on FCS and HDDS but not for the other food security indicators (FIES and CFIES). Overall, the results suggest that agricultural training programs, particularly climate change adaptation capacity building initiatives, could improve important welfare measures in developing countries.

Optimization of fermentation parameters and their impact on the final properties of the cereal-legume-based fermented product

The enhancement of food diversification through the utilization of underutilized crops is imperative at both national and household levels due to their inherent high nutritional value. Employing fermentation technology stands out as a promising approach for processing these crops at the household scale. Fermented foods exhibit attributes conducive to maintaining a healthy dietary regimen, as they are abundant in nutrients, cost-effective, easy to produce, and serve as potent sources of proteins and other essential dietary components for alleviating protein malnutrition, particularly in children. In the current study, experiments were conducted to standardise the process for formulating idli batter using blends of barnyard millet, black gram, and black soybean, employing fermentation technology. The experimental design followed the Box-Behnken approach, encompassing three levels of predicted variables: particle size (400, 500, and 600 μ), temperature (28, 32, and 36 °C), and fermentation time (8, 10, and 12 h). Various properties of the resultant idli batter influenced by fermentation parameters, including batter volume, pH, titratable acidity, and density, were meticulously examined. The observed batter volume ranged from 1 to 67 mL, pH from 5.7 to 4.58, titratable acidity from 0.36 to 0.67%, and density from 1.09 to 0.63 g/cm3. The optimal particle size of 400 μ, coupled with a fermentation temperature of 34.5 °C and a fermentation time of 12 h, yielded maximal expansion in batter volume, thereby contributing to the preparation of idli of superior quality. Additionally, the fermentation kinetics of the optimized batter were investigated to elucidate the growth patterns of microorganisms involved in the fermentation process.

Design of NB-IoT Based Household Light Electric Energy Monitoring System

Energy is a vital part of human life, especially in the digital era that requires a lot of energy. Monitoring energy use, especially electricity, is an alternative step to improve energy efficiency. This research aims to develop and implement an NB-IoT-based electrical energy monitoring. The proposed system allows users to monitor, analyze their electrical energy consumption efficiently. Then the Quality-of-Service test results at 500 m get very good results, with the results: average RSSI of -62.8 dBm, average latency of 3.0667 seconds, and PDR ratio of 100%. Quality of Service testing at 1 km gets pretty good results, with the results: average RSSI of -68.933 dBm, average-latency 3.24138 seconds, and PDR ratio of 90%. Quality of Service testing at 1.5 km gets fewer good results, especially on RSSI and PDR parameters, with the results: average RSSI of -84.80 dBm, average-latency 3.4667 seconds, and PDR ratio of 83.33%. The NB-IoT network is suitable for on-grid electricity meters in urban areas with an optimal distance of 500 to 1 km, while at more than 1.5 km it is better used for household scale.

BUSINESS ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD SCALE COW’S MILK INDUSTRY IN SARANGAN VILLAGE MAGETAN REGENCY

The purposes of this research were to determine the total costs, revenues, profits, efficiency, and risks in the household scale pasteurized cow’s milk industry in Sarangan Village, Magetan Regency. The basic method used is descriptive analysis. Determination of the research location purposively with nine respondents, were taken by the census method. Data collection techniques were collected through interviews, observation, recording, documentation, and questionnaires. The data analysis used is costs, revenues, profits, business efficiency, and risk. The results showed that the business has average total cost production in December 2021 of IDR 9.805.292,00/month. The average revenue is IDR 14.729.444,00/month. So that the average profit is IDR 4.924.152,00/month. The business is already efficient because the efficiency value is 1,54. Therefore, the coefficient of variation is 0,53, and the lower profit limit is minus IDR 253.175,00. These values mean that the business is at risk of experiencing a loss of IDR 253,175.00

Penerapan Teknologi IoT Pada Tanaman Hidroponik Untuk Monitoring Pertumbuhan Tanaman di Desa Puccadi

Technological development is needed for a better development system. Technology can provide basic changes for society, especially in the context of improving the quality of life in society. In general, the hydroponic method is carried out using water as a medium, where the water conditions that need to be considered are the supply of water, oxygen, nutrients, pH, and light intensity. UV light replaces sunlight which can help plants need the photosynthesis process which produces food substances such as carbohydrates so that plants grow faster. From the situation analysis, it is known that most of the people in Puccadi Village. Cultivating plants using a hydroponic system on a household scale by utilizing yards or yards has quite a large potential. Based on this background, IoT-based hydroponic training and assistance were carried out for the people of Puccadi Village, Luyo District. This service activity is implemented in the form of training and mentoring with the aim of participants being able to directly practice applying IoT to hydroponic plants for monitoring plants. The conclusion of the IoT-based hydroponic training activities in Puccadi Village, Luyo District, is that the implementation of IoT-based hydroponic training and mentoring went well and was able to provide knowledge related to the application of IoT technology to the Puccadi village community, Luyo District.

Volatile Compounds Content and Sensory Profile of Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves After Household Scale Heating

Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) is an indigenous Indonesian plant, and the leaves are often consumed as fresh or processed vegetables. Despite its potential, there are no reports on the volatile compounds content and sensory profile of Katuk leaves after being processed using household scale heating. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the volatile compounds content and sensory profiles of Katuk leaves after household scale heating (steaming and boiling). The extraction of constituents was carried out using the headspace-solid phase microextraction method, followed by identification with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The sensory profile analysis was performed using the free choice profiling method with untrained panelists. The analysis results showed the presence of 16 volatile compounds derived from 7 groups, including aldehydes (5 compounds), alcohol (3 compounds), other components (3 compounds), ketones (2 compounds), as well as benzene, terpenoids, and esters (1 compound). The dominant compounds found in fresh Katuk leaves were alcohol [(Z)-3-hexene-1-ol]. Meanwhile, aldehydes (benzaldehyde, nonanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, and (E)-2-pentenal) and alcohol (1-Heptanol and Nerolidol) were dominant in the steamed samples, with benzene (naphthalene) being predominantly found in the boiled samples. The sensory profile analysis results showed that fresh Katuk leaves had a grassy and earthy aroma with a grassy flavor, while the boiled samples had a smooth and juicy texture. The dominant attributes found in steamed Katuk leaves included moist, tender, and tasteless. Based on these findings, household scale heating could modify the composition of volatile compounds, thereby affecting the sensory profile. The results obtained were expected to serve as a foundation for the processing of Katuk leaves at both industry and household levels.

Lead occurrence in North Carolina well water: importance of sampling representation and collection techniques

Private wells often lack centralized oversight, drinking water quality standards, and consistent testing methodologies. For lead in well water, the lack of standardized data collection methods can impact reported measurements, which can misinform health risks. Here, we conducted a targeted community science testing of 1143 wells across 17 counties in North Carolina (USA) and compared results to state testing data primarily associated with new well construction compiled in the NCWELL database. The goal of our study was to explore the impacts of sampling methodology and household representation on estimated lead exposures and subsequent health risks. At the household scale, we illustrated how sampling and analytical techniques impact lead measurements. The community science testing first draw samples (characterizing drinking water) had a 90th percentile lead value of 12.8 μg l−1 while the NCWELL database flushed samples (characterizing groundwater) had a value below the reporting level of 5 μg l−1. As lead was associated with the corrosion of premise plumbing, flushing prior to collection substantially reduced lead concentrations. At the community scale, we examined how the lack of representation based on household demographics and well construction characteristics impacted the knowledge of lead and blood lead level (BLL) occurrence. When simulating representative demographics of the well populations, we observed that the 90th percentile lead level could differ by up to 6 μg l−1, resulting in communities being above the USEPA action level. This translated to a 1.0–1.3 μg dl−1 difference in predicted geometric mean BLL among infants consuming reconstituted formula. Further, inclusion of less common well construction types also increased lead in water occurrence. Overall, under- and overestimations of lead concentrations associated with differences in sampling techniques and sample representation can misinform conclusions about risks of elevated BLLs associated with drinking water from private wells which may hinder investigations of waterborne lead exposure.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Masyarakat terhadap Metode Pengolahan Sampah di Dusun Klaci 1 Margoluwih Sayegan Sleman

Waste has become a problem for all of us and the environment in which we live. Every day, garbage is produced as a result of various human activities. Natural waste production is increasing in lockstep with population and industry growth but has yet to be proportional to final landfill capacity. This causes issues with waste management. This service aims to increase public awareness of waste management methods and processing waste on a household scale. This service uses the socialization of waste sorting and training in processing organic waste from households. This service uses the socialization of waste sorting and training in processing organic waste from households. This service program benefits the community in the following ways: the community is aware of the various types of waste that exist, the community has increased waste management awareness, and the community is aware of proper waste management and processing.

Responsibility and innovation for low waste and circular economy transitions: what roles for households?

ABSTRACT The need for waste policy to embrace CE principles through measures to avoid waste generation and improve recycling rates can be understood within the broader context of sustainability transitions. We analyze three Australian waste policies to understand how households are framed as framing policy actors. Using a governance rationalities framework inspired by Hajer (2005) and Dryzek’s (2013) work on environmental governance, we identified four discursive structures, i.e. four different problem frames with suggested solutions, measures and responsibilities. These problem frames reveal an expanding role for government and industry in waste management, alongside a more passive role for households. While anticipating that households will undertake more sorting and will reduce the amount of waste they generate, the policies lack a coherent conceptualization of the role of households as actors in circular economy transitions in Australia. Our analysis highlights and helps to understand the discrepancy between high-level CE and zero-waste policy ambitions and their implementation in practice. We conclude with suggestions on how waste policy could benefit from deliberative approaches that engage with agency for social innovation and transformation in norms and practices at the household scale.

EFEKTIVITAS PROGRAM PEKARANGAN PANGAN LESTARI (P2L) DALAM MENDUKUNG KETAHANAN PANGAN DI KELURAHAN ANAWAI KECAMATAN WUA-WUA KOTA KENDARI

This study examines the effectiveness of the Sustainable Food Yard (P2L) program in supporting household food security in Anawai Village, Kendari City. Qualitative research using a case study approach was conducted, with the Green Farmer Women's Group in Anawai Village, Kendari City as the research subject. Data were collected through observation and interviews using research instruments in the form of interview guides. The data analysis technique used consists of three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The P2L program supports food security in KWT Hijau in Anawai Village, Kendari City. The program provides financial assistance through two stages: the growth stage and the development stage. The aim is to create food independence at the household scale for the beneficiaries of the P2L program. The P2L Program has generally been effective in supporting food security by fulfilling the right target criteria, ensuring understanding of the program, and achieving its goals. However, the actual changes before and after the program have not been optimal. The Green Farmer Women's Group and the surrounding community have not directly felt an increase in income, despite the fulfillment of the need for producing and providing nutritious food.

ANALISIS PEMBUATAN DAN POTENSI EKOENZIM KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantiifolia) SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN MANDIRI RUMAH TANGGA

Lime peel ecoenzyme (Citrus aurantifolia) is a microbial-based product made by fermenting the fruit peel for more than one month. The study aimed to analyze the ecoenzyme product from lime peel (C. aurantifolia) and its potential as an antiseptic so that it becomes one of the independent health improvement efforts on a household scale. The research design was laboratory experiments. The data described descriptively based on the results obtained from laboratory experiments. The research results showed that ecoenzyme contains a complex of organic ingredients as a natural antiseptic that can be used in the household such as 19 types of organic acids, 17 types of flavonoids, 16 types of carbohydrates and 19 types of amino acids which have potential as antiseptics. The study concluded that the ecoenzyme product from lime peel (C. aurantifolia) has potential as an antiseptic because it contains a complex of organic ingredients as a natural antiseptic that can be used in the household. Potential antiseptics can be in the form of dish cleaners, fruit and vegetable washes. Instead of being an antiseptic, ecoenzyme liquid can be used as a plant fertilizer and compost activator which can be applied to reduce household waste.

PEMBERDAYAAN IRT GAMPONG ALUE BEURAWE MELALUI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN HIDROPONIK SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN EKONOMI KELUARGA

Hydroponic system technology is a method of farming using planting media other than soil, such as pumice, gravel, sand, coconut fiber, pieces of wood or foam. This is done because the function of soil as a support for plant roots and as an intermediary for nutrient solutions can be replaced by flowing or adding nutrients, water and oxygen through this medium. The aim of this community service activity was to provide science and technology to the housewives of Gampong Alue Beurawe regarding the hydroponic system as a solution to the limited agricultural land in Gampong Alue Beurawe. Then, the results of the cultivated vegetables using this hydroponic system can be marketed and become a source of income for partners. The implementation of this activity was carried out in several stages, namely: 1) observation and legalization, 2) implementation of training, 3) practice of cultivating plants using a hydroponic system, and 4) evaluation. From the results of implementing this activity, the target partner has a series of household scale hydroponic systems as a business. Apart from that, target partners also have knowledge and skills in farming using a hydroponic system. The resulting hydroponic plant harvest have been marketed and become income for partners. This activity is expected to be an opportunity for new entrepreneurial partners who will join the business group in the future to keep up with current developments, so that they are able to compete in this globalized world.

Microbial community analysis of membrane bioreactor incorporated with biofilm carriers and activated carbon for nitrification of urine

The integration of powdered activated carbon and biofilm carriers in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) presents a promising approach to address the challenge of long hydraulic retention time (HRT) for nitrification of hydrolysed urine. This study investigated the effect of the incorporation in the MBR on microbial dynamics, focusing on dominant nitrifying bacteria. The results showed that significant shifts in microbial compositions were observed with the feed transition to full-strength urine and across different sludge growth forms. Remarkably, the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira were highly enriched in the suspended sludge. Simultaneously, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosococcaceae thrived in the attached biomass, showing a significant seven-fold increase in relative abundance compared to its suspended counterpart. Consequently, the incorporated MBR displayed 36% higher nitrification rate and 40% HRT reduction compared to the conventional MBR. This study provides valuable insights on the potential development of household or building scale on-site nutrient recovery from urine to fertiliser.

SOLAR POWER PLANT PLANNING FOR HOUSEHOLD SCALE BY THE AID PVSYST PROGRAM

Geographically, Indonesia is located on the equator, so it is very rich in solar energy sources with an average solar radiation intensity of around 4.8 kWh/m2 per day throughout Indonesia. The main component contained in solar power plants is solar cells which function to convert sunlight into electrical energy This research discusses the Planning of Solar Power Plants for Household Scale Assisted by the PVsyst Program. The purpose of this research is to determine how many solar modules, batteries, solar charger controllers, and inverters are needed for planning solar power plants in households with 900 VA and 1300 VA power. Based on manual calculations and simulations of the PVsyst program, 10 Luxor Ecoline Half Cell 280 Wp polycrystalline modules, 12 Narada EosG 2000 Ah batteries, 1 Victron Energy Mppt 250/100 solar charge controller, and 1 Victron Multiplus Compact 24/1200/25 inverter. The capacity of the solar power plant components for 900 VA and 1300 VA household loads is approximately the same, this is because the average daily energy usage is only slightly different. In 900 VA households, the number of occupants of 6 people uses 7088 Wh/day of energy, while in 1300 VA households with 4 occupants uses 7274.5 Wh/day of energy.

Modular System Recirculating Aquarium Management for Sustainable Ornamental Coral Production

Indonesian waters have potential ornamental coral resources in South Sulawesi waters, especially in Karanrang Island, which still need to be optimally utilized by the fishing community. The main objective of this community service is to increase the understanding and skills of the community in managing coral transplantation in situ and caring for them in an environmentally friendly modular system aquarium based on re-circulation. Adopting the ABCD (Asset-Based Community Development) method, this approach begins with the identification of local assets, including the expertise and skills of the karanrang island community. Subsequently, capacity building is carried out by utilizing these assets, and the community is actively involved in the planning and implementation process. Results included increased community knowledge on technological innovations of modular circulation systems holding aquarium design at the household scale and post-harvesting of coral transplant farming products for holding in aquariums. This process contributed to the development of the local ornamental coral sector, empowered the community, and opened up product marketing opportunities at both local and international levels.

Design Smart Installation Household Electricity Using Solar Panels 600 Watts on Grid Capacity

Energy security plays an important role, especially in the modern and digital era which continues to increase in use. The availability of renewable energy sources is very abundant in tropical countries of Indonesia, especially solar energy sources that can be used to meet electricity needs on a household scale without worrying about limitations and pollution. This study aims to design electrical installations using solar panels with an autonomous drive system following Arduino uno-based sunlight with a capacity of 600 watts on-grid to reduce the cost burden of PLN and reduce air pollution. The addition of Arduino uno autonomous devices plays a role in increasing the efficiency of solar radiation received thereby increasing the output power of the installation. The result of this study is the design of a power plant installation with a solar cell with a capacity of 600 watts with 13 50-watt monocrystalline PV solar modules with supporting components, such as a 1000-watt inverter, and an efficiency device in the form of an Arduino uno-based autonomous drive system. This research produces data on the benefits obtained by using this tool amounting to Rp. 12.500 / month for 20 years of efficiency in using solar panels.

Education on the Production of Fig Leaves Extract Hand Sanitizer in Cilayung Village, Jatinangor

Abstract. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people are advised to always wash their hands using soap and running water or hand sanitizer. Concerns about dangerous chemicals in hand sanitizers encouraged us to carry out community service in villages close to our campus, namely Cilayung Village, Jatinangor, West Java. In this activity, we used the fig plant, which was proven to have antibacterial activity. This community service aims to use fig leaf extract as an active ingredient in hand sanitizer. The method used is simple technology on a household scale: boiling fig leaves to obtain an extract, which is then formulated into a hand sanitizer. Before the activity, we optimized the formula of hand sanitizer from fig leaves. During community service, we provide education on fig leaves which have antibacterial activity, accompanied by making your own (do-it-yourself) hand sanitizer that can be used every day. The result, which is assessed through an interactive quiz, shows that education can increase participants’ knowledge regarding the use of fig leaves, and they can process fig leaves into hand sanitizer. The conclusion is that people know the benefits of fig leaves and how to process them into hand sanitizer.

Disposal of Drugs in Household Communities in Magetan District

The percentage of household scale drug disposal in Indoseia is quite large. In the general society there is still a disposal of drugs in an inappropriate way. The impact of improper drug disposal can cause environmental damage. Good knowledge of proper disposal of medicines is very important to avoid risks to health and the environment. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of knowledge of the people of Sukowinganun village in Magetan city about the disposal of drugs at home. This research is descriptive analytic cross sectional approach with sampling technique using random sampling. The population of this research in the entire PKK’ mothers, Sukowinangun Village, Magetan City. The data was taken with a validated questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents directly. A total of 45 respondents met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the majority were aged 41-50 years (42.2%), had a college education (60%), and worked as housewives (33.3%). The results of measurements in Sukowinangun Village, Magetan District, Magetan Regency showed that 71% of the community had poor knowledge about drug disposal.

Jambangan Resident's Participation in Processing Organic Waste with Composter at Household Scale

Organic waste easily emits horrible smells if not quickly processed. One way to process organic waste is by using an aerobic composter on a household scale. Organic waste processing has been socialized through the Department of Hygiene and Parks of Surabaya since 2002. This study aims to measure Jambangan village residents' participation rate in processing organic waste with composters. The method of this study is a survey of the Jambangan village residents that have installed the composters and have the space to place the composters. The data will then be analyzed with descriptive statistics. The data shows that Jambangan village residents' participation rate in processing organic waste with aerobic composters is very low. This is caused by a lack of knowledge and awareness among the public, combined with limited space availability. These factors contribute to the low participation rate of the community in organic waste processing.