Household Owners Research Articles

An investigation into Toxoplasma gondii at the human-livestock-wildlife interface, South Africa.

Interface areas shared by humans, domestic and wild animals may serve as high transmission contexts forToxoplasma gondii.However, knowledge about the epidemiology ofT. gondiiin such areas is currently limited. The present study assessed the seroprevalence ofT. gondiiin different hosts from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Furthermore, we investigated the local knowledge and related practices aboutT. gondiiby conducting a questionnaire study in the community. Blood samples were obtained and analysed forT. gondiiantibodies using a commercial multispecies latex agglutination kit. The seroprevalence detected in humans (n= 160; patients showing signs of acute febrile illness), cats (n= 9), chickens (n= 336) and goats (n= 358) was 8.8%, 0.0%, 4.2% and 11.2%, respectively. Seroprevalence in impalas (n= 97), kudus (n= 55), wild dogs (n= 54), wildebeests (n= 43), warthogs (n= 97) and zebras (n= 68) was calculated at 5.2%, 7.3%, 100.0%, 20.9%, 13.4% and 9.1%, respectively. The questionnaire revealed that 63.0% of household owners were subsistence farmers, and 35.9% were pet owners. A high level of female participation was found (75.3%) when compared to male participation (24.7%). The results show a low circulation ofT. gondiiin the domestic cycle and suggest the presence of possible bridges between the wildlife cycle and the surrounding domestic cycle.Contribution:The study contributes to identifying transmission patterns and risk factors ofT. gondiiwithin human and animal populations. This topic fits within the scope of the journal presenting original research in veterinary science, with the focus on wild and domestic populations on the African continent on a topic of universal importance.

Community perceptions, acceptability, and the durability of house screening interventions against exposure to malaria vectors in Nyimba district, Zambia

BackgroundHouse screening remains conspicuously absent in national malaria programs despite its recognition by the World Health Organization as a supplementary malaria vector-control intervention. This may be attributed, in part, to the knowledge gap in screen durability or longevity in local climatic conditions and community acceptance under specific cultural practices and socio-economic contexts. The objectives of this study were to assess the durability of window and door wire mesh screens a year after full house screening and to assess the acceptability of the house screening intervention to the participants involved.MethodsThis study was conducted in Nyimba district, Zambia and used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. Both direct observation and questionnaires were employed to assess the durability of the screens and the main reasons for damage. Findings on damage were summarized as percentages. Focus group discussions were used to assess people’s knowledge, perceptions, and acceptability of the closing eaves and house screening intervention. Deductive coding and inductive coding were used to analyse the qualitative data.ResultsA total of 321 out of 400 (80.3%) household owners of screened houses were interviewed. Many window screens (90.3%) were intact. In sharp contrast, most door screens were torn (n = 150; 46.7%) or entirely removed (n = 55; 17.1%). Most doors (n = 114; 76%) had their wire mesh damaged or removed on the bottom half. Goats (25.4%), rust (17.6%) and children (17.1%) were cited most as the cause of damage to door screens. The focus group discussion elicited positive experiences from the participants following the closing of eaves and screening of their windows and doors, ranging from sleeping peacefully due to reduced mosquito biting and/or nuisance and having fewer insects in the house. Participants linked house screening to reduced malaria in their households and community.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that in rural south-east Zambia, closing eaves and screening windows and doors was widely accepted. Participants perceived that house screening reduced human-vector contact, reduced the malaria burden and nuisance biting from other potentially disease carrying insects. However, screened doors are prone to damage, mainly by children, domestic animals, rust, and termites.

Mobile Application Interface for Device Management in the Smart Household System

The article analyzes the features of the development of a complex information system called Smart Household, aimed at automating and improving the implementation of a wide variety of functions in a multi-disciplinary modern household, in particular, such as care for domestic animals, a garden, home territory, etc. The use of an effective mobile interface in this kind of system will allow household owners to monitor and control remotely a lot of useful functions using a mobile phone or a tablet. The Smart Household information system could help with the tasks of taking care of the home territory and a garden, automatic watering of the garden and lawn. The system can be configured for certain time moments according to weather conditions (temperature, humidity), which will allow economical use of water and provide optimal conditions for plant growth.

Social-life cycle assessment of oil palm plantation smallholders in Bengkulu province, Indonesia

Smallholders are often seen as a weak point in the development of oil palm plantation production. The quality and yield of their production are considered low according to world market standards; the continuity of their production is irregular; and finally, improving the welfare of farmers is difficult to achieve. However, smallholder plantations have an important and strategic role in achieving sustainable development. This study aims to assess the social life cycle assessment of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bengkulu Province by involving stakeholders consisting of workers, local communities, farm owners, and value chain actors. A total of 600 respondents were selected using quota sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using social-life cycle assessment, involving various social issues and relevant social indicators for each stakeholder. The findings in our research show that smallholder oil palm plantations still do not meet the minimum wage for workers, and the equipment used by workers is still very minimal in terms of security and safety guarantees. The price of palm oil continues to fluctuate, and plantation policies are constantly changing, making it difficult for oil palm owners to meet the standards and various rules that are set for managing oil palm plantations. In addition, oil palm plantations are no longer a guarantee for the fulfillment of food security conditions for household owners, workers, communities, and actors involved in the oil palm institutional chain. Our finding is that, surprisingly, there is a low level of commitment by smallholders and the government to sustainability in oil palm plantations. The Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil as standards for sustainable oil palm plantations, as well as global standards for oil palm plantations to demonstrate environmentally friendly production processes, have not been able to compel smallholders to implement sustainable development in oil palm. Various policies formulated by the Indonesian government are perceived to have not addressed the core issues faced by small-scale farmers. Policies supporting small-scale farmers, particularly those related to increasing productivity, fostering and monitoring the environmental management of palm oil plantation activities, and ensuring ownership of plantation, are necessary for the achievement of sustainable smallholder palm oil plantation development.

한부모가족 양육자의 차별 피해 경험의 영향 요인

Single-Parent families in South Korea have been exposed to discrimination due to social prejudice and conservative views. Considering the rapid changes on family structure and the growing number of one-parent families, risk factors and protective factors on the experience of discrimination among single-parent families are needed to be identified. To identify the impact factors on the experience of discrimination among single-parent families, this study used data from 1,646 single-parent family household owners who raise underage children alone which had been conducted in 2021. Results suggest that gender, age, education, and depression had significant influences on the experience of discrimination. Our results also suggest that the comprehensive approach including psychological support is needed to prevent victimization among one-parent families. Policy suggestions and contents that need additional analysis were discussed.

Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Blastocystis from stray and household cats and cat owners in Tehran, Iran

Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and blastocystosis are among the most important parasitic diseases common between humans and cats. In addition, there are concerns about the possible transmission of zoonotic parasites from infected cats to humans. Hence, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. in stray and household cats and cat owners. Our study was performed on 132, 33, and 33 fecal samples of stray and household cats, as well as cat owners in Tehran, Iran. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified using a nested PCR targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA) and sequencing the internal amplified fragments. Furthermore, to perform multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis, the ß-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes were amplified to assess the DNA of G. duodenalis in the fecal samples of cats and cat owners. In addition, Blastocystis was detected by targeting the SSU rRNA gene, and the subtypes of Blastocystis were determined via the sequencing of amplicons. Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium canis were detected in seven stray cats (5.3%) and one household cat (3%). The bg gene of G. duodenalis was amplified and successfully sequenced in two (1.5%) stray cats and revealed assemblages F and B of G. duodenalis. Sequencing and phylogenic analysis of SSU rRNA gene nucleotide sequences of Blastocystis detected ST5 and ST10 in stray cats (1.5%), ST1 in household cats (9.1%), and ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST7 in owners (30.3%). The low prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Blastocystis in cats and the presence of species/assemblages/subtypes with limited zoonotic potential indicate that cats had a minor role in their owners' infection in the investigated population. However, the presence of zoonotic protozoa in cats suggests the necessity of special attention to high-risk individuals during close contact with cats. Therefore, it is recommended that veterinarians, physicians, and urban managers plan to prevent, control, or treat these parasites to help the urban community live healthily alongside cats.

Motivations of Households towards Conserving Water and Using Purified Water in Czechia

The need to assess reasons why households do not want to conserve water or use purified water is critical when facing water scarcity during the climate change crisis. This study aimed to provide an analysis of perceptions of the public in Czechia towards water conservation. A representative questionnaire survey (n = 1824) was conducted in the whole Czech Republic to see why households hesitate to conserve water and use purified water. We discovered that most household owners are interested in conserving water and some of them are interested in using purified water. The household owners are willing to conserve water if it does not cost them too much time or comfort. They are mostly willing to think about using purified water for purposes that are hygienically safe. They mostly trust people and public figures that are closest to them, and they consume media like television and the Internet. We recommend that any communication campaign aiming to persuade households to conserve water and use purified water should explain how to effectively conserve water in households. It should also explain that using purified water in households is not unhygienic and is almost completely safe.

Epidemiological characteristics and financial losses due to avian aspergillosis in households in the Almaty region, Republic of Kazakhstan.

Aspergillosis is a severe fungal disease that affects all species and ages of poultry and leads to significant economic losses within the poultry industry. The economic significance of aspergillosis is associated with direct losses due to poultry mortality, a decline in the production of meat and eggs, feed conversion, and poor growth of recovering poultry. Although a decrease in the production of poultry meat and eggs in Kazakhstan due to this fungal disease has been widely reported, studies on the consequent financial losses on affected farms (households) have not been carried out. This study aimed to estimate the financial losses and epidemiological parameters of avian aspergillosis among households affected by the disease in the Almaty region. To achieve the objectives of the research, a survey was conducted involving affected households from February 2018 to July 2019. The affected poultry were diagnosed based on clinical, macroscopical, and microscopical procedures, and once the infection was confirmed, household owners were interviewed. Data were collected from 183 household owners. The median incidence risk and fatality rates were 39 and 26% in chickens, 42 and 22% in turkeys, and 37 and 33% in geese, respectively, with young poultry having a higher incidence risk and fatality rate than adults. Approximately 92.4% of the household owners treated the affected poultry using natural folk methods and 7.6% of household owners used antifungal drugs and antibiotics, spending a median of US $35.20 (min US $0; max US $400) per household throughout the course of the infection. Egg production was reduced by a median of 58.3% when households were affected. The price of poultry fell by a median of 48.6% immediately after recovery due to weight loss. The median of the overall financial losses of households was US $198.50 (min US $11; max US $1,269). The majority of household owners (65%) did not replace their poultry, 9.8% of household owners replaced all their poultry, and the remaining 25.1% replaced only a proportion of the poultry lost at the time of the study. Newly acquired poultry were purchased from neighbors (10.9%), fellow villagers (50%), and state poultry farms (39.1%). This study demonstrates that aspergillosis has an immediate impact on subsistence household owners' livelihoods in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan.

Privacy-preserving household load forecasting based on non-intrusive load monitoring: A federated deep learning approach.

Load forecasting is very essential in the analysis and grid planning of power systems. For this reason, we first propose a household load forecasting method based on federated deep learning and non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). As far as we know, this is the first research on federated learning (FL) in household load forecasting based on NILM. In this method, the integrated power is decomposed into individual device power by non-intrusive load monitoring, and the power of individual appliances is predicted separately using a federated deep learning model. Finally, the predicted power values of individual appliances are aggregated to form the total power prediction. Specifically, by separately predicting the electrical equipment to obtain the predicted power, it avoids the error caused by the strong time dependence in the power signal of a single device. In the federated deep learning prediction model, the household owners with the power data share the parameters of the local model instead of the local power data, guaranteeing the privacy of the household user data. The case results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides a better prediction effect than the traditional methodology that directly predicts the aggregated signal as a whole. In addition, experiments in various federated learning environments are designed and implemented to validate the validity of this methodology.

Mixed-Mode Ventilation in HVAC System for Energy and Economic Benefits in Residential Buildings

In the U.S., approximately 47% of the total electricity use comes from residential buildings. Most of the residential buildings use HVAC system to ventilate, cool, or heat the indoor environmental spaces mechanically, rather than using natural outdoor air in transition seasons, even though the outdoor environmental conditions are favorable for indoor thermal comfort. In this case, an HVAC system using mixed-mode ventilation with an appropriate ratio of using indoor air and outdoor air could decrease the energy use in residential buildings. This research uses high-granular HVAC electricity use data with indoor thermostat data and outdoor weather data from residential buildings in Austin, Texas, to evaluate the benefits of energy and economics when using HVAC mixed-mode ventilation in spring and fall transition seasons. The results demonstrate that the household owners could save approximately 150.79 kWh of total HVAC energy use and 24.41% of HVAC cost in spring transition months (April/May), and similarly, 143.86 kWh of energy use and 27.2% cost savings in fall transition months (October/November). The results could support further study to use automatically operated windows for natural ventilation to reduce energy use in residential buildings toward sustainable development.

Household modifications after the indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign in Mozambique reduce the actual spray coverage and efficacy.

Indoor residual spraying of insecticides (IRS) is a key malaria vector control strategy. Whilst human attitude towards IRS is monitored before or shortly after implementation, human activities leading to the modification of insecticide-treated walls post-IRS are not. This could inadvertently reduce the protective effects of IRS. We monitored the extent of modifications to the sprayed indoor wall surfaces by household owners for six months post-IRS campaigns in two districts targeted for malaria elimination in southern Mozambique. In parallel, we assessed building of any additional rooms onto compounds, and mosquito net use. We quantified the contribution of wall modifications, added rooms, prolonged spray campaigns, and product residual efficacies on actual IRS coverage and relative mosquito bite reduction, using a mechanistic approach. Household owners continually modified insecticide-treated walls and added rooms onto compounds. Household surveys in southern Mozambique showed frequent modification of indoor walls (0-17.2% of households modified rooms monthly) and/or added rooms (0-16.2% of households added rooms monthly). Actual IRS coverage reduced from an assumed 97% to just 39% in Matutuine, but only from 96% to 91% in Boane, translating to 43% and 5.8% estimated increases in relative daily mosquito bites per person. Integrating post-IRS knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) surveys into programmatic evaluations to capture these modification and construction trends can help improve IRS program efficiency and product assessment.

Equity in Out-of-Pocket Payments for Healthcare Service Delivery in Urban and Rural Households: Evidence from Iran

Background: Out-of-pocket payments for medical services may undermine access to medical services and equity in healthcare financing. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the distribution of the burden of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare services among the households in Qazvin province, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the urban and rural households in Qazvin province, Iran during 2019 - 2020. Data were obtained from the Statistics Center of Iran (2019 - 2020). The optimal sample size was calculated to be 992 households, and the households were selected via three-stage random cluster sampling. Data were collected using a valid questionnaire and via face-to-face interviews with the household owners. The fair financial contribution index (FFCI), concentration index, and Kakwani index were estimated in the Stata software. Results: The estimated parameters indicated that during the study period (March 21, 2019-March 20, 2020), the FFCI value of the rural and urban households was 0.782 and 0.854, respectively. The out-of-pocket payment concentration index based on income rank was estimated at 0.188 in rural households (P < 0.05) and 0.031 in the urban households. In addition, the Kakwani index of the urban and rural households was calculated to be -0.165 and -0.84, respectively. Conclusions: According to the results, out-of-pocket payments were unequally distributed among the households in Qazvin province in 2019 - 2020. These payments were mostly concentrated on the 5th - 7th deciles of urban households. On the other hand, the out-of-pocket payments during the study period were regressive. To promote financial equity, Qazvin health policymakers must run payment exemptions for low-income groups and also expand the medical insurance coverage and universal coverage of healthcare services.

What Market Characteristics Does My Startup Broom Have?

The paper examines the characteristics of Broom, a startup/community service that I co-founded. Broom was developed as a startup that provided a domestic help service, however, it never made it to the market. Hence I converted it to a community service where I help connect domestic helpers to potential employers (mostly household owners). In this paper, I have analyzed and evaluated various literature presented on market structures and efficiency. First I read about how market supply and demand affect efficiency, then I found out about the importance of human intelligence, and lastly some factors that affect efficiency. I connected and compared the findings to the characteristics of Broom to gauge how efficient Broom is. The findings show that Broom is a continuous double auction market with characteristics such as profit maximization, and price priority that make Broom efficient. However, there are also factors such as non-binding contracts and no or less knowledge of public transaction prices that make Broom in-efficient.

A survey of Italian cat owners\u2019 attitudes towards cat vaccination through a web-based questionnaire

BackgroundVaccination plays an important role in feline healthcare as it is the most effective measure for prevention against feline infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to know owners’ opinion towards cats’ vaccination and current veterinary practices in order to advice owners on the use of the correct vaccination protocol.This study aimed to investigate the proportion of cats regularly vaccinated and identify the main factors motivating cat owners’ decisions related to vaccination in Italy. A questionnaire was disseminated online (mainly via social networks) to collect data regarding Italian cat owners’ demographics, information about cats, factors regarding cats’ vaccination, and veterinary-owner relationship.ResultsA total of 1264 owners participated in the survey and 1247 questionnaires were completed and statistically analyzed. The majority (91%; n = 1131) of cats were vaccinated and 80% (n = 998) had been vaccinated within the last 3 years. Age of 2–4 years old cats and the acquisition from a breeder or cat shop were significantly associated with vaccination within the last 3 years. Cats vaccinated but not within the last 3 years were significantly associated with cat’s indoor lifestyle, cats’ age ≥ 5 years old and low annual household income. Importance of vaccination cost, low annual household income and owners’ job not related to healthcare was statistically associated with the lack of cat’s vaccination. In addition, 86% of the owners took their cat regularly to veterinary clinics. Veterinarians play a significant role in owners’ decision, and they are considered the most useful source of information about vaccination by 97% of owners.ConclusionsThe high number of recently vaccinated cats suggests owner’s attention towards feline vaccination and cat’s health. The importance of veterinarian’s advice along with the knowledge of factors associated to the unvaccinated status of cats may help veterinarians to grow owner’s confidence and increase prevention of feline infectious diseases.However further investigations based on a more comprehensive sample of the general population are needed to confirm the results of this survey.

An android-based mobile educational game for disaster preparedness: an input to risk reduction management

<span lang="EN-US">The Philippines is one of the countries in the world who suffers in different disasters, particularly natural disasters. Every year, there are more than twenty incidents recorded in the country related to different disasters which involve numerous lives of its citizens. It is found that most Filipinos have lack of knowledge in terms of disaster preparation specially, teenagers. This paper intended to develop a mobile-based game that aims to spread awareness on what to do during disasters. Upon development, forty-five (45) respondents were chosen to test the reliability of the application which composed of elementary students, household owners, police officers, fire fighters and IT experts. Further, ISO 25010 was adapted and modified in assessing the project. The results showed that the application is strongly acceptable and gives appropriate output in terms of disaster preparation garnering a total mean of 3.83<br /></span>

A Study on Financial Status of Households Using the Household Financial Composite Index (HFCI)

This study evaluates the financial status of Korean households using Household Financial Composite Index (HFCI) proposed in the preceding study. We analyzed 1,566 households with four persons aged 30-59 using raw data from the Korea Labor Panel Survey in 2016. The analysis results are as follows. First, HFCI was found to be 57.0 out of 100. Growth Index as one of three subindices was 11.1, which was significantly lower with 65.0 points for Status Index and 61.1 points for the Stability Index. Second, for households with male household owners, the overall financial score was 57.0, while that with female owners was almost similar with 57.2. HFCI was similar for the owner’s age groups, but for Status Index, 58.5 for 30s, compared with 66.1 for 40s and 67.1 for 50s. The higher the education level of household owners, the better HFCI, with 53.2 high school graduates and 64.8 graduate graduates, showing a high gap of 11.6 points. HFCI for households living in owned housing was highest at 60.0, while that for rented housing was 40.7. Third, after controlling other effects, it was found that HFCI differed according to the level of education and ownership of housing living. Householder’s gender was not found as a significant factor on HFCI. Status Index The 40s and 50s was higher than those in their 30s. Fourth, households were divided into three groups based on HFCI, named as risk, average and secure groups. HFCI for the risk group was 26.8, which was lower than 78.6 for the secure group, with a Status Index of 19.3. Households in their 50s and graduate school graduates were significantly included in the list of secure groups than others.

Goat Production in Oyo State: A case study of Ogbomoso town

The study was conducted in two Local Government areas (LGAS) of Oyo State: Ogbomoso North and Ogbomoso South L.G.A. The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaires. A total of 90 questionnaires were administered randomly in the two LGAS. Questions were asked based on background, production system, constraints to goal production e.l.cof the respondents. The data were analyzed separately using descriptive analysis. The results showed that 95.2% of household owners of goat were females while the major farms emplored male labour. West African Dwarf goat was the common breed of goat raised in the two LGAS. Majurin of the household owners of goat practised free range system of production (86.7%) while u lurge percentage of the major farms practiced intensive system of production (80%). There were no specialized housing and feeding programmes, a larger percentage of both categories fed crop residues such as cassava peels, cornstarch meal residues, and cowpea husk to the goats. The household owners of goal seldom feed forage to their goats (20%) while all the major farms fed forage to the goats. The common diseases in the area were diarrhea, pneumonia and mange. Noform of control breeding was practiced among the categories of goat keepers. There is a lack of extension service in the areas because majority of both the household owners (98%) and major farms (60%) did not have access to extension agents. The constraints to goat production in the area include accidents on the road, seasonality of seed supply, diseases, theft, lack of capital and land.

토지제도 특성이 농업 생산에 미치는 영향 비교: 에티오피아와 말라위를 중심으로(Land Tenure Security, Institution and Agricultural Production: Evidence from Ethiopia and Malawi)

토지제도 특성이 농업 생산에 미치는 영향 비교: 에티오피아와 말라위를 중심으로(Land Tenure Security, Institution and Agricultural Production: Evidence from Ethiopia and Malawi)

SELF-CHOICE OF HOUSEHOLD FIRMS TO TRANSITION FROM INFORMALITY: EVIDENCE FROM SERVICE SECTOR MICRO UNITS

This paper highlights the disaster costs which exist in the form of raids by authorities on informal service firms periodically. A disaster raid can cause irrefutable damage to household owners with monetary losses from loss of goods and eviction from the site location that makes it impossible for the owner to come back again. We develop a self-choice model where the owner is driven by his professionalism, asset holding, tax rates, and expected disaster costs. The owner’s choices include the option to remain unemployed, continue as owner or convert himself into a formal owner. Using the world banks’ micro enterprise survey data of over 1548 firms, we conduct tests of hypotheses. We find the owner’s self-drive and efficiency parameter to convert to formality is explained by his professional skill, and his and ownership status. We refute the significance of disaster costs which is outweighed by the owner’s professionalism.

IMPLEMENTING QUALITY A MISSING PIECE WITH A NEED FOR PROCESS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE: A CASE FOR IMPLEMENTING QUALITY CB-IRS DELIVERY MODEL IN ZAMBIA

Background: In the wake of increasing malaria cases in Zambia, IRS has been coming under increasing accountable pressurefromthe publicfor quality IRS performance and its decentralized approach. In response, anew IRS approach Community-BasedIndoor Residual Spraying (IRS)Delivery model has been introduced in the country and institutionalized in the community health care system.The objective of this study was to introduce quality assurance approach methods to the model in terms of structure, process and outcomes for quality performance. Materials and Methods: We reviewed both published and unpublished documents, articles, papers on quality service delivery and explored field experiences and the understanding of IRS service delivery. The Donabedian model has been found to lead to improvements of quality that in turn could improve the health outcome of the community. Equally, dimensions of quality were analyzed under effectiveness, efficacy, acceptability, equity and relevance to IRS delivery of services and best approaches. Results: Quality assurance becomes strong and successful when its well organized with features of a health atmosphere that motivates IRS teams, Spray operators (SOPs), and the house hold owners, thus becoming a common goal as a result of good level management. The District IRS Operational Committee, typically must possess quality assurance superior technical skills and expertise. However, it is not only quality assurance guidelines that strengthen team building but also established rules, processes, tracking ofprogress, IRS quality assurance learningenvironment, improvements and leadership support initiatives. These could be supplemented by enabling tools and a nurturing qualityfriendly atmosphere within the IRS teams and SOPs as front liners. Donabedian model for improvement of quality has been widely adopted in the hospital care set up, but hasnot yet been fully recognized, utilized and validated in the vector control system. Conclusion: The study suggests that the Donabedian`s structure-process-outcome isa valid modelfor implementingquality CB-IRS Delivery model in the IRS program campaign. The interventions that perform well in terms of structure tend to perform better forquality service delivery processes, that in turn have favorable influence on the community health status outcome.