Family Household Research Articles

CORESIDENCE: National and subnational data on household size and composition around the world, 1964–2021

The CORESIDENCE Database (CoDB) represents a significant advancement in the field of family studies, addressing existing data gaps and facilitating comprehensive analysis of households’ composition and living arrangements at the national and subnational levels. This article introduces the CoDB, developed for the ERC project Intergenerational Coresidence in Global Perspective: Dimensions of Change. The database draws on global-scale individual microdata from four main repositories and national household surveys, encompassing over 150 million individual records representing more than 98% of the world’s population. The CoDB provides datasets at the national, subnational, and subnational-harmonized levels, covering 156 countries, 3950 regions, and 1511 harmonized regions for the period 1964–2021. It includes 146 indicators on household composition and family arrangements, allowing researchers to explore intergenerational co-residence patterns, gender dynamics within households, and longitudinal trends in living arrangements. The CoDB fills an important gap in comparative household studies, enabling researchers to undertake ground breaking research at both macro and micro levels, ultimately fostering a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics of family structures and living arrangements.

Frequency of Physical Activity in Acute or Chronic Smoker among General Population of Karachi - A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: This research aims to evaluate the frequency of physical activity among acute or chronic smokers in Karachi's general population, recognizing the reciprocal influence between smoking and physical activity on overall health. Assessing exercise frequency among smokers is crucial, considering the commonly observed association between smoking and declining bodily functions, making it pivotal for comprehensive health assessment. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey involved 316 healthy adults aged 15-69 years, utilizing convenience sampling is used for diverse demographic representation. Data on demographic details, smoking status, and physical activity levels were collected through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The subsequent analysis, conducted using SPSS version 0.22, aimed to scrutinize the impact of smoking on participants' physical activity. Results: Among the participants, a majority (76.9%) held jobs with varying physical activity levels. For transportation, nearly all employed modes showed varying physical activity intensities, with 59.8% reporting low, 25.3% moderate, and 14.9% vigorous activity levels. Engagement in household chores and family care displayed diverse physical activity levels: 66.5% reported low, 24.1% moderate, and 9.1% vigorous activities. Similar trends were observed for house maintenance and family care, with 69.0% reporting low, 14.6% moderate, and 16.5% vigorous activities. Conclusion: The study indicates that smokers participate in physical activity less frequently, underscoring the need for heightened attention to their exercise habits. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring health strategies for smokers and examining lifestyle factors influencing their physical well-being. Keywords: Physical Activity, METs, Smoking, Well-being.

The prevalence and severity of malocclusion in foster home children

Relevance. Malocclusions in children present a pressing concern in the field of dentistry. Timely diagnostics and treatment of these conditions are crucial for children aged 6 to 18, residing in foster homes, where incidence tend to be higher compared to children raised in family settings. This heightened incidence is often attributed to the lack of timely examinations by pediatric dentist or orthodontists. Such examinations could have potentially prevented the development of malocclusions or facilitated the administration of appropriate orthodontic treatments.Materials and methods. The study included 200 children aged 6 to 18, categorized into two groups: 100 children residing in foster homes or orphanages and 100 living with families (control group). Various malocclusions were identified using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) dental aesthetic index and Angle's classification.Results. Malocclusions were identified in 89.3% of the children from foster home, compared to 66.6% of children from family households. The most prevalent types of malocclusions observed were crowding of front teeth and incisor cross-bite. The DAI dental aesthetic index was higher in children from foster home (DAI = 30.4) than in those from family (DAI = 27.8). Additionally, it was observed that none of the children from foster homes had undergone orthodontic treatment, in contrast to the children in the control group.Conclusion. The study underscores the significance of diagnosing and treating malocclusions in children, with particular emphasis on those residing in foster homes. The results highlight the necessity of implementing effective methods to prevent and address malocclusions in such environments, aiming to enhance the dental health of the children.

Meat reduction meets family reality: Negotiating sustainable diets in households with adolescents

Limited research exists on how the transition towards more sustainable eating takes place at the meso-level of family decision-making, or how children and adolescents engage in and possibly influence the process towards more sustainable diets in families. In this paper, we study how public recommendations that encourage reducing the consumption of meat for the benefit of both health and climate are interpreted, negotiated, and acted upon in Danish families with adolescents (aged 15–20) residing at home. We use novel methodological stimuli, including vignettes and a visual sorting task, embedded in qualitative, in-depth interviews to elicit data on parents' and adolescents’ everyday meat consumption/reduction behaviours. Findings reveal that a desire to uphold harmony and family cohesion serves as simultaneous drivers and barriers to reducing meat consumption. Further, we identify barriers to change in the gendered work hidden in the tasks of planning the integration of more sustainable, green dishes into the meal repertoires. Implications are drawn for social marketers, marketers, and public policymakers, encouraging these to use insights into family food decision-making processes as a lever to facilitate the needed green transition of diets in family households.

Trends of Marriage in Religious Affairs Office in Society 5.0

Marriage is a bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife to form a happy and eternal family (household) based on Belief in One Almighty God. Lately, there has been an increasing trend for young couples choosing to get married only at the Office of Religious Affairs without holding a big reception or party. In this study, one of the two components of the method was applied, namely library research and field research. The study aimed to research and analyze the trend of getting married in the Office of Religious Affairs in Society 5.0. Also, this field research is to make observations about a phenomenon in a scientific situation to explain and prove situations and phenomena that are clearer about the conditions, so the type of approach used is qualitative. From the research results it is known that getting married at the Office of Religious Affairs is increasingly becoming an option for many couples because it is considered simple and free but still memorable. From there, the people of 5.0 also realized that the relatively large costs of holding a wedding party could be allocated for other purposes. Not a few who then think objectively that it turns out that marriage does not need to be expensive.
 Keywords: marriage, Society 5.0, trend

System Perkawinan Matrilineal Di Suku Fehan Kabupaten Malaka

Marriage according to article 1 of law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage. What is meant by marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on BELIEF IN THE ALMIGHTY GOD.This matrilineal marriage itself is known as "in-marriage" where if a couple has a child, then the lineage follows someone's descendants. Mother. The stages of the traditional Fehan wedding process in NTT will be explained below. Maybe this is a possibility, as happened at the traditional wedding ceremony in Malacca Regency.Matrilineal Marriage Process in Malaka Regency Engagement is the stage before the marriage is legal, where the prospective husband submits an application to the prospective wife's family and after reaching an agreement, both agree to carry out the marriage. A recent marriage binds the relationship between two people.The objects of collateral for a marriage or matrilineal marriage are goods that are sent from the male's extended family to the female's extended family in the form of betel nut and vice versa.It can be concluded that Malacca district in East Nusa Tenggara adheres to a matrilineal marriage system or often called incoming marriage, so in this matrilineal marriage system the man will leave and stay in the woman's house.

Social Determinants of Household Food Security among Rural Families in Kismayo District of Jubaland, Somalia

Food security issues and concerns are very prevalent in Somalia. A significant part of the population face food insecurity in the entire country. Even though global evidence shows that this menace affects mostly the illiterate, families headed by females, poor families, and those households headed by old members of the family, there is dearth of these literature for the case of Somalia. Thus, this study sought to establish family characteristics which influences food security among rural families in Kismayo District of Jubaland State of Somalia. Specifically, the study sought to find out the influence of family income sources, family gender characteristics, family asset diversification and family head background characteristics in determining food security. Cross-sectional design was adopted with a sample of 400 households drawn from five main villages in Kismayo District, namely Abdidhore, Gobweyn, Yontooy, Yaqshinile, and Madhawa using systematic random sampling technique. Primary data was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and regression techniques were deployed to analyze data with the aid of SPSS version 20.0. The study has established that family income, age of the household head, gender, and family asset diversification have a statistically significant influence on family food security. Additionally, education of the household head influences family food security. The study recommends that the relevant authorities should create gainful employment for residence of Kismayo District so as to ensure food security. In addition, families should be sensitized on the importance of having diverse assets and, family heads be educated and equipped with basic skills that can help them guide the family toward food security.

Correlates of verbal and physical violence experienced and perpetrated among cisgender college women: serial cross-sections during one year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Violence against women is a prevalent, preventable public health crisis. COVID-19 stressors and pandemic countermeasures may have exacerbated violence against women. Cisgender college women are particularly vulnerable to violence. Thus, we examined the prevalence and correlates of verbal/physical violence experienced and perpetrated among cisgender women enrolled at a New York City college over one year during the COVID-19 pandemic. From a prospective cohort study, we analyzed data self-reported quarterly (T1, T2, T3, T4) between December 2020 and December 2021. Using generalized estimated equations (GEE) and logistic regression, we identified correlates of experienced and perpetrated violence among respondents who were partnered or cohabitating longitudinally and at each quarter, respectively. Multivariable models included all variables with unadjusted parameters X 2 p-value ≤0.05. The prevalence of experienced violence was 52% (T1: N = 513), 30% (T2: N = 305), 33% (T3: N = 238), and 17% (T4: N = 180); prevalence of perpetrated violence was 38%, 17%, 21%, and 9%. Baseline correlates of experienced violence averaged over time (GEE) included race, living situation, loneliness, and condom use; correlates of perpetrated violence were school year, living situation, and perceived social support. Quarter-specific associations corroborated population averages: living with family members and low social support were associated with experienced violence at all timepoints except T4. Low social support was associated with higher odds of perpetrated violence at T1/T3. Other/Multiracial identity was associated with higher odds of violence experience at T3. Living situation was associated with experienced and perpetrated violence in all analyses, necessitating further exploration of household conditions, family dynamics, and interpersonal factors. The protective association of social support with experienced and perpetrated violence also warrants investigation into forms of social engagement and cohesion. Racial differences in violence also require examination. Our findings can inform university policy development on violence and future violence research. Within or beyond epidemic conditions, universities should assess and strengthen violence prevention and support systems for young women by developing programming to promote social cohesion.

Working More to Pay the Mortgage: Household Debt, Interest Rates, and Family Labor Supply (Journal of Finance forthcoming)

Working More to Pay the Mortgage: Household Debt, Interest Rates, and Family Labor Supply (Journal of Finance forthcoming)

Association between Family Household Income and Cognitive Resilience among Older US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cognitive resilience has emerged as a mechanism that may help explain individual differences in cognitive function associated with aging and/or pathology. It is unknown whether an association exists between family income level and cognitive resilience. We performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the relationship between family income level and high cognitive resilience using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) among older adults (age≥60). Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between income level and high cognitive resilience adjusted for other factors. Accounting for differences in education, occupation, and health status, older adults in the highest income category were twice as likely compared to those with very low income to have high cognitive resilience (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.05,3.43). A doseresponse was apparent between income category and high cognitive resilience. The finding that income, above and beyond that of known factors, affects cognitive function is important for future public health strategies that aim to prevent or delay cognitive impairment.

Cultural Values and Behaviors of the Dayak and Malay Communities in the Social Forestry Program in Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan

This article explores the cultural values and behaviors of the Dayak and Malay communities in supporting the Social Forestry Program in the Northern Kapuas Hulu Forest Management Unit (FMU), Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan. The research aims to understand the cultural values and behaviors of the Dayak and Malay communities that can significantly contribute to the success of the social forestry program. The research method involves literature review and in-depth interviews with traditional community figures and experts in community engagement. The study was conducted under the Foreign Grant Project from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Data for the research was collected from 2021 to 2022. The main findings of this research include the necessity of high respect for the Dayak community's ancestors and an understanding of the key role of traditional figures in determining the program's success. The results of the social forestry program applications in three villages in Northern Kapuas Hulu FMU, including three schemes: Customary Forest, Village Forest, and Conservation Partnership, were approved covering a total of 16,031 Ha and benefiting 729 indigenous family households, including 228 women. The conclusion of this research highlights the importance of aligning social forestry schemes with community preferences and gaining full support from the Chief of the Adat. Intensive consultation processes are required to obtain community support, while a deep understanding of local culture and interaction with forest resources is crucial for success.

조선의 국가 전례서(典禮書)에 규정된 상복(喪服) 제도와 변천

This study examines the evolution and form of the mourning clothes system for men and women, as articulated in the “Gugjoolyeui (國朝五禮儀)” etc, the book on the national rituals of Joseon. The Joseon royal family, in contrast to China, pursued a three-year mourning period and established a mourning attire system akin to that of ordinary households. While Chinese national ritual texts vaguely address mourning rites due to the perception of codifying such rites as disloyalty, the Joseon royal family established a mourning attire system grounded in “Galye” (家禮; Family Rituals). The design and diagrams of men's mourning clothes largely adhere to “Galye.” However, in instances where the primary and supplementary annotations of “Galye” diverge, the practice tends to follow the supplementary annotations. The diagrams also draw from “Galyedo” (家禮圖; Illustrations of Family Rituals), but distinctive characteristics of Joseon are discernible. Women's mourning attire was later enhanced with its forms and diagrams, again using “Galye” as the benchmark. Subsequent national ritual texts were augmented with contents from Chinese ritual books such as “Lyegijibseol” (禮記集說; Collected Explanations of the Book of Rites) and “Galyeuijeol” (家禮儀節; Ritual Sections of Family Rituals), as well as Kim Jangsaeng's “Galyejiblam” (家禮輯覽; Collected Views on Family Rituals), “Sanglyebiyo” (喪禮備要; Essentials of Mourning Rites), and “Uilyemunhae” (疑禮問解; Questions and Answers on Doubtful Rituals). Therefore, mourning attire, being identical in system and form for both the royal family and ordinary households, was used as the only ceremonial dress that transcended class distinctions in Joseon.

Examining the Impact of Family Household Income on Children's English Proficiency in Malaysia: A Case Study

Malaysia is a diverse country where the population covers people of different races, which results in most Malaysians being able to be either bilingual or multilingual. Although the differences are a common factor that might be influencing their English proficiency, much of the research that has been done to study the correlation between race and English proficiency proves that the relationship between those two is there. Most people tend to ignore the influence of household income on their English proficiency, which results in less research being conducted. Thus, this study aims to investigate the parents’ experiences between family household income and children’s English proficiency in Malaysia. Six semi- structured interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative data from Malaysians with different family household incomes. This study reveals that there is a connection between family household income and their children’s English proficiency in terms of the level of awareness of the importance of English, the practice of English in daily life and the resources provided by parents.

Development of Kennel Cage Cooling System Using Thermoelectric Cooler

Animal welfare is one of society's top priorities nowadays; hence, pets have been considered part of every family's household. Pet safety and its condition are frequently monitored, and many innovative inventions are being created. A Peltier module, commonly known as a thermoelectric cooler, is widely used in cooling modules. A thermoelectric cooler is used to produce cold air to give comfort to their cages. Installing a cooling system with a control system creates cool air inside the cell with a fan. The temperature inside the cage can be manually controlled depending on the desired temperature, between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius. Using t-test analysis, the results show that the thermal reading of the developed device is accurate and the system is fully operational. However, outdoors may affect the task; the Peltier may produce less coldness and vary according to the kennel cage design and size.

BEQUEST DISTRIBUTION AMONG ENTREPRENEURS IN MALAYSIA: ARE MALAYSIAN ENTREPRENEURS SELFISH, ALTRUISTIC, DYNASTIC, OR SOCIAL NORMS AND TRADITION?

This paper investigates the bequest motives among Malaysian entrepreneurs to understand the motives influencing their decisions in wealth distribution to their beneficiaries. Empirical evidence has shown great emphasis on the influence of bequest motives on economic indicators while limited studies to show the bequest motives of individuals in different settings. A survey questionnaire has collected 103 responses from Malaysian entrepreneurs using non-probability convenience and snowball sampling methods and the data were further analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The findings indicate that Malaysian entrepreneurs exhibit diverse bequest motives, including dynasty (prioritising family legacy and family business), selfish life-cycle (prioritising personal consumption and future support from children), social norms and tradition (adhering to cultural expectations), and altruism (supporting children with greater needs). The findings suggest Malaysian entrepreneurs are slightly skewed towards social norms and tradition and altruism bequest motives. This study contributes to the literature on household economics and family businesses by offering insights into the bequest motives of Malaysian entrepreneurs. Further research could explore how bequest motives vary based on factors such as birth order and gender among children.

“Factors associated with HIV-TB Co-infection among children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Imo State, Nigeria”

BackgroundNearly 90 % of children living with HIV and tuberculosis are domiciled in Sub-Saharan Africa. Given the paucity of data on TB-HIV co-infection in children, this study aimed to understand the factors associated with co-infection in children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Imo State, Nigeria. MethodsWe used a matched case-control study design in this study. 30 TB-HIV incident cases and 90 control children living with HIV receiving ART were recruited from selected HIV treatment sites in Imo State with a case-control ratio of 1:3. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on family size, socioeconomic status, passive smoking, household food security, and household TB exposure. ResultsHaving at least three people living with a child in a room (P = .006, 95 %CI for odds =1.76–28.78), reduced food intake (P=.004, X2 = 8.50). Having a family member living with HIV (P = 0.016, X2 = 5.75) or having symptoms of TB (P = 0.0001, X2 = 50.39) were all found to be significant factors in HIV-TB coinfection in children. The significant factors of passive smoking were the extent to which the respondents think they are exposed to tobacco smoke at home (P = 0.0001, X2 = 24.14), having some members of the family smoke inside the home (P = 0.0001, X2 = 17.57), and having some degree of exposure to tobacco smoke in socialization areas outside the household (P = 0.0001, X2 = 22.80). None of the social-economic status factors assessed in this study were found to be significant for co-infection except those who earn income to support the family (P = 0.023, X2 = 11.36) and the hours of work they do each week (P = 0.038, X2 =6.54). ConclusionAfter this study, household food security, passive smoking, family size, and household TB exposure are associated with TB-HIV co-infection in children.

Fictive home: the politics of urban homemaking of <em>Hijras</em> in Khulna, Bangladesh

The third gender is an identity-based category for people who do not identify themselves as either male or female. This may include people who do not feel the male or female gender roles that their culture dictates in terms of social, sexual, or gender role preference. The aim of the paper is to investigate the crucial role that the dwelling environments play in the lives of the third gender and their ultimate transformation into and stigmatization as a Hijra. In a context characterized by a lack of social acceptance of the third gender people into mainstream activities, and in the near absence of Government (and NGO) support, particularly toward their rehabilitation and resettlement, the third gender population commonly engages in ‘anti-social’ activities in order to ensure a livelihood. A significant portion of these activities, which can also be viewed as different forms of resistance-mostly absent and ritualistic, however, take place within the confines of their urban dwelling. An investigation into their family structure and household spatial implication, organization of house spaces according to their own notion of publicness-privateness, spatial sequencing, layering and hierarchy, formal articulation of houses and their setting/location to the larger urban fabric hence speak of an apparently novel culture of an undesirable community, where such novelties, as this paper argues, degrade their identity into that of a ‘socially excluded’ Hijra. Such identification and understanding of the negative socio-political-spatial products/processes of Hijra homes hence are expected to provide important feedback to policymaking on devising sustainable ways to construct a positive identity for the so-called ‘Hijra’ population and aid through possible spatial-physical intervention (e.g. housing).

Determinants of Crop Diversification: A Case Study of Farm Households in Himachal Pradesh

The current study on factors influencing crop diversification was carried out in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to determine the causes of crop diversification among rural people using primary data gathered through multistage random sampling from 90 farm households. The censored Tobit model was used to analyze the determinants influencing crop diversification. The results revealed that five of the ten examined variables positively and significantly influenced crop diversification: Education, farming experience, farm size, standard animal units (SAU), age of household head, market information, credit access, family size, extension services, and irrigation availability. Of these ten variables, five variables viz; farming experience, farm size, market information, family size, and extension services positively and significantly affected crop diversification. The results of PCA showed that factors influencing the change in the cropping system were the availability of HYVs and chemical fertilizers, irrigation facilities, land holdings and government subsidies and policies. Therefore, the study's findings will aid government stakeholders in recognizing the challenges faced by farmers in crop diversification and formulating an effective policy framework.

Effects associated with the devaluation of women in a rural parish in the province of Loja

The devaluation of women has become a problem that has been manifested and evidenced by various events that reflect contempt, constant questioning and the violation of the rights of the female gender in various scenarios. In Ecuador, at the rural level, gender violence has affected approximately 62% of women. This article was proposed with the objective of analyzing the effects associated with said devaluation on the political, social and economic dimensions. At a methodological level, a scientific and synthetic method was applied, a qualitative approach, and 72 women were taken as the population to whom interviews and focus groups were applied. The results of the interviews reflected that unanimously in the San Lucas community there is inequality in relation to men, a product of a sexist environment, this despite the economic and social continuation that women carry out at the local, national and international level in the economic context. From the focus group, it was identified that women perform traditional roles mainly associated with household chores and family care; occasionally these roles were combined with agricultural work that they performed without receiving remuneration. It was concluded that devaluation has not only had an impact on the limited participation of women at an economic, social and political level, so the lack of presence in this last aspect also has an impact on the lack of actions to counteract the problem of their devaluation.

Barriers to safe and secure housing in the US section 8 voucher programme post-Dobbs

The US affordable housing crisis has exploded since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, spurring increased interest in low-income housing subsidies (Section 8). However, potential Section 8 beneficiaries can lose eligibility, or their spot in line, when family size changes, especially if they do not provide the appropriate paperwork to the public housing authority. We identify two external concerns for Section 8: the disparity between programme demand, available vouchers, and housing stock, and the challenges domestic violence victims face in securing housing assistance. These challenges compound for poor families fleeing violence, and more so since the Dobbs decision. In many states, abortion trigger bans severely limit household family planning, creating a triple-bind for poor families seeking housing and women fleeing violence. We identify several policy recommendations to address these concerns in both the short- and long-run.