Detergent Research Articles

Effect of Cleaning Milk Equipment with Plant Material on Microbial Load, Quality and Organoleptic Character of Milk

Ensuring the safety and quality of milk requires effective sanitation of milk-handling equipment to minimize microbial contamination. This study examined the antimicrobial effectiveness of Eucalyptus globulus and Ruta chalepensis as natural cleaning agents compared to conventional synthetic detergents. Equipment cleaned with plant-based solutions significantly reduced microbial loads, including total bacterial count (TBC), coliforms, and lactic acid bacteria (TLAB), with reductions exceeding those observed with conventional detergents (p < 0.05). Lower titratable acidity in milk processed using plant-treated equipment indicated delayed spoilage and extended shelf life. Sensory evaluation by trained panelists revealed improved flavor, texture, and overall acceptability in milk cleaned with plant-based agents, outperforming detergent-cleaned samples (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial properties of Eucalyptus globulus stem from its phytochemicals, such as eucalyptol and α-pinene, which disrupt bacterial cell membranes, effectively targeting gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ruta chalepensis owes its antibacterial activity to phenolics and flavonoids, which inhibit bacterial growth through oxidative stress and enzyme disruption. These bioactive compounds contribute not only to reduced microbial loads but also to enhanced sensory qualities of milk, making the plant-based agents promising alternatives to chemical cleaners. The findings suggest that Eucalyptus globulus and Ruta chalepensis offer sustainable, eco-friendly solutions for dairy sanitation, effectively reducing microbial contamination while enhancing milk quality. These natural agents align with the growing consumer preference for environmentally sustainable practices in food production. Further research is recommended to optimize their application methods, evaluate residue safety, and investigate their long-term impact on milk-handling equipment and microbial resistance patterns. By integrating these plant-based solutions into dairy sanitation practices, producers can achieve safer, higher-quality milk while reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals.

2023 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System® (NPDS) from America's Poison Centers®: 41st Annual Report.

This is the 41st Annual Report of America's Poison Centers® National Poison Data System®. As of 1 January, 2023, all 55 of the nation's poison centers uploaded case data automatically to NPDS. We analyzed the case data, tabulating specific indices from the NPDS®. The methodology was as in previous years. Where changes were introduced, the differences are identified. Cases with medical outcomes of death were evaluated by a team of medical and clinical toxicologists using an ordinal scale of 1-6 to assess the Relative Contribution to Fatality of the exposure. In 2023, 2,421,251 closed encounters were logged by the National Poison Data System®: 2,080,659 human exposures, 41,857 animal exposures, 293,663 information requests, 5,046 human confirmed nonexposures, and 26 animal confirmed nonexposures. The upload interval was 4.88 [4.43, 9.33] (median [25%, 75%]) minutes, creating a near real-time national exposure and information database and surveillance system. Total encounters showed a 2.49% decrease from 2022 while human exposure cases increased by 0.764% and health care facility human exposure cases increased by 2.38%. All information requests decreased by 19.1%, medication identification (Drug ID) requests decreased by 14.0%, and medical information requests showed a 61.3% decrease, returning to pre-COVID-19 pandemic numbers. Drug Information requests showed a 17.6% decrease, due to continued declining COVID-19 vaccine calls to poison centers, but these still comprised 21.7% of all information contacts. Human exposures with less serious outcomes have decreased by 1.58% per year since 2008, while those with more serious outcomes (moderate, major or death) have increased by 4.25% per year since 2000.Consistent with the previous year, the top 4 substance classes most frequently involved in all human exposures were analgesics (11.00%), household cleaning substances (7.12%), antidepressants (5.58%), and cosmetics/personal care products (5.01%). Cardiovascular drugs (4.97%) replaced antihistamines as the 5th most common substance class. As a class, analgesic exposures increased most rapidly, by 1,260 cases/year (2.72%/year) over the past 10 years for cases with more serious outcomes.The top 5 most common exposures in children aged 5 years or less were household cleaning substances (10.1%), analgesics (9.13%), cosmetics/personal care products (9.10%), foreign bodies/toys/miscellaneous (8.03%), and dietary supplements/herbals/homeopathic (6.88%). The National Poison Data System® documented 3,272 human exposures resulting in death; 2,700 (82.5%) of these were judged as related (Relative Contribution to Fatality of 1-Undoubtedly responsible, 2-Probably responsible, or 3-Contributory). These data support the continued value of poison center expertise and the need for specialized medical toxicology information to manage the increasing number of more serious exposures. Unintentional and intentional exposures continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. The near real-time nature of the National Poison Data System® represents a national public health resource for collecting and monitoring US exposure cases and information requests. The continuing mission of the National Poison Data System® is to provide a nationwide infrastructure for surveillance for all types of exposures (e.g., foreign body, infectious, venomous, chemical agent, or commercial product), and the identification and tracking of significant public health events. The National Poison Data System® is a model system for the near real-time surveillance of national and global public health.

Twenty-eight days later: The recovery of DNA from human remains submerged in aggressive household chemicals.

Aggressive chemicals intended for cleaning pools or unclogging drains contain high concentrations of dangerous compounds, leading to their nefarious use in dissolving human remains in some criminal cases. The use of these readily accessible household cleaners to destroy human remains and hide evidence of a crime presents a considerable challenge for human identification. However, research on the success of recovering DNA from such remains is limited. Therefore, we investigated the effects of submerging partial human remains (including whole heads, forearms, and hands) in five different household products: bleach, Rid-X® septic treatment, lye drain opener, sulfuric acid drain opener, and muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid) pool cleaner. We evaluated the impact of each chemical, focusing on visual changes, DNA recovery, and the potential for successful human identification through traditional STR or mitochondrial DNA analyses. Exposure to all chemicals altered the appearance of the remains, but DNA recovery was still possible across various time periods, up to 28 days. Human remains exposed to bleach, Rid-X®, and lye produced full STR profiles after 4 weeks. Sulfuric acid shortened this time to 3 weeks, while hydrochloric acid, the most damaging chemical, limitedfull STR profile recovery to just the first 3 days of exposure. This study demonstrates that although differences in the rate of damage occur depending on the amount of tissue introduced, volume of chemical used, and the specific chemical of choice, DNA-based human identification of remains treated with everyday household cleaners is likely, particularly if bone fragments are recovered.

Identification and Health Risks of an Emerging Means of Drug Use in Correctional Facilities

Recreational use of drug-soaked paper strips (hereafter, strips) in correctional facilities poses a major public health risk owing to the diverse and potentially severe toxic effects of the substances they contain. Understanding the clinical manifestations and outcomes of exposure to these strips is important for developing effective management and prevention strategies. To characterize the clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes of intoxication from strips in a correctional facility population, and to identify the specific substances present in these strips. This is a case series with a retrospective medical record review and biospecimen analysis. Participants were incarcerated individuals from a county jail who presented to the emergency department of an urban hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, with suspected strip exposure between August 1, 2022, and November 1, 2023. Strip samples were tested using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), and serum samples were analyzed via LC-QTOF-MS. All patients had suspected exposure to strips, thought to contain opioids, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), and other novel synthetic drugs. The primary outcomes were clinical manifestations of strip exposure, including clinical signs and symptoms, vital sign derangements, laboratory and imaging findings, treatments administered, and patient outcomes. There were 18 patients (all male; median [IQR] age, 27.5 [18.0-45.0] years) in total. Bradycardia (11 patients [61%]) and central nervous system depression (17 patients [94%]) were the most common clinical findings. Other symptoms included agitation (6 patients [33%]) and seizures (4 patients [22%]). Treatment primarily involved supportive care, with 2 patients requiring intubation. One patient died as a result of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Analysis of strip samples revealed the presence of synthetic cannabinoids and benzimidazole opioids, but no household cleaners or pesticides. Serum testing confirmed the presence of SCRAs and their metabolites. In this case series study of strip intoxication among incarcerated individuals, severe and variable clinical manifestations were observed, predominantly associated with their SCRA content. Bradycardia in the context of major central nervous system depression was an indicator of severe SCRA toxic effects. Further research is needed to better understand strip use and to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Изучение токсичности средств для мытья посуды с антибактериальным действием на различных экспериментальных моделях

Synthetic detergents (SD) with the declared antibacterial action for washing dishes can be a source of harmful effects on the human body. The main components of SD are surface-active substances (surfactants). With single and repeated contact, detergents can have a moderate irritating effect on the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, cause allergic reactions; when ingested, they cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, nausea, and vomiting. The objective of our study is to assess the toxicity of detergents with antibacterial action on various experimental models and select the most dangerous of them to study its chronic effects on laboratory animals. The cytotoxicity of 34 detergents was studied on three types of cell cultures: sperm suspension, green Monkey kidney cells (Vero) and hamster epithelial cells (HTK-1). Acute toxicity of the agents was determined when administered into the stomach and abdominal cavity of white mice. Among the cell cultures, HTK-1 cells were the most sensitive. The dependence of SD cytotoxicity on the presence of an antibacterial component is better seen on the sperm suspension. In addition, the study of commercial samples showed that almost half of them do not meet the requirements of MR29 FC/4746 of December 27, 2001 (hereinafter MR29 FC/4746) [1]. In this connection, it is necessary to continue the further studies for a more in-depth studying SD toxicity. Determination of DL50 values upon administration into the abdominal cavity allows us to distribute the products by the degree of toxicity, which seems difficult when determining the DL50 values of detergents with antibacterial action intragastrically. An average correlation dependence was revealed between DL50 upon intraperitoneal administration and the established MNR on HTK-1 cells. Keywords: synthetic detergents, surfactants, cell culture, cytotoxicity, toxicity analyzer, white mice, toxicity.

Factors associated with the adoption of eco-innovation and its effect on environmental performance in the US household cleaning sector

This study investigates the influence of external and internal factors on eco-innovation and the impact of its adoption on firms' environmental performance. We mainly examined process eco-innovation, which provides eco-friendly alternatives to the raw materials, machines, and energy sources used in the firms' production processes that could harm the environment. Using a survey, we gathered data from 118 publicly listed household cleaning and personal care companies on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Results of the structural equation model revealed that regulatory pressure, consumer demand, and green corporate image could induce the adoption of process eco-innovation, while environmental subsidies do not. In addition, our findings indicated that environmental management systems (EMS), technological capabilities, and managerial environmental concerns spur process eco-innovation adoption. We also found that process eco-innovation can significantly improve firms' environmental performance, indicating that cleaner production processes are important for pollution prevention. This work contributes to existing knowledge of eco-innovation, especially in terms of its regional and industry focus, and provides significant implications for policy and practice.

Decolorization of Acid Yellow 17 by ozonation and Peroxone (O3/H2O2) Process

In this study, the decolorization of Acid Yellow 17, a mono azo dye with a wide range of applications such as in food, textiles, personal care products, and household cleaning products, was investigated in aqueous solutions using ozonation and peroxone processes. The effects of ozone gas flow rate (150, 200, and 250 L/h), ozone gas concentration (5.5, 11, and 16.5 g/m3), initial dye concentration (100, 200, and 300 mg/L), and hydrogen peroxide concentration (25, 50 and 62.5 mg/L) on decolorization in the batch bubble reactor were investigated. When the ozone gas flow rate was increased from 150 L/h to 200 L/h in the ozonation process, the removal efficiency increased from 70% to 80.2%. At gas flow rates above 200 L/h, removal was negatively affected. The removal efficiency increased with increasing ozone gas concentration, and at the end of the 45-minute reaction time, a removal efficiency of 98% was achieved at an ozone gas concentration of 16 g/m3. The increase in initial dye concentrations decreases the removal efficiency due to the increase in the amount of pollutant per unit ozone molecule. In the peroxane process, the effect of hydrogen peroxide on color removal was limited. It was determined that the ozonation process was more effective for the removal of Acid Yellow 17 from aqueous solutions.

Charge-Stabilized Nanodiscs as a New Class of Lipid Nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles have the potential to improve disease treatment and diagnosis due to their ability to incorporate drugs, alter pharmacokinetics, and enable tissue targeting. While considerable effort is placed on developing spherical lipid-based nanocarriers, recent evidence suggests that high aspect ratio lipid nanocarriers can exhibit enhanced disease site targeting and altered cellular interactions. However, the assembly of lipid-based nanoparticles into non-spherical morphologies has typically required incorporating additional agents such as synthetic polymers, proteins, lipid-polymer conjugates, or detergents. Here, charged lipid headgroups are used to generate stable discoidal lipid nanoparticles from mixed micelles, which are termed charge-stabilized nanodiscs (CNDs). The ability to generate CNDs in buffers with physiological ionic strength is restricted to lipids with more than one anionic group, whereas monovalent lipids only generate small nanoliposomal assemblies. In mice, the smaller size and anisotropic shape of CNDs promote higher accumulation in subcutaneous tumors than spherical liposomes. Further, the surface chemistry of CNDs can be modified via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to improve their tumor-targeting properties over state-of-the-art LbL-liposomes when tested using a metastatic model of ovarian cancer. The application of charge-mediated anisotropy in lipid-based assemblies can aid in the future design of biomaterials and cell-membrane mimetic structures.

Formulation and Evolution of Herbal Shampoo

Shampoos are one of the cosmetic products used in daily life. Synthetic preservatives and detergents have sometimes been the cause of adverse effects among consumers. A more radical approach in reducing the synthetic ingredients is by incorporating natural extract whose functionality is comparable with their synthetic ingredients.this herbal shampoo was formulated using natural ingredient like Fenugreek seeds), Acacia concinna (shikakai), Sapindus mukorossi (reetha), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Aloe vera (aloe), Hibiscus rosa sinensis (china rose), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Lawsonia inermis (henna),Citrus lemon (lemon), with proven efficacy of hair care preparation is prepared. The combination of several such ingredient of herbal origin has made it possible to secure highly effective dry powder shampoo. The formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluated for number of parameters to ensure its safety and efficacy.The main obeject of this present study is to prepare and evaluate an herbal shampoo and determine physiochemical function that emphasizes on safety.which is use to remove grease, dirt, dandruff..

Comparative studies of the toxicity of new synthetic detergents based on anionic and nonionic surface active substance

Introduction. Among the complex of environmental factors that are subject to toxicological and hygienic studies, household chemicals deserve great attention due to their mass production, a variety of components and formulations, as well as possible direct effects on the human body. The purpose of the work is to conduct comparative studies on the study of toxicometric parameters of new synthetic detergents. Material and methods. In accordance with the planned purpose of the study in the biological testing laboratory of the “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman”, experiments were conducted to establish the parameters of acute oral toxicity, to determine the presence of a possible irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, the single and multiple (10 applications) skin-resorptive effect of the working solution was studied, the sensitizing properties of the compounds were investigated. The research was carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines: MG 4230–86, MG 2102–79, MG 2196–80, MG 1.1.578–96. At the end of the study, rats were euthanized using CO2 at the AE0904 animal euthanasia unit. The results of the conducted studies were processed by statistically generally accepted methods using the Student’s t-criteria in the Microsoft Excel. Results. When studying the acute oral toxicity of samples of synthetic detergents, it was found that the average lethal dose LD50 (rats) is > 5000 mg/kg of body weight. When applied once to the skin (rats and rabbits) and to the mucous membranes of the eye (guinea pigs and rabbits), the samples of detergents do not cause irritation, do not have a skin-resorptive (rats) and allergenic effect (guinea pigs). Limitations related to the analysis of the results of experimental data on toxicometric parameters (determination of LD50, irritant effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eye, skin-resorptive and allergic effects) without taking into account the carcinogenic effect of new synthetic detergents on the body of warm-blooded (rats). Conclusions. Comparative studies have not revealed any differences in the toxicometric parameters of the studied synthetic detergents. It was found that in all samples, the average lethal dose LD50 orally is >5000 mg/kg of body weight; irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eye – 0 points; clinical signs of intoxication with irritative and resorptive action were not revealed; sensitizing properties of the drugs – 0 points. Synthetic detergents samples according to the studied parameters belong to low-risk compounds.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal shampoo

The main objective of these study is to evaluate and formulate herbal shampoo. Shampoo are one of the cosmetic products used in daily life. Synthetic preservatives and detergents have sometimes been the cause of adverse effects among consumers. A more radical approach in reducing the synthetic ingredients is by incorporating natural ingredients whose functionality is comparable with their synthetic ingredients. The ingredients used in formulation of Herbal Shampoo are Ficus Religiosa leaves (Powder), Hibiscus Leaves (Powder), Reetha (Powder), Shikakai (Powder), Aloevera, then prepared by mixing with each other and evaluated for its organoleptic and physio-chemical characteristics and performance tests in terms of wetting time test, pH, solid contents, surface tension, dirt dispersion, foam Stability, and Viscosity was performed. The combination of several such ingredient of herbal origin has made it possible to secure highly effective dry powder shampoo. The formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluated for number of parameters to ensure its safety and efficacy The Formulated Herbal Shampoo was clear and good appealing. It demonstrated good froth stability, detergency, good cleansing, small bubble size, low surface strain, and execution of good conditioning property. The physicochemical evaluation of the formulated shampoo showed ideal results. However, to improve its quality, product performance, and safety, further development was required.

Clean vs green: the impact of reading short stories on sustainable and healthy cleaning behaviours

Fact-based information campaigns aimed at encouraging more sustainable behaviour have typically resulted in minor effects that tend not to last. Scholars in the fields of entertainment education have proposed storytelling as an alternative strategy. Most existing studies have focused on health communication, but there is increasing interest in exploring storytelling to promote pro-environmental behaviours. Our focus in this study are behaviours which have both health and environmental implications: personal cleaning, household cleaning, and laundry. In a study using both quantitative and qualitative analyses (from a survey to which 77 individuals responded), we find that messages embedded into a short story significantly changed behavioural intentions in readers across all three domains. Readers reported gaining knowledge from the stories, in terms of the specific products and practices that one could undertake and with respect to the commonly held misconception that aggressive cleaning practices in the home (e.g., high temperatures, strong chemicals) are beneficial to human health. Results have implications for interventions aimed at promoting behaviours that have joint benefits for human and environmental health.

The mitochondrial genome of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) sheds light on its genome structure and gene transfer between organelles

BackgroundLavandula angustifolia holds importance as an aromatic plant with extensive applications spanning the fragrance, perfume, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and spa sectors. Beyond its aesthetic and sensory applications, this plant offers medicinal benefits as a natural herbal remedy and finds use in household cleaning products. While extensive genomic data, inclusive of plastid and nuclear genomes, are available for this species, researchers have yet to characterize its mitochondrial genome. This gap in knowledge hampers deeper understanding of the genome organization and its evolutionary significance.ResultsThrough the course of this study, we successfully assembled and annotated the mitochondrial genome of L. angustifolia, marking a first in this domain. This assembled genome encompasses 61 genes, which comprise 34 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNA genes, and three ribosomal RNA genes. We identified a chloroplast sequence insertion into the mitogenome, which spans a length of 10,645 bp, accounting for 2.94% of the mitogenome size. Within these inserted sequences, there are seven intact tRNA genes (trnH-GUG, trnW-CCA, trnD-GUC, trnS-GGA, trnN-GUU, trnT-GGU, trnP-UGG) and four complete protein-coding genes (psbA, rps15, petL, petG) of chloroplast derivation. Additional discoveries include 88 microsatellites, 15 tandem repeats, 74 palindromic repeats, and 87 forward long repeats. An RNA editing analysis highlighted an elevated count of editing sites in the cytochrome c oxidase genes, notably ccmB with 34 editing sites, ccmFN with 32, and ccmC with 29. All protein-coding genes showed evidence of cytidine-to-uracil conversion. A phylogenetic analysis, utilizing common protein-coding genes from 23 Lamiales species, yielded a tree with consistent topology, supported by high confidence values.ConclusionsAnalysis of the current mitogenome resource revealed its typical circular genome structure. Notably, sequences originally from the chloroplast genome were found within the mitogenome, pointing to the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer between organelles. This assembled mitogenome stands as a valuable resource for subsequent studies on mitogenome structures, their evolution, and molecular biology.

Changes in household use of disinfectant and cleaning products during the first lockdown period in France

BackgroundFew studies evaluated the use of Household Disinfectant and Cleaning Products (HDCPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, but no population-based cohorts used longitudinal data. We studied changes in HDCPs during the first lockdown, based on longitudinal data from the French population-based NutriNet-Santé and CONSTANCES cohorts.MethodsBased on standardized questionnaires on household cleaning tasks in 2018–2019 and around the first lockdown in France (March17-May3 2020), we compared the duration of weekly use of HDCPs (< 1 day/week, < 10 min/week; 10-30 min/week; > 30 min/week) and the household cleaning help (yes/no) before and during the lockdown period by Bhapkar and McNemar’s tests. Moreover, we assessed self-reported changes in the frequency of HDCPs during the lockdown from before (unchanged/increased).ResultsAnalyses were carried on 31,105 participants of NutriNet-Santé (48 years, 75% women, 81% ≥ high school diploma) and 49,491 of CONSTANCES (47 years, 51% women, 87% ≥ high school diploma). During the lockdown, compared with 2018–2019, duration of HDCPs use increased (> 30 min; NutriNet-Santé: 44% versus 18%; CONSTANCES: 63% versus 16%) and household help decreased (NutriNet-Santé: 5% versus 40%; CONSTANCES: 3% versus 56%). Regarding the frequency of HDCPs use, 55% of participants of NutriNet-Santé (57% women/49% men) and 83% of CONSTANCES (86% women/81% men) reported an increased use since the beginning of the lockdown, significantly higher among women (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe frequency and duration of weekly use of HDCPs has significantly increased since the pandemic. As the use of HDCPs is associated with health issues, further studies are now needed to evaluate the potential health impacts of these changes.

Toxicity assessment of powdered laundry detergents: an in vivo approach with a plant-based bioassay.

Powdered laundry detergents, encompassing a diverse blend of organic and inorganic compounds, are crucial in efficiently removing dirt in household cleaning. This study investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of commonly used powdered laundry detergents in Sri Lanka using the Allium cepa bioassay. Five detergents (four branded A, B, C, and D, and one non-branded E) were selected for assessment. Toxicity evaluations were conducted across a range of predetermined aqueous detergent concentrations (0-2500mg/L) using the A. cepa bioassay, with all experiments being triplicated and following standard protocols. Exposure to detergent concentrations up to 500mg/L resulted in mitosis suppression, nuclear aberrations, and chromosomal abnormalities in A. cepa, indicating concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Condensed nuclei were notably prevalent among nuclear abnormalities, while vagrant chromosomes and chromosomal adherence were the most frequent chromosomal aberrations observed. At higher concentrations (> 500mg/L), the selected detergents induced necrotic cell death in A. cepa root meristematic cells. This study warns to avoid the unnecessary use of detergents as they cause significant ecological risks and advocates for further research to comprehensively assess detergent toxicity across diverse organisms within ecosystems to safeguard ecosystem health effectively.

Assessment of acute poisoning in children using poisoning severity scores: A cross-sectional study at Damietta General Hospital Egypt

Acute poisoning is a prevalent health issue, particularly among children, due to their natural curiosity and tendency to explore. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the characteristics, causes, clinical presentation, and outcomes of acute intoxication in children at Damietta General Hospital, Egypt. We included 106 pediatric patients (aged under 18 years) with a clear history or clinical signs of acute poisoning. Data collection encompassed sociodemographic information, type of poison, mode of poisoning, and clinical outcomes. Poison Severity Score (PSS) was employed to assess the severity. The most affected age group was preschool children (3–6 years), accounting for 41.5 % of cases, with males representing 52.8 %. Accidental poisoning constituted 83 % of cases, with household cleaning products (34 %) and petroleum products (18.9 %) being the most common toxic agents. Clinical outcomes revealed that 33 % of patients experienced morbidity, with electrolyte imbalances being the most prevalent complication. The overall cure rate was 94.3 %, while the mortality rate was 5.7 %. This study highlights the significance of parental education and preventive measures, especially in rural areas, to reduce the risk of pediatric poisoning. The PSS proved useful in guiding clinical care, supporting its further use in pediatric toxicology settings.

Analisis Peningkatan Produktivitas UKM Pada Usaha Alat Kebrsihan Rumah Tangga Melalui enjualan E-commerce Pada Toko Ucimop di Desa Karang Tengah Kecamatan Purwosari Kabupaten Pasuruan

In this era of globalization, SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) play a vital role in driving a country's economy. In this context, increasing the productivity of SMEs is an urgent matter to be considered, given the increasingly fierce competition and dynamic changes in market trends. Sales through e-commerce platforms have become an increasingly dominating trend in the world of commerce. With an increasingly digitally connected market, the existence of an online store has become a necessity for SMEs to remain competitive. Ucimop SME in Karang Tengah Village, Purwosari District, Pasuruan Regency, is one example of an SME engaged in the business of household cleaning tools and has utilized an e-commerce platform to expand their market reach. This type of research is qualitative research. The result of this research is that the presence of E-commerce is one of the marketing alternatives used to reach more customers. MSMEs can conduct promotions anywhere and anytime for 24 hours without stopping. This transaction model allows transactions to cross regional boundaries much more easily and cost effectively than traditional trade.

Trends in chlorine and chloramine gas exposures reported to United States poison centers

Introduction Chlorine and chloramine gas inhalation can occur when household cleaners are mixed. The increased emphasis on disinfecting practices during the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to an increase in chlorine and chloramine gas exposures in the United States, which has not been studied. Methods In a retrospective review, reported data on chlorine and chloramine gas exposures in the National Poison Data System were collected from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022. Data included demographics and exposure details, including location, dose, formulation, co-exposures, treatments, and outcomes. Demographic analyses and descriptive statistics were conducted. Results During the study period, 85,104 total exposures to chlorine and chloramine gas were reported, consisting of 79,281 isolated exposures and 5,823 co-exposures. Total exposures increased by 61% from 8,385 in 2015 to 13,503 in 2022, with the largest increase of 38.3% occurring from 2019 to 2020. Total exposures remained increased through 2022 with no return to pre-pandemic levels. Most exposures occurred in “own residence” (n = 72,213, 84.9%), with a larger proportion of exposures occurring at home peri-pandemic versus pre-pandemic (88.4% versus 81.7%). One percent (n = 1,030) of exposures were admitted to a non-critical care unit, 0.73% (n = 619) were admitted to a critical care unit, and 0.03% (n = 26) resulted in death. Discussion The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased emphasis on cleaning practices were likely contributing factors to the marked increase in exposures in 2020, which persisted through 2022. Cleaning practices that developed during the beginning of the pandemic likely persisted despite returning to more normal daily routines, which may explain the ongoing increase in reported exposures. Most reported exposures were unintentional, mild in symptomatology, and required the use of non-invasive therapies, if any. Conclusions Future efforts should focus on public education on the safe use of cleaning products to prevent exposure to toxic chlorine and chloramine gases.

Prevalence and Impact of Emerging Chemical Contaminants in the Life Style Products on Human Health

In recent times, the increasing prevalence of harmful pollutants in our environment, originating from chemicals of various lifestyle products, has emerged as significant challenge for mankind. The purpose of this article was to explore the past literature concerning the consequences of various emerging contaminants in the everyday lifestyle products on human health. The chemical compounds, derived from various human activities, have become an integral part of our global ecosystem and are essential for the functioning of modern society. Chemical compounds are discharged into the environment from different origins, including rural, urban, and industrial areas. These compounds can come from everyday products such as cosmetics, personal care items, household cleaners, and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, consumer products like soaps, shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and perfumes are used on a daily basis worldwide. These products contain a variety of chemicals that can contribute to environmental pollution. Various substances such as paraben, triclosan, phthalate, fragrances, antimicrobial agents, UV filters, and heavy metals are commonly found in these products. Scientists have determined that these ingredients can have detrimental effects on both humans and other organisms. The impacts of these chemical contaminants vary from changes in reproductive health and various types of cancer in humans. Additionally, aquatic organisms are also impacted by these substances. The significance of this matter is heightened by the rising global demand for beauty products, which commonly utilize a diverse array of chemical compounds in their production.

Exploring the Landscape of Adult Acute Poisoning in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.

This narrative review meticulously examines the intricate landscape of poisoning incidents within Saudi Arabia, delineating the prevalence and characteristics across three main categories: pharmaceutical, illicit, and chemical substances. Pharmaceutical agents, particularly analgesics and antipsychotics, are identified as leading causes of acute adult poisoning, highlighting the paramount role of their widespread accessibility and the potential risks associated with over-the-counter availability. The review underscores the alarming prevalence of over-the-counter analgesics, such as paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as the most frequent culprits in poisoning cases, with a significant correlation observed between analgesic poisoning and gender, notably affecting the female population. Additionally, the study delves into the burgeoning issue of illicit drug use, with opioids and amphetamines emerging as substantial contributors to the poisoning landscape, reflecting a broader global trend of increasing substance misuse and its associated health risks. Chemical poisoning, encompassing a range of substances from household cleaners to industrial chemicals, presents another critical area of concern, with specific emphasis on the dangers posed by antiseptics, detergents, and organophosphates. The review identifies a pressing need for targeted public health interventions and policy reforms aimed at mitigating the risks associated with these diverse types of poisoning. By offering a comprehensive overview of the poisoning epidemiology in Saudi Arabia, the study contributes valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of this public health challenge, advocating for enhanced regulatory measures, public awareness campaigns, and improved access to mental health services to address the underlying factors contributing to poisoning incidents.