Household Chemicals Research Articles

Animal and Plant Responses to Water Pollution: An Overview

Fresh water is available only 0.5% on this planet for mankind. The ground water (percolated and closed in aquifers), river water, lake, pond and well are the main sources for water. Population density, heavy metals, toxic waste disposal, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizer, eutrophication, house hold chemicals, dish washing, laundry waste etc. increases the amount of water pollutants at the outfall of the main rivers which shows proportionate rise in content on a seasonal basis. These pollutants primarily disturb the metabolic systems of economically important plants and then the dependant animals and human beings. Different physical factors responsible to sustain the aquatic life are temperature, BOD, COD, pH and turbidity. The ecological sustenance of plant species is very much dependable on the quality of water. The poor quality of water causes health hazard and death of human being, aquatic life and also disturbs the production of different crops. Heavy metals from the water directly percolate into food crops with stress indicator, the antioxidants or free radical scavenging enzymes. Waste water induced synthesis of low molecular weight peptides in certain irrigated crop plants are extremely inhibitory in nature for biological systems.

Разнообразие психрофильных бактерий и их биотехнологический потенциал (обзор)

Psychrophilic bacteria are a large group of microorganisms that prevail in low-temperature ecosystems. Psychrophilic bacteria have undergone a number of adaptations that help them exist in such conditions. One of such adaptations is the use of enzymes with a high specific activity at low temperatures. Such enzymes are usually called “cold-active.” These enzymes have potential applications in biotechnology and industry. In our review, we considered individual genera of psychrophilic bacteria, current global trends in the study of cold-active enzymes, their applications, and place in industrial biotechnology. Thus, the main goal of this study was to explore the diversity of psychrophilic bacteria, as well as opportunities of their application in biotechnology. The natural ecological sites of psychrophiles are numerous and varied. Psychrophiles form a permanent microflora of eternal cold regions, polar regions and oceans. Bacteria belonging to this group are found in soil, water or associated with plants and animals. An important site for psychrophilic microorganisms is a low-temperature water reservoir. At present, many new genera of psychrophiles and psychrotrophs have been derived from the bottom sediments and sea waters of the Arctic and Antarctic and described. Psychrophilic microorganisms are found in caves and in ancient ice crystal structures. The latter testifies to the very possibility of the super-long anabiosis phenomenon, as well as vital capacity preservation without division for a long period of time. Psychrophiles do not have a single form, they belong to at least several phylogenetic groups. Psychrophilic forms are found among the representatives of a large number of genera. There are no common physiological and biochemical parameters typical of psychrophilic bacteria. They comprise rods, cocci, vibrios, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, bacteria that produce and do not produce spores, strict aerobes, facultative and strict anaerobes. We lay greater emphasis on the diversity of psychrophilic bacteria capable of producing industrially important enzymes. The review considers bacteria belonging to the genera Vibrio and Aliivibrio, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Bacillus, Clostridium, Micrococcus, Psychrobacter, Psychromonas, Flavobacterium, and psychrophilic methanotrophic microorganisms. These bacteria enzymes are used in agriculture, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and household chemicals, as well as other sectors of the national economy. Psychrophilic bacteria produce a chemical compound that can be used in medicine. For example, Pseudomonas antarctica contains a cluster of genes encoding microcin B, R-type pyocins, adenosylcobalamin, and pyrroloquinoline quinone. Thus, P. antarctica has antibiotic activity. Psychrobacter proteolyticus also has an antineoplastic action and secrets an extracellular cold-adapted metalloproteinase being able to inhibit the space-occupying process. Cold-active metalloproteinases are also widely used as detergents, in currying, food sector and molecular biology. The immunogenic Pal conformable protein was derived from the psychrophilic strain of The representatives of the genus Arthrobacter capable of metabolizing diuron and petroleum products have an important property. A. agilis produces a red pigment, a bacterioruberin-type carotenoid being interesting as an antioxidant. A. psychrochitiniphilus is promising for cleaning water areas, oil-polluted coastlines, as it decomposes oil and petroleum products. Flavobacterium limicola is a potential source of cold-active protease. This bacterium is characterized by an increase in protease secretion as temperature decreases. Thus, F. limicola can be used in environmental biotransformations and bioremediations. The psychrophilic bacteria of the genus Bacillus are the participants of active studies. Their cold-active enzymes have a high potential in various areas of biomedicine, immunology, decontamination, and various industrial applications. The antifreeze proteins of psychrophilic Clostridia are considered a promising biotechnological product for use in medicine, food, beauty products, fuel, and other industries. This study reviews literary sources and indicates that at present obligate and facultative psychrophiles (psychrotrophs) and their cold-active enzymes are of scientific interest throughout the world. A significant part of the research is focused on a general understanding of the distribution of psychrophilic bacteria and a local study of enzymatic activity. A further study of psychrophilic microorganisms producing enzymes at low temperatures will reveal new ways for the development of biotechnologies in various sectors of the national economy. The paper contains 94 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

АНАЛИЗ УРОВНЯ ЦЕН НА ПРОДУКЦИЮ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА В РАЗРЕЗЕ ПОДОТРАСЛЕЙ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ НА РОССИЙСКОМ И МИРОВОМ РЫНКАХ

The authors assessed the change in prices on the domestic and world markets for the main commodity items of the chemical industry of the Russian Federation, such as mineral fertilizers, methanol, rubber, production of organic synthesis products, production of plastics in primary forms, plastic products, rubber products, paints, chemical fi bers and threads, products of household chemicals and synthetic detergents there are few means, tires, adhesives and sealants, resins, disinfectants, production products- and medium-tonnage chemical products, caustic and calcined soda. In all positions, except for only a few, the trend of price growth has intensifi ed.

СТРУКТУРА ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РОССИЙСКОГО ХИМИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА: АНАЛИЗ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ПЯТИЛЕТИЯ

The authors monitored the organization of the production systems of the Russian chemical complex after half of the implementation period of the chemical industry development program until 2030. The results of 2021 were analyzed as indicators of the midpoint of the implementation of this program, which indicated the stability of the trends in the development of the complex. The article uses the results of the study «Expert and analytical support for assessing the state of the chemical complex of Russia and the performance targets for the implementation of the strategy for the development of the chemical and petrochemical complex for the period up to 2030» and the forecasts made by the authors at the initial stage of the program. It is shown that, despite the average utilization of the production capacities of the chemical complex by more than 80%, it is necessary to consider this indicator differentially by industry. The highest level of utilization was noted in the production of household chemicals and synthetic detergents, ammonia and methanol, and the lowest – in the production of chemical plant protection products and rubber products. It is concluded that the dynamics of the chemical complex of the Russian Federation demonstrates insufficient development of the direction associated with high processing of raw materials, therefore, it is advisable to increase the level of processing of raw materials in every possible way in the chemical industry, and to avoid strong dependence on fluctuations in world prices to focus on the domestic market, including innovative sectors of the economy and dual-use technologies.

Household pesticide exposures and infant gross motor development in the MADRES cohort.

The development of motor skills in infancy is a vital neurodevelopmental milestone. Although previous studies have explored the neurotoxic effects of agricultural pesticides on infants' motor development, limited research has examined early postnatal household pesticide use on infants' motor development, particularly among urban communities. This study examined the association between early postnatal household pesticide use and infants' gross and fine motor development at 6months of age. Questionnaires were administered via telephone to 296 mother-infant dyads in the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) pregnancy cohort. Early life household pesticide use was assessed via questionnaire administered when infants turned 3months old and gross and fine motor development was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) at 6months old. Infant gross motor scores were reverse coded so that higher scores indicated lower gross motor performance. Negative binomial regressions were performed to assess the relationship between household pesticide use and infant gross motor development. Infants were predominantly Hispanic (78.7%) and full term (gestational age at birth: 39.0±1.9weeks), with 22.3% of maternal participants reporting household use of rodent and insect pesticides. Adjusting for recruitment site, maternal age, ethnicity, household income, education, infant corrected age, infant sex, and home type, infants with maternal-reported household use of rodent and insect pesticides had 1.30 times higher expected gross motor scores (95% confiidence interval 1.05, 1.61) than infants with no reported use of household pesticides, with higher scores indicating reduced gross motor performance. Our results suggest household use of rodent and insect pesticides may harm infants' gross motor development in early childhood. Future research should evaluate the impact of specific household chemicals in infant biospecimens and their associations with infant motor development to confirm these findings.

Citizen-led sampling to monitor phosphate levels in freshwater environments using a simple paper microfluidic device.

Contamination of waterways is of increasing concern, with recent studies demonstrating elevated levels of antibiotics, antidepressants, household, agricultural and industrial chemicals in freshwater systems. Thus, there is a growing demand for methods to rapidly and conveniently monitor contaminants in waterways. Here we demonstrate how a combination of paper microfluidic devices and handheld mobile technology can be used by citizen scientists to carry out a sustained water monitoring campaign. We have developed a paper-based analytical device and a 3 minute sampling workflow that requires no more than a container, a test device and a smartphone app. The contaminant measured in these pilots are phosphates, detectable down to 3 mg L-1. Together these allow volunteers to successfully carry out cost-effective, high frequency, phosphate monitoring over an extended geographies and periods.

Fate of household and personal care chemicals in typical urban wastewater treatment plants indicate different seasonal patterns and removal mechanisms

Studies on the presence and fate of household and personal care chemicals (HPCCs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important due to their increasing consumption worldwide. The seasonal patterns and removal mechanisms of HPCCs are not well understood for WWTPs that apply different treatment technologies. To answer these questions, the sewage and sludge samples were taken from 10 typical WWTPs in Northeast China. Levels of UV filters in the influents in the warm season were significantly greater than that of the cold season (p < 0.05). Significant seasonal differences were found for the removals of many HPCCs. Results revealed that the highest removal efficiencies were found for linear alkylbenzene sulphonates with values ranging from 97.2% to 99.7%, and the values were 50.0%–99.9% for other HPCCs. The SimpleTreat model demonstrated that the studied WWTPs were operating with high efficiency at the time of sampling. The sorption of HPCCs to sludge can be strongly associated with their physicochemical parameters. Mass balance calculation suggested that sorption was the dominant mechanism for the removal of antimicrobials, while degradation and/or biotransformation were the other mechanisms for removing the most HPCCs in the WWTPs. This study real the factors influencing the seasonal patterns and removal mechanisms which imply the need for further studies to fully understands the plant and human health implications as sludge could be used in the municipal land application of biosolids.

Xenobiotics and products of their transformation in wastewater (literature review)

Many different chemical pollutants get into the hydrosphere with wastewater. An essential source of xenobiotic transfer into the aquatic environment is wastewater treatments plants. The widespread use of drugs, personal care products, cosmetic products, household chemicals, disinfectants and insecticides is directly reflected in their presence in the aquatic environment. It is the reason for the appearance of these chemical components and products of their transformation in surface waters, groundwater, and drinking water. Besides, various industries lead to the formation of a large amount of wastewater contaminated with textile dyes, oil products, silicones, phenols and their derivatives, phthalate ethers, bisphenol A and other substances capable of causing harm to water bodies, harming aquatic biota or even inflicting damage to ecosystems. Substances that have entered wastewater can be transformed into many other compounds during water purification and afterwards under environmental factors. The transformation products can be more toxic than the parent compounds, and some can convert back to the parent compounds under various factors. The search of sources describing researches dedicated to pollutants and their transformation in aqueous systems was carried out in the English-speaking text databases: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Research Gate, Springer Link and scientific electronic library - eLIBRARY.ru.

Toxicity of Aqueous Solutions of Cosmetics in Phytotest with Lepidium sativum L.

Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) is a test-plant for studying the toxicity of substrates, which is the basis of phytotesting. Dangerous pollutants are surfactants contained in household chemicals, including cosmetics. The purpose of the work is to investigate the toxicity of cosmetics the micellar water on a phytotest with garden cress and to analyze it for possible effects on human health and the environment. Investigated available in the retail network of Ukraine means for removing makeup and cleansing the skin – micellar water. Seed germination energy (3rd day), seed germination, and biometric-morphometric parameters (length of roots and aboveground part of seedlings) (5th day) were determined. The results were processed statistically. It was found that the germination rates of garden cress seeds and biometric indicators of seedlings significantly decrease (by 14–100 %) with the increasing concentration of the studied micellar water. The phytotoxic effect ranged from 49.6 % to 100 %. It is established that the value of the total toxicity index of solutions is from 0.55 (concentration 6.25 %) to 0 (concentration 100 %), indicating an increase in the toxicity of the solution with increasing concentration. Determined that garden cress is a sensitive plant to the studied cosmetic. The obtained data confirm the high efficiency of this test plant for use in biotesting. The phytotest with L. sativum established the lethal effect of this cosmetic product at a concentration of 100 %. Phytotoxicity decreases when the solution is diluted. Given the results of phytotesting and the composition of the cosmetic product, it can be assumed that at a concentration of 100 % it can pose a potential danger to human health. Given the increase in the market of perfumes and cosmetics, the emergence of counterfeit products, we can expect an increase in the impact of cosmetics on the quality of the environment.

Role of N-acetyltransferase 2 gene polymorphism in the human pathology

Nowadays multiple heterogeneous chemicals affect the human body. They include drugs, household chemicals, dyes, food supplements and others. The human organism can modify, inactivate, and eliminate the chemicals by biotransformation enzymes. But it is well known that biotransformation can lead to toxification phenomenon. Individuals differ from each other by the rate of chemical modification that promotes accumulation of toxins and carcinogens in some patients. An N-acetyltransferase 2 enzyme participates in the aromatic amines second phase metabolism. This work reviews the acetyltransferase gene polymorphism possible role in diseases development including drug-induced organs damage.Gene of acetyltransferase has polymorphisms associated with two haplotypes of fast and slow substrate acetylation. Gene alleles combine in three genotypes: fast, intermediate, and slow acetylators. Acetylation rate plays a significant role in side effects development during tuberculosis treatment and cancer pathogenesis. Recently, new data described the role of enzyme in development of non-infectious diseases in the human. Scientists consider that slow acetylation genotype in combination with high xenobiotic load result in accumulation of toxic substances able to damage cells.Therefore, acetyltransferase genotyping helps to reveal risk groups of cancer and non-infectious disease development and to prescribe more effective and safe doses of drugs.

Modification to a Formulation for Optimal Performance

The chemical composition of household chemicals used was identified in table 1. The bubbling power of the tablets in water was found to be due to the reaction between vitamin C and cream tartar with baking soda. The molar amounts of reactants were calculated for optimal performance, producing the greatest amount of bubbling per tablet.

Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in spoiled household chemicals

Numerous attempts have been utilized to unveil the occurrences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in human-associated and non-human-associated samples. However, spoiled household chemicals, which are usually neglected by the public, may be also a reservoir of ARGs because of the excessive and inappropriate uses of industrial drugs. Based upon the Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database, a metagenomic sequencing method was utilized to detect and quantify Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (AROs) in six spoiled household chemicals, including hair conditioner, dishwashing detergent, bath shampoo, hand sanitizer, and laundry detergent. Proteobacteria was found to be the dominant phylum in all the samples. Functional annotation of the unigenes obtained against the KEGG pathway, eggNOG and CAZy databases demonstrated a diversity of their functions. Moreover, 186 types of AROs that were members of 72 drug classes were identified. Multidrug resistance genes were the most dominant types, and there were 17 AROs whose resistance mechanisms were categorized into the resistance-nodulation-cell division antibiotic efflux pump among the top 20 AROs. Moreover, Proteobacteria was the dominant carrier of AROs with the primary resistance mechanism of antibiotic efflux. The maximum temperature of the months of collection significantly affected the distributions of AROs. Additionally, the isolated individual bacterium from spoiled household chemicals and artificial mixed communities of isolated bacteria demonstrated diverse resistant abilities to different biocides. This study demonstrated that there are abundant microorganisms and a broad spectrum profile of AROs in spoiled household chemicals that might induce a severe threat to public healthy securities and merit particular attention.

An Economic Electrochemical Hypochlorous Acid Maker for Covid-19 Control

It has been shown that HOCl can inactive numerous viruses, including Corona-19 Viruses in less than one minute. HOCl inactivates viruses, bacteria, endospore and fungi whilst being safe for human tissues with a 99.999% elimination rate. HOCl is listed on the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s List for Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). It can be used conveniently as hand sanitizer, surface cleanser, food washing solution, fogging solution for school classrooms, buses, shops, restaurants, hotels, offices, theaters, airports, trains, gyms, etc. It is a green, safe, environmentally friendly and fully biodegradable liquid which acts as a very powerful antimicrobial and sterilizing solution.Most consumers purchase pre-made HOCl products produced in a large manufacture site. The pre-made HOCl hypochlorous acid products in the market are very expansive, mostly due to high cost for packaging, transportation, distribution, storage, and in-stability of the product, which normally has a lifetime of 6 -12 months. The capacity of current on-site HOCl generation products is either too big, or too small, only economical for large quantity consumers or single household uses. Due to the Corvid-19 pandemic, there is a strong need for a safe, on-site, on-demand medium-sized HOCl generation product, which uses only non-hazardous household chemicals and has a production capacity of about 10 gallons per day. Here we report our recent development of a compact and low cost HOCl on-site generator for daily disinfection applications against Corvid-19 virus. Compared to other products on the market, which normally use >2 g/L NaCl solutions, our device uses only 0.4 g/L NaCl solution. This is highly desired for environment fogging disinfection applications. Other advantages of our device include: 1) no noticeable Cl2 gas generation during HOCl production; 2) tap water can be used directly without softening treatment; 3) produce very stable products, with 90% HOCl Stability: > 100 hours.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Sensing of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds by Plasmonic Nanostructures.

Facile detection of indoor semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is a critical issue to raise an increasing concern to current researchers, since their emissions have impacted the health of humans, who spend much of their time indoors after the recent incessant COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks. Plasmonic nanomaterial platforms can utilize an electromagnetic field to induce significant Raman signal enhancements of vibrational spectra of pollutant molecules from localized hotspots. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing based on functional plasmonic nanostructures has currently emerged as a powerful analytical technique, which is widely adopted for the ultra-sensitive detection of SVOC molecules, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from household chemicals in indoor environments. This concise topical review gives updated recent developments and trends in optical sensors of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and SERS for effective sensing of SVOCs by functionalization of noble metal nanostructures. Specific features of plasmonic nanomaterials utilized in sensors are evaluated comparatively, including their various sizes and shapes. Novel aptasensors-assisted SERS technology and its potential application are also introduced for selective sensing. The current challenges and perspectives on SERS-based optical sensors using plasmonic nanomaterial platforms and aptasensors are discussed for applying indoor SVOC detection.

Towards standard methods for the classification of aquatic toxicity for biologically active household chemicals (BAHC) present in plastics, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products

A standard method to test the aquatic toxicity of biologically active household chemicals (BAHC), including those with very low water solubility, is proposed. The method uses the common marine models Paracentrotus lividus embryos and Acartia clausi larvae, in order to advance towards derivation of water quality criteria for these emerging pollutants that currently lack environmental standards. Depending on the water solubility and octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow) of the substance, the protocol consists of testing the toxicity of the substances by serial dilutions of water stocks, dimethyl-sulfoxide stocks, or 100 mg/L lixiviates in seawater. When this method is applied to eleven model BAHC, the pharmaceutical fluoxetine, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, and the UV filters broadly present in cosmetics octocrylene and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, are classified as very toxic to aquatic life, since their EC50 values are < 1 mg/L. In general, both biological models, P. lividus and A. clausi, yield the same classification of the substances tested, but variations in the classification of aquatic toxicity depending on methodological aspects are discussed. The use of A. clausi nauplii provides more protecting value to the toxicity parameters obtained by using this protocol.Graphic abstract

Methodological principles for improving the professional training of doctors in the process of studying biological and bioorganic chemistry in the aspect of chemical safety

Chemical safety is a component of general and professional competencies of future doctors, namely: general culture (handling of chemical substances, household chemicals); promotion of a healthy lifestyle; prevention of diseases of the population; protection and preservation of public health; providing emergency medical care in emergencies (related to chemical accidents). The article substantiates the method of improving the professional training of future doctors by integrating modern aspects of chemical safety into biochemical training. The potential of the discipline "Biological and Bioorganic Chemistry" as a tool for the formation of competence in chemical safety of future physicians, due to a combination of theoretical training (training material on the mechanisms of inhibition of enzymatic reactions by toxicants; inhibitors and disintegrants of oxidative phosphorylation; molecular mechanisms of action of toxicants; formation and disposal of endogenous toxins; biotransformation of xenobiotics) and laboratory workshops (handling of chemical reagents; modern approaches to hazard labeling and labeling of chemicals; toxicants’ action modeling) is substantiated. The method of studying the educational material of the discipline "Biological and Bioorganic Chemistry" in the context of modern ideas on chemical safety is described. It provides a comprehensive application of modern teaching methods (design, solving situational problems, laboratory experiments, simulating the action of hazardous chemicals, testing) and teaching aids (glossary of terms on biochemical aspects of chemical safety; video lectures and methodical recommendations for independent work of students). The stages of the study method realization of the "Biological and bioorganic chemistry" discipline’s educational material in the context of modern ideas on chemical safety are described. These are the substances’ handling culture formation; formation of biochemical aspects of chemical safety; integration of modern ideas in the field of chemical safety and biochemical components

Thin-layer chromatography on silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel for analysis of homemade tetrahydrocannabinol mixtures.

Various forms of cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products are sold in Japan. CBD is easily converted to mixtures of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and its isomer, ∆8-THC, using household chemicals like diluted hydrochloric acid. This ease of production increases concerns regarding production of homemade THC mixtures. It is difficult to separate ∆9-THC, ∆8-THC, and CBD using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on conventional silica gel. The selectivity of TLC on silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel (AgNO3-silica gel) differs from that of conventional silica gel. This study thus aimed to evaluate the separation ability of AgNO3-silica gel TLC. To evaluate potential separation ability, standards of five THC isomers (∆9-THC, ∆8-THC, a pair of diastereomers of ∆10-THC, and ∆6a,10a-THC), CBD, CBN, and ∆9-THCA were analyzed by 10% AgNO3-silica gel TLC (developed using toluene, system A) and silica gel TLC [developed using n-hexane/diethyl ether (8:2, v/v), system B]. Then, mock homemade THC mixtures, prepared by heating crystalline CBD in acidic ethanol, were analyzed using systems A and B. System A showed clear separation between the five THC isomers and between ∆9-THC, ∆8-THC, CBD, and their by-products in the mock homemade THC mixture. However, system B did not separate some combinations of THC isomers and gave a single group-like spot to the THC mixture. AgNO3-silica gel TLC shows high separation ability between THC isomers and among ∆9-THC, ∆8-THC, and CBD. It will thus be useful for analyzing homemade THC mixtures.

Chemical burns of the esophagus in children of Kyrgyzstan:10-year analysis of prevalence and cause

Introduction and Aim:In Kyrgyzstan, there are still no studies on the prevalence of chemical burns of the esophagus in children, and there are also few studies aimed at studying the causative agents. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of burns of the esophagus due to the accidental use of various chemicals by children and the chemical composition of cauterizing substances over a 10-year period of admission of children to the clinic.&#x0D; Materials and Methods:An analysis of 1081 cases of chemical burns of the esophagus in children who received inpatient treatment for the period 2011–2020 is presented.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results:In our study, caustic substances were used more often by boys (56.9%) than girls (43.1%), most of the children were under the age of 3 years. There is a tendency for an annual increase in chemical burns of the esophagus. Among the causal factors, there is an increase in the use of alkalis, which are part of the cleaning agents for dishes and plumbing pipes - Krot; recently, the cleaning agent for cauldrons - Aurora is gaining momentum.&#x0D; Conclusion: The emerging situation indicates not only the need for further medical research in this area, but also the tightening of requirements for the packaging and use of household chemicals, and the solution of this problem at the state level.

FEATURES OF HANDLING SOLID DOMESTIC WASTE IN RURAL AREA (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE BAYKIVTSI UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY OF TERNOPIL REGION)

The volume and structure of solid domestic waste in Ternopil region are analyzed. Our research in the Baikivtsi Utc proves that community residents dump less organic waste in containers (about 20%, which is twice less than in the regional center) because they can compost food waste using it as fertilizer for personal use plots (gardens).&#x0D; The volumes of organic waste fluctuate significantly throughout the year: the largest amount of them ends up in containers from May to September. The community residents throw out the least of organic waste in winter. One of the reasons is that there is a gradual replacement of last year's harvest with a new one. The habitants of the Baikivtsi Utc throw more paper away during the warmer months. The following types of paper prevail: offset - 33%, newsprint - 29%, coated - 4%, cardboard - 12%, designer - 5%, packaging - 16%, self-adhesive - 1%. In winter, most of the paper is burned to heat buildings. Among the scrap are mostly cans and metal lids (from bottles and cans). Ferrous metal almost never gets into containers due to the fact that it is profitable to sort it out and there are no problems to hand over scrap metal, since scrap collectors often come to the villages and offer quite decent price for it (therefore, there is no need to waste time transporting the metal). The plastic waste of the community includes plastic bottles from water, oil, household chemicals, canisters, plastic bags and ets. Among the various types of plastic: Polyethylene terephthalate or PET - 17%; high-density polyethylene (HDPE) - 29%; polyvinyl chloride or PVC - 4%; low density polyethylene (LDPE) - 34%; polypropylene, PP or PE - 8%; polystyrene, PS - 6% and other - 2%. The research showed that the following types of glass prevail in the structure of the cullet of the Baikivtsi community: window glass - 8%, technical glass - 3%, Plexiglas - 5%, triplex - 3%, glass from chemicals - 1%, ceramics - 10%, bottles - 70 %&#x0D; The survey showed that only 3% of the community's residents completely sort garbage, about 80% of them sort it partially, and almost 20% do not sort waste at all (and 12% of them plan to do it in the future). The reasons for the low level of waste sorting are not surprising, since, in addition to the low level of environmental awareness of the residents, there no proper conditions for sorting solid waste.&#x0D; The environmental advantages of sorting and recycling solid domestic waste were evaluated. In particular, the volumes of biogas that can be formed from the annual volumes of solid waste accumulation in the Baikivtsi united territorial community of Ternopil region, as well as the assessment of the environmental efficiency of recycling waste paper, plastic, glass were calculated. The cost of the Baikivtsi Utc solid waste as a secondary material resource will amount to UAH 2,051,943 per year, which can be a significant profit for the community.&#x0D; Key words: solid domestic waste, united territorial community, sorting, utilization, recycling ecological culture.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD dengan Pendekatan SETS terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa di SMP Arosbaya

This study aims to describe the students' learning achievement, the implementation of cooperative learning of STAD using SETS approach, and the students’ respond after following the teaching and learning process. This is a pre-experimental study, and the researcher chose one class as the subject of the research, that is, class VIII-i consist of 34 students. The design of the study is one shot case design. The study was conducted for three meetings, two meetings for the teaching and learning process, and one meeting for the administration of cognitive and psychomotor test. The findings of the study shows that the implementation of cooperative learning of STAD using SETS approach in the material of household chemicals have been implemented well based on the syntax in the category of very good (89%). The cognitive aspect of the learning achievement of the successful students were 30 students (88,2%), unsuccessful students were 4 (11,8%). The result of normality test shows that it is normally distributed classes with χscore &lt;χtable (9,5 &lt;11,07) with α = 0,05. The result of t-test of one-tailed obtained tscore&gt; ttable (α = 0,05), with tscore of 4,96 and 1,70 for ttable. This result shows that the implementation of cooperative learning of STAD using SETS approach in the material of household chemicals improves the students’ learning achievement. The students’ performance in the psychomotor aspect is the category of excellent (90,8%), and the affective aspect is in the category of good (84,5%). Based on the results of questionnaires known that students respond positively to the teaching and learning process with the criteria of very good (95,3%).