Shape Of House Research Articles

Optimization of the Housing Shape Design for Radiated Noise Reduction of an Agricultural Electric Vehicle Gearbox

As the demand for agricultural electric vehicles increases, it is becoming important to conduct noise reduction in consideration of the characteristics of an electric powertrain. This study was conducted to optimize the shape design of gearbox housing for radiated noise reduction of an agricultural electric vehicle gearbox. The noise and vibration of the gearbox were measured considering the noise characteristics of the electric vehicle gearbox, which radiates high-frequency pure tone noise. The main noise source radiated by the structural vibration of the gearbox housing was identified and considered when modeling the loading conditions in the numerical analysis. To improve the reliability, the finite element (FE) model was updated and validated. Internal machine elements were modeled as a substructure through a reduced-order modeling method to reduce the computing time and apply a constant gear excitation force. The weak areas of structure were determined and it was used as the design area for optimization. The topology optimization technique was used to reduce the equivalent radiated power (ERP) which was used as an indicator of radiated noise level. The maximum value of the ERP decreased under all operating conditions at the rated speed.

A COURTYARD HOUSE – SIHEYUAN 四合院 AS THE DWELLING PLACE OF THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE FAMILY


 
 
 A Chinese courtyard house, called in Chinese siheyuan, equipped with a single entrance and with one or more open courtyards encompassed by one-storey buildings, represents traditional house dwelling in China. Throughout Chinese history, courtyard dwelling was the basic architectural pattern used for building governmental (palaces and offices) and family residences, and religious compounds (temples and monasteries). In this short contribution, the author depicts a standard traditional Beijing court house from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) which would normally host an extended family of three and four generations. The physical construction and spatial structure of the traditional Chinese courtyard house were deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophical thought. The Chinese used fengshui (wind and water) principles to harmonize themselves with their environment in order to secure prosperity, longevity, and family blessings. From the viewpoint of fengshui, a basic courtyard house compound was not only a dwelling place, but also a structured and complicated vision of the cosmos that should function as an ideal container of qi (life energy). The fundamental north-south axis which rhythmically and continuously guarantee the vital flow of qi and the square shape of a courtyard house which means near to the earth, should promise health, prosperity, and the growth of the family. The fengshui system (nowadays mostly associated with Daoism) in the context of a Chinese courtyard house was intimately combined with China’s strict social and family system (Confucianism). The structure of the Chinese traditional family – and the author calls it “Confucian familism” – i.e., the Confucian conviction of family as a model for the whole state. This rigid and hierarchically structured family system, which had been the basis of Chinese society in imperial China for over two thousand years, has been reflected in courtyard house compounds. At the end of this contribution, the author mentions the efforts of present-day architects to find a way to revive traditional courtyard housing for modern times.
 
 

A politics of care in urban public housing: housing precarity amongst Yolŋu renal patients in Darwin

People with chronic diseases are likely to require some form of domestic care, however their care needs acquire low visibility in housing policy frameworks. Amongst Yolŋu (Indigenous Australians from north-east Arnhem Land), high rates of kidney disease reinforce needs for housing and care. I consider how access to housing shapes relations and practices of care in the families of Yolŋu renal patients in Darwin, Australia; and how Yolŋu relations and practices of care are implicated in housing policy. Through an ethnographic case study approach, I show that in Yolŋu families, practices of extending shelter to kin are care practices fundamental to the performance of domestic labour. I argue that while housing policy frameworks rely on familial relations and practices of care to reduce rough sleeping and achieve other policy objectives, Yolŋu relations and practices of care are also marginalised through the governance of public housing. The politics of care that play out in their places of residence reproduce housing precarity.

PERAN PEREMPUAN DALAM MERUMAH


 
 
 Title: The Roles of Wemen in Domestic Activities
 Women, especially mother, has a major role in build and maintain a home, as shown by various ethnic groups in the world. The various roles of woman indicated in protection, give a sense of comfort, and safety for the baby and all family member. Mother is person who gives a shade of home through food processing activities and how to primp her self. The efforts collecting building materials, to decorate, and chose home furnishings are dominant activities that mother does. This study is explore the problems of designing of home by women in the past were intended to justify the design of art and architecture. This study based on literature that shows the role of the mother in build, manage, and interpreting a house. The method of this study base on secondary data and then weave every aspects to build the hypotheses. These information show that women as housewives have a significant role in shaping the house as culturally or physically. The results showed that women as mother very dominant in giving the feel and shape of house.
 
 

Minahasan Vernacular House; Values, Meanings, And Forms

House is one of human’s three primary needs. It is developed alongside human civilization. Minahasa as a part of that civilization developed vernacular architecture based on their culture’s unique values, meanings, and forms. This article is a part of research concerned in answering the questions of (1) how are the knowledge and technology used by Minahasan to build their vernacular house, (2) how are the shape and form of Minahasan vernacular house in Minahasa’s cultural development, and (3) what are the value and meaning of Minahasan vernacular house for its people. These three questions were being addressed in this research by using qualitative method with ethnographic approach, where every steps and results will be described by interpretation of several patterns from the values, meanings, and forms found in the research process. Ethnography was utilized to see phenomena in this research. The results are identification of values, meaning, and forms development in Minahasan vernacular house.

Strategy of Container Assembly for a Positive Energy Impact in Poona India

Every year the Indian government is involved in the construction of nearly two million new buildings excluding the tertiary sector. These homes are not only intended primarily to house Indian populations, but the authorities concerned have also placed emphasis on sustainable development, since as all over the world the residential sector is the one that consumes the most energy. Indeed, active and passive strategies to reduce the energy consumption of dwellings have been established and even applied. Among the passive strategies, the global shape of the building, initially specific to modular architecture impacts the aesthetic part of the building but also its energetic bills. The concept of modular architecture is mainly the assembly of identical cells and, in different ways, the overall energy consumption depends on the initial assembly of the cells and therefore on the resulting shape of this assembly. The purpose of this article is to determine the impact of the shape on the energy balance. For this study, the container is the archetype used, in fact the metal box being a standardized, economical and easily transformable product in living space. The complex system resulting from the assembly of several containers offers a new way of thinking about housing from an architectural, economic, aesthetic and energetic point of view. In this article, we will focus on studying the impact of the overall shape of container-type housing on annual energy bill, with the aim of optimizing energy efficiency and achieving an eco-container model that meets international eco-sustainability criteria. The results demonstrate the undeniable correlation between geometric and energy aspects, the latter being mainly related to the internal thermal comfort of the container housing cells.

Indigenous people’s environmental conservation system: case study of Kajang society, Indonesia

This paper analyses the village of forest in Tana Toa, the locality of South Sulawesi that is headed by the Ammatowa. The Ammatoa is a term which describes a society who live in the area of Tana Toa, is divided into Ilalang embaya, who have maintained their exclusiveness and sharp borders, and the Ipantarang embaya, who have mixed with other members of the surrounding society. Among the Ilalang embaya there is a set of adat regulations based on pasang that demands obedience to is detailed. Prescriptions in such contexts as shape, size, and orientation of housing that must be built. The force of adat allows possibilities of empowering local institutions for managing forest resources in the context of the future scenario of regional autonomy. This paper considers the question of the extent to which the institution of Ammatoa leadership and is associates adat constitute an institution that has fully been used for the village forest in this locality of South Sulawesi. It mainly considers the question of how these institutions can be updated and contextualized througe a process of reflective mutual understanding to cope with the context of regional autonomy. The paper concludes by investigating the reality of changes in the Ammatoa system as it responds not only to the expansion of the forest resource management requirements but also the imperatives to transform into an open community.

A Direct Light Curve Inversion Scheme in the Presence of Measurement Noise

Shape and attitude of resident space objects directly affect the orbit propagation via drag and solar radiation pressure. Obtaining information beyond an object state is integral to identifying an object, aid in tracing its origin and its capabilities. For objects that have a significant distance to the observer, only non-resolved imaging is available, which does not reveal any details of the object. So-called non-resolved light curve measurements, i.e. brightness measurements over time, can be used to determine the shape of convex space objects using an inversion scheme. The inversion process starts by first determining the Extended Gaussian Image and then solving Minkowski problem to obtain the closed shape result. In this paper, the effect of measurement noise on the shape inversion and the influence of the measurement geometry is investigated. Despite the presence of measurement noise, in a new methodology, expanding upon established inversion techniques, almost perfect inversion results can be obtained in a two-step process: first, an initial light curve is used for shape hypothesis creation, and then, a second (potentially very short) light curve is used for selection of the best hypothesis. Results are shown for two standard shapes of a cuboid and a house shape.

The form of the traditional bamboo house in the Makassar culture: A cultural semiotic study

Abstract This study aims to explain (1) the form of a traditional house made of bamboo in Makassar culture; (2) the components of the traditional houses made of bamboo and their respective functions; and (3) socio-cultural dimensions of the shape and structure traditional house constructed of bamboo in Makassar culture. To discuss these problems, we used the Saussure’s Structural Linguistics approach (semiology) and Levi Strauss’ Structural Anthropology. Both are elaborated into cultural semiotics. The data collection methods used were field surveys (observation) accompanied by technical documentation, interviews, and records. Data were analyzed qualitatively. Results of the research indicate that the traditional house form made of bamboo in Makassar culture is generally divided into three parts, either vertically or horizontally. Vertically, the upper part is called pammakkang ‘attic’; the middle part is called kale ballak ‘house body’; and the bottom is called siring ‘underneath.’ Horizontally, the front is called paddaserang ri dallekang ‘vestibule’; the middle section is called paddaserang ri tangnga ‘living room’; the backside is called paddaserang ri boko ‘back room.’ The components of the upper, middle, and lower houses show opposition to each other. However, these components are logically related and related to one another so as to form a meaningful social and cultural construction. The shape and structure of traditional houses in Makassar culture is influenced by socioeconomic and socio-cultural factors (cosmology, belief, and social stratification).

Work as a Housing Right

This paper hopes that architects designing social housing for people originally living in informal settlements consider the importance of social practices, namely work activities, held by residents within the established informal settlements. Both the analysis and reflection hinge upon the practices previously established by a group of resettled inhabitants from the Favela Sururu de Capote, that exists in Maceio (Brazil) since the 1970’s, to Vila Sao Pedro, a housing project developed by Brazilian Government in 2009. In fact, the research shows that labor, the social practice that most of all shapes and governs spaces in the favela (Cavalcanti, 2017), also drove the modifications that significantly altered the original shape of the social housing designed according to principles of formal architecture. The ethnographic research was developed according to participant observation through a multi-year field research started in 2008, before the resettlement of residents and continued after one and seven years from relocation. Information consisted of interviews, audio records of residents’ monologues, drawings, photos and video. In sum, the socio-economic traditions of residents were analysed before and after the resettlement process, both in the favela and in the social housing. Already little time after relocation, the social housing was profoundly modified and ‘mischaracterized’ by residents. Thus, the original project failed its mission, as it happened twenty years before in a similar attempt, in a project designed by the housing program PROMORAR, in 1989. From the analysis, it emerges that the herein emplaced working activities mostly drove residents to profoundly change the social housing designated to them according to traditional design and management schemes. According to this research, nearly 87% of the incremental changes in external spaces and ground level of the 380 housing units of the Vila Sao Pedro were devoted to give room to labor activities. The elaborated information constitutes the roots of an intellectual reflection about the in-depth reasons of this phenomenon. In fact, all the observed modifications are emplaced to preserve the source of income of residents of favelas, needed for the inhabitant to pay their bills and therefore to guarantee their permanence in the new housing units. Thus, these necessities overcome any aesthetic rigor, hygienic standards, canons, program, formal/legal constrains that are inherent the designing criteria of formal housing. This impellent necessity of unprivileged groups of society should question the role of architects within the delicate mission of providing dwelling solutions to informal settlements. But the consequences arising from this reflection invest many sectors, from institutions to academia. In fact, in the context of informal settlements, the right to have spaces to work is embedded in the right to have a housing unit. Possible strategies to rethink policies, knowledge on incremental processes, urbanization, design strategies, and the right to dwelling in a neoliberal society to consider the socio-economic tradition of labor within both the context of the architecture in informal settlements or, the resettlement process of its inhabitants, are presented in this paper.

Carbide Formation and Matrix Strengthening by Nb Addition in Austenitic Stainless Cast Steels Used for Turbo-Charger-Housing Materials

In order to increase the exhaust-gas temperature of austenitic stainless cast steels used for turbo-charger-housings up to 1050 °C, the more excellent high-temperature strength should be obtained because it works for keeping a sustainability of the housing shape. Three austenitic stainless cast steels were fabricated in this study by adding Nb into the Ni/Mn-replaced conventional ASTM HK40 steel, and their high-temperature strength was investigated in relation with the carbide formation and matrix strengthening. The 1-wt%-Nb-added steel showed the enhancement in high-temperature strength over the non-Nb-added steel. This indicated that the Nb addition was effective on the strength improvement because it raised both the fraction of thermally-stable hard MC-type carbides and the austenite-matrix hardness. However, the 1.5-wt%-Nb-added steel showed the lower high-temperature strength than the 1-wt%-Nb-added steel, although it contained the more MC carbides. The more MC carbides reduced the matrix hardness, enlarged the hardness difference between carbides and matrix, and deteriorated the high-temperature strength. Our results demonstrate that the strengthened matrix as well as populated carbides due to the Nb addition are desirable for further improving the high-temperature strength.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of geared transmissions with injection lubrication

In recent years, the computational fluid dynamics method has developed into very useful tools for investigating the oil flow and the no-load losses in geared transmissions. It has neither restriction on the housing shape nor limitations on the lubrication configuration. For this work, a computational fluid dynamics method model based on the finite volume method of a single-stage, injection-lubricated gearbox was built. The influence of different parameters including the injection volume, oil viscosity, and gear speed on the oil supply and distribution were investigated. The results also include a comparison of the simulated no-load losses with empirical no-load loss equations. This work provides first results on computational fluid dynamics method investigations of injection-lubricated geared transmissions and a starting point for comprehensive validation and more complex modeling.

Numerical Analysis and Experiment on Effects of Spindle and Housing Shape Errors on Radial Error Motions of Aerostatically Supported Spindle

Numerical Analysis and Experiment on Effects of Spindle and Housing Shape Errors on Radial Error Motions of Aerostatically Supported Spindle

Uneven incorporation: Volumetric transitions in peri-urban China's conservation zones

A central feature of China's “green” development plan has been the creation of conservation zones across the peri-urban fringes of major cities. In these conservation zones, rural land and housing are being unevenly incorporated into urban space, leading to a diverse set of experiences for dislocated villagers. In this paper, I develop a volumetric approach to analyze the spatial politics of agricultural and urban transitions in China's conservation zones. I advance theories of vertical and volumetric space, which consider relations across heights, depths, and surfaces, through attention to the temporalities and everyday experiences of volumes. My volumetric approach provides a foundation for delineating how the uneven valuation and compensation of rural land and housing shapes social differentiation, as well as how villagers navigate and experience rural-urban transitions. Furthermore, I argue that a volumetric account of three-dimensional space exposes the interconnections between agrarian and urban questions, which are usually considered discretely. The central contribution of this paper, therefore, is to reorient the agrarian and urban questions in relation to one another across horizontal, vertical, and temporal axes.

Analysing the impact of spatial context on the heat consumption of individual households

The heating of houses comprises a considerable share of the total energy consumption in many developed countries in temperate and colder climates. While most of the factors affecting space heating depend on individual choices (e.g. occupants’ behaviour, interior building design, heating system efficiency) that are difficult to influence through urban planning, spatial context of individual housing units is within the sphere of influence of planners. Yet the impact of spatial context has hitherto received limited research attention due to the lack of geospatial data and the massive computer processing required to capture the shape and surroundings of individual housing units.Regression analysis was performed in this study to explain the yearly gas consumption of all individual housing units in the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The analysis focused on the impact of spatial context variables at two complementary scales: housing unit and postal code level. State-of-the-art 3D Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were applied for the efficient processing of massive 3D geospatial data for all buildings in the city. Two- and three-dimensional spatial context of individual housing units were described using spatial data processing routines that characterised building shape and its surroundings.The local housing unit level results highlighted the benefits of compact, dense urban forms: denser neighbourhoods with less open space and buildings with higher numbers of housing units and less exposed perimeters have lower heating demand. Trees were found to limit energy consumption when they are located on the colder northwest side of building units. The more aggregate postal code level results showed the importance of demographic composition: (larger) households with children consume most energy. Size and age of the housing unit are important determinants of energy at both scale levels: older houses have a higher energy consumption, but a rebound effect was found for the newest dwellings.

Work as a Housing Right

This paper hopes that architects designing social housing for people originally living in informal settlements consider the importance of social practices, namely work activities, held by residents within the established informal settlements. Both the analysis and reflection hinge upon the practices previously established by a group of resettled inhabitants from the Favela Sururu de Capote, that exists in Maceió (Brazil) since the 1970’s, to Vila São Pedro, a housing project developed by Brazilian Government in 2009. In fact, the research shows that labor, the social practice that most of all shapes and governs spaces in the favela (Cavalcanti, 2017), also drove the modifications that significantly altered the original shape of the social housing designed according to principles of formal architecture. The ethnographic research was developed according to participant observation through a multi-year field research started in 2008, before the resettlement of residents and continued after one and seven years from relocation. Information consisted of interviews, audio records of residents’ monologues, drawings, photos and video. In sum, the socio-economic traditions of residents were analysed before and after the resettlement process, both in the favela and in the social housing. Already little time after relocation, the social housing was profoundly modified and ‘mischaracterized’ by residents. Thus, the original project failed its mission, as it happened twenty years before in a similar attempt, in a project designed by the housing program PROMORAR, in 1989. From the analysis, it emerges that the herein emplaced working activities mostly drove residents to profoundly change the social housing designated to them according to traditional design and management schemes. According to this research, nearly 87% of the incremental changes in external spaces and ground level of the 380 housing units of the Vila São Pedro were devoted to give room to labor activities. The elaborated information constitutes the roots of an intellectual reflection about the in-depth reasons of this phenomenon. In fact, all the observed modifications are emplaced to preserve the source of income of residents of favelas, needed for the inhabitant to pay their bills and therefore to guarantee their permanence in the new housing units. Thus, these necessities overcome any aesthetic rigor, hygienic standards, canons, program, formal/legal constrains that are inherent the designing criteria of formal housing. This impellent necessity of unprivileged groups of society should question the role of architects within the delicate mission of providing dwelling solutions to informal settlements. But the consequences arising from this reflection invest many sectors, from institutions to academia. In fact, in the context of informal settlements, the right to have spaces to work is embedded in the right to have a housing unit. Possible strategies to rethink policies, knowledge on incremental processes, urbanization, design strategies, and the right to dwelling in a neoliberal society to consider the socio-economic tradition of labor within both the context of the architecture in informal settlements or, the resettlement process of its inhabitants, are presented in this paper.

Mitos Sawerigading (Epos Lagaligo): Suatu Analisis Struktural dan Penafsiran

This article aims to analyze the myth of Sawerigading. The analysis approach is Structural Leivist analysis used to reveal the Structure in the myth of Sawerigading as a socio-cultural transformation and kinship structure to gain an understanding about the position of Sawerigading in the lagaligos epoch. The results show that the structure of Bugis-Makassar culture is always based on a divided binary opposition structure in three vertical parts, namely, upper structure, middle structure, and bottom. this structure originating from the cosmogini division transformed unconsciously and automatically into natural objects, house shape, and social stratification. Then, the existence of Sawerigading as a central character in the middle world is the result of the transformation of a limited exchange structure to the upper and the underworld kinship group through a marriage described as the foundation of the culture of Buginese and Makassarese people on earth. Liminal position on the myth of Sawerigading is a firm position to explain the reality of culture of the Buginese-Makassarese people. That is why the Buginese-Makassarese people have a strong and firm character.

Exploration of Ethnomathematics of House and Traditional Music Tools Biak-Papua Cultural

<p>This research is an ethnomathematics study of the Biak Papuan community. The ethnomathematics studied are houses and traditional musical instruments. The shape and style of the traditional Biak house still remain to this day. The purpose of this study was to examine and reveal the relationship between mathematics and the traditional home culture of the Biak community, namely rum Som, rum Sram and Sram Mankubui and traditional musical instruments namely Tifa. The research method used is an exploratory survey method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the shape of the roof of rum Som, rum Sram, Sram Mankubui was rectangular, half elliptical and triangular trapezoid. Whereas Tifa's musical instruments look like the two most belted cones combined.</p>

„Miejsce cieniem kryte” w domu nr 4 z Kościelisk, pow. Olesno, woj. Opolskie (próba rekonstrukcji) - problem budownictwa podcieniowego w kulturze przeworskiej

The article brings about another attempt to reconstruct the shape of house No. 4 from Kościeliska, Olesno district (Hedwigstein, Kr. Rosenberg) within the context of arcaded houses noticed at the Przeworsk culture settlements. The undertaken analysis makes possible a reinterpretation of the already published materials and proposes a new research strategy that addresses this issue more efficiently. This makes it possible to prove the existence of comer arcades in the architecture of the Przeworsk culture.

Çocukluk çağında tekrarlayan hışıltı: Bir üçüncü basamak hastane verileri

Introduction: Repetitive wheezing in children today is an important problem. It is important to identify preventable risk factors in children with recurrent wheezing complaints. Asking for risk factors and making suggestions can prevent both recurrent admission and persistent bronchial damage. The present research was conducted to evaluate the risk factors of recurrent wheezing in children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed with 50 children with recurrent wheezing. Previous medical history and sociodemographic features of children were searched.Results: The 60%(n=30) of participants were male , %40 (n=20) were female. The mean age and birth weight of children were calculated 49.1 ± 48 months and 3227.2 ± 680.6 gr respectively. Children with recurrent wheezing had significantly diverse ratios in terms of the type of delivery (p=0,007), breast feding (p<0.001), vaccinations (p<0.001), atopic dermatitis (p<0.001), child care (p=0.003), natal and postnatal maternal smoking (p<0.001, p=0.007), asthma history of the parents and siblings (p<0.001), rural-urban settlement (p=0.021), and moisture and warming shape of family house (p=0.002). Conclusion: Recurrent wheezing is an important health problem in childhood. Sociodemographic, environmental preventive approaches must be considered in the treatment modalities of patients.