House Makers Research Articles

Infertility and Anxiety among Infertile Women at IVF Treatment Centre, Lalitpur

Background: Infertility is being a tangible problem in our society. Infertility is failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse in the absence of known reproductive pathology. Infertility and its treatment related process both can create psychological and economic crisis among the women who are receiving its treatment therefore it may result in variant level of anxiety in infertile women. The main objective of this study is to determine the level of anxiety among infertile women.
 Methods and Materials: All together 100 sample were taken for the study by adopting non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through direct interview by using demographic and structured questionnaire was used. Beck Anxiety Inventory scale was used as structured questionnaire.
 Result: Out of 100 respondents, more than half 56 % of the respondents were between ages 26-35 Years age, 28% of respondents were house makers by occupation, majority of respondents 71% were working 12 hours per day. Near to half 47.6 % respondent had the Hypothyroidism. Fifty two percent of respondent's were from 4-6 years of marriage duration followed by duration of infertility were 56 % since 3 years and 45 % are taking infertility treatment from about 1 years. Majority of respondents (59%) has low anxiety level followed by moderate anxiety (35%) and severe anxiety (6%).
 Conclusion: Anxiety is common in infertile women. Among the respondents, all of the participants had developed the features of anxiety but in very low level. So association could not be assessed between the socio-demographic variables and level of anxiety.

G20 and Women Empowerment: A Detailed Analyses

G20 is a “Group of Twenty” countries i.e., nineteen countries and one European Union (union of countries) come together in the year 1999 after Asian financial crisis, for international economic cooperation and mutual understanding. It is an intergovernmental forum of the world’s 20 major developed and developing countries. It is a historic and proud moment for India to chair G20 from 1st December 2022 till 30th November 2023. “Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam” emphasize the importance of family and women plays a fundamental role in family. It’s written in various writings that women carry responsibility of two families on her shoulder. And we come across injustice, inequality, discrimination of women itself in all societies in some way or another. This platform gives us opportunity to analyze how long we have travelled and landmarks covered towards women empowerment. Many reasons to celebrate yet many important markers need to work upon. This research paper tried to analyze status of women on different parameters in India and compared it with other countries within G20. Also, various schemes initiated in last decade are analyzed. 75 years of independence and trajectory of women empowerment need attention to have holistic understanding of women empowerment. Findings of this paper show that women don’t come from homogenous group, they are from heterogenous group with stratification. Economics aspect, education, family background etc. play very crucial role in success of a women not just as working outside in formal sector but also inside home as house maker. SDG’s Goal 5 is Gender Equality. And to accomplish these all 17 goals which are interconnected need equivalent efforts.

Impact of anemia over maternal and fetal outcome in tertiary care centre

Anemia is a major public health problem especially among the poorer segments of the population in developing countries like India and hence there was a need to study the risk factors, complications and outcome of the impact of anemia on maternal and fetal outcome. A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 ANC anemic women. A face to face interviews was taken and data of demographics and history of patient was collected using a standard questionnaire in a tertiary care hospital in a central India. In the present study, most of the patients, (50.5%) were from age group 21 to 25 years. Most of them 66.8% were house maker and 68% visited hospital > 4 times, 60.75% were multi-gravida and 83% have normal BMI. 17% have severe, 67% have moderate and 16% had mild anemia. There was significant positive correlation between maternal haemoglobin and BMI and birth weight. Most common Foetal complication was LBW and IUGR.

The Portrayal of Women in TVC and Film: An Analysis in the Gender Perspective

Bangladesh is developing as a role model in the world by the great contribution of half of its population- the womenfolk. But recognition of their contribution in every sector including media are very negligible. Deliberately or unintentionally, the Bangladeshi media presents women as virago, petulant, subversive, subordinate, house maker, servant, etc. (Sharmeen,2011). Audio-visual media tends to use women's beauty as a symbol of sexuality in televisions and movies, as society views women in the same way. Though, audio-visual media have a vast potential to create awareness, educate people against gender discrimination and recognize women’s contribution to society. But we observed that, in Bangladeshi films, female characters usually revolve around a limited number of images; the lascivious beautiful heroine, the loving mother, the vamp, or the woman of crooked character (Haq, 2006). This article aims to understand the trend of the use of content in powerful audio-visual media like televisions and films and its gender sensitiveness. Content analysis and case study methods have been used for the analysis. The works of literature and content which are collected from primary and secondary sources are analyzed to enrich the study reflections of this paper. Based on the findings of the study this article concludes that in the social structure of Bangladesh patriarchal social system is prevalent and this dominance is observed in all spheres of society and the media is no exception.

Common Health Problems of ‘Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals’ “(FDMNs)” of Bangladesh

Background: Around a million FDMNs have settled in Cox’s Bazar, the southeast coastal district ofBangladesh. The geographically proximate country of Rakhine state of Myanmar following armed conflictin this area in August 2017 and created a unique humanitarian crisis. It is important to know the currenthealth status of FDMNs because, without this information, equal and equitable health service provision isnot possible. So, we conducted this study to explore the common health problems of FDMNs residing incamps of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Method: This descriptive observational study was conducted from January 2018 to July 2019 at Cox’sBazar Medical College Hospital, Cox’s Bazar which first prioritized referred tertiary hospitals for FDMNs. Result: Among study FDMNs, Age ranges from 3 months to 97 years with a median age of 40 (25-60) years andmale to female representatives were almost equal (51.6% male and 48.4% female). Majority of the male werefarmers (engaged in agriculture, livestock and fish farming) and the females were house makers. One third ofthe primary respondents have formal education (i.e. religious education) in Myanmar. More than 30% of theparticipants reported having H/O recent death of family members in Myanmar with a median number of twomembers due to recent violence. 37% FDMNs were malnourished out of them 14.7% were severe. BCG scarmarks were found in 70% and only 40.7% were vaccinated with other vaccines in under five children.75.4%FDMNs were dependent on unqualified village doctors” for treatment. The most common NCD among theFDMNs people were COPD, DM, and HTN with risk factor tobacco use and frequent betel nut chewing.Chronic liver disease with underlying hepatitis C or Hepatitis B infection, HIV and TB were more common.Nearly one third FDMNs were clinically anemic. 42.9% of the participants reported do not won and use LLNin Myanmar. 73.2% FDMNs have knowledge about ORS use in diarrhea. Predominant diseases among admittedprimary respondents were CLD (15.7%) followed by COPD (13%), pregnancy complication and Injury (7.2%).Major causes of death in admitted FDMNs were COPD with its complication (25%) Cardiac disease (20%),CLD with Hepatic encephalopathy (15%), CNS infection and Septic shock (10%). Conclusion: This study identifies common health problems of the FDMN also called Rohingya refugeesin Bangladesh. FDMNs in Bangladesh are under significant health risks and necessary to scale up targetedhealth care policy and improvement of local GOB and non-Government health care facilities for them. J MEDICINE 2022; 23: 13-19

Attitude and self-care practice on hypertension among antihypertensive medication users in a tertiary care hospital Nepal.

Background:Hypertension a “silent killer” is a serious global health problem, whose prevalence is increasing in Nepal.Objective:This study aimed to determine the attitude and practice of hypertension among anti-hypertensive medication users in a tertiary care teaching hospital in western Nepal.Methodology:A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used among 136 hypertensive patients under medication, aged ⩾ 30 years, and visiting medical outpatient department, medical ward, and geriatric ward, using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for data collection through interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used, and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Most of the patients were male (56.6%), mean ± standard deviation age was 56.74 ± 12.58. Majority of them were Hindu (69.9%), upper caste people (29.4%), illiterate (22.1%), and house maker (27.2%). Half of the patients (50.7%) had a positive attitude and more than half (52.2%) had performed adequate self-care practice. Selected variables such as educational status and dietary pattern and attitude were significantly associated, whereas no association was found between sociodemographic variables and self-care practice. Attitude and self-care practices were found strongly associated with one another (p = 0.002).Conclusion:Our study found that half of the study population had positive attitude, and more than half of them had performed adequate self-care practice. Hence, educational interventions and awareness programs on dietary aspects should be focused for improving the attitude and practice of all the patient groups.

Thematic Analysis of Oromo Proverbs Said About Women

The purpose of this study is to look at the representation of women in the Oromo proverbs and to evaluate the awareness of the society about the effects of these proverbs on women. To achieve this goal, an attempt was made to collect proverbs that refer to women. The data was collected from pre documented books because of the inconvenience of data collection in the field due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The collected data was translated from the original language ‘Afaan Oromoo` to the target language `English` and finally analyzed and interpreted qualitatively. From the result, women are portrayed both positively and negatively in Oromo proverbs, and the image of a mother and wives are positive. They are represented as excellent house makers and obedient servants of their family. This study, also found out that women are perceived negatively and disrespected in Oromo proverbs. Male dominance and the inferior position and the low status of women are clearly observed. In these proverbs, women are perceived as ignorant, dependent, weak, irresponsible, unpredictable, and as inferior members of their community. In general, the actual characteristics of women are considered as nothing and ideal behaviors are disseminated in proverbs and in cultural trends. The transmission of these proverbs has a contribution to the perpetuation of the negative images of women and this causes women’s negative self-image and their low participation in different social affairs in their community. Therefore, educating women, giving awareness creation training about women’s equality to the society, increasing women’s participation, and discouraging the use of the proverbs that socialize the inferior status of women may be a solution to create a better positive image of women in the society.

The Bollywoodandrsquor;s Way of Reimagining Female Icons and Their Resulting Influence on Gender Imbalance in India

India as a country has always savoured the sexist commercial Bollywood palette. Everything served in the form of the classic ‘male gaze’ approved and grand musical format has been contributory in setting definite narratives that influence the mass beyond the screening of the film as well. While cinema is an art form that reciprocates to the mass’s demands and desires, the filmmakers in the country have definitely cashed on it on multiple occasions. From the acceptability of secondary position of female to revolutionary outbreak of pitiful acceptability of women in the mainstream men’s world, Bollywood has always set its tone as per the need of the hour, however at the end of the day it has always been a pawn in the game that largely benefits the culturally induced orthodox views about the gender roles and relationship and its resulting gender imbalance in the society. In the recent times, one such raging phenomenon of sorts has been Bollywood’s new found obsession with biopics on iconic women figures like Rani Laxmi Bai to Shakuntala Devi on rather debatable grounds of credibility. The phenomenon is revolutionary as acclaimed by the Industry but it sticks to the basics of stereotypes when it comes to gender role conventions as the tale as old as time. Although, the Bollywood imposed women liberation movement/portrayal have been quite efficient in revoking a certain cultural shift in the current times amidst too much of first world countries imposed globalization and its resulting sexualisation of a gender against the normalization of another, it has also in the same time deferred to a certain plotline that is quite instrumental in creating a unique perspective about women in general .The deteriorating culture that embraces women’s role as a house maker easily camouflages her achievements on grounds of professionalism and beyond . A women’s success has always been made synonymous with the satisfaction of the phallus and the warmth she extends by virtue of her womb and the resulting maternal instinct. The emotional turmoil proceeds over the need for applaud for hardships endured on grounds that are otherwise and beyond the requirement for a happy four walled home. The following research will try to analyse the co relation between Indian commercial cinemas in the arena of biopics made on women icons in Bollywood and its resulting contribution in setting definitive culturally confined gender roles that are biased on arguable stereotypes by taking into account selective cinematic study for the same.

Anthropo-entomophagy and ethno-entomology among the ethnic Mao-Naga and Poumai-Naga tribes of Manipur, Northeast India

Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, has a great deal of importance and history with many countries of the world however, its consumption species of insects and their value differ from community to community. Here, we aimed to study the ethnic traditional practices of entomophagy and its uses in traditional ethno-entomology practiced by the Mao-Naga tribe and the Poumai-Naga tribe from Senapati district of Manipur, Northeast India. We conducted individual semi-structured questionnaire surveys from different villages of both the tribes with ages varying from 22 to 70 years. The respondents comprise village elders, house makers and the youth. The study shows a total of 53 and 51 species of insects being consumed by the Mao-Naga and Poumai-Naga tribes respectively consisting of 9 orders and 18 families. The order Hymenoptera has the maximum number having 20 edible insect species from both the tribes. The order Diptera, Isoptera and Mantodea has the least edible insect of 1 species each from both the tribes. Besides entomophagy, some insect’s species were believed to have ethno-entomological uses.

Assess Health-seeking Behavior on Cancer among Women Residing at Rahata Taluka

Introduction: The cancer is a major problem in developing countries.Cancer is most advancing healthproblem faced by overall world including India.Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the health-seeking behavior and identify the hindrance factors onhealth-seeking behavior on cancer among women.Methods:Using a descriptive, cross-sectional study designwith stratified random sampling.400 womenresiding in Rahata taluka were interviewed using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was calculatedwith the mean for variables that were normally distributed. Statistical Analysis was performed with SPSSsoftware.Results: Demographic data show that 41.75% of women were from the age group of below 35 years, 29.75%had a higher secondary education, 81.75% of women are Hindu, 47.75% of women live in nuclear family,80.75% of women are married, 38.25% of mothers were house maker, and 48.5% of women have monthlyfamily income of 1866–5546 Rs. The proportion of health-seeking behavior for cervical cancer among thestudy participants shows that majority of women’s believed that cancer treatment can be done properly ifeconomic condition is well enough, better health facilities available, cancer awareness educational programthrough the health workers. The hindrance factor contributes the health-seeking behavior among the women.Majority of women that have lack of knowledge about disease, social stigma, fear of relationship afterexposure of disease, socioeconomic condition, inadequate knowledge related to treatment, delay health-caresystem, delay diagnosis. Providing some education program, educational booklet, strait play, and handoutsmedical camp, and short films are helpful for cancer prevention.Conclusion: The awareness of cancer among women residing at Rahata Taluka was low.The result of thestudy concludes that certain factor contributes the health seeking behavior among the women. Hence, it isnecessary to give them the right information on cancer and its prevention to women

Status of women in Indian society

Women are an integral part of an Indian society. In order to understand the spirit of a civilized society it is necessary to study the history of its women folk. Indian society is patriarchal society and women have been treated as subordinate and ascribed lower status to their man counterpart. In ancient times women enjoyed a position of respect and reverence and his role as a daughter, as a wife, as a mother and above all as a house maker was well defined. A change in the status of women had occurred as a sequel to the advent of Muslims in India. The social laws and customs which came to be evolved in the changed set-up of things created in them a sense of inferiority complex. The position of women as girls’ wives and widows were reduced to that of dependents and subordinates. The status of women in India has been subjected to a lot of changes over the past few millennia. Both Muslims and Hindus fell prey to the evil practices. Opportunity of receiving education was greatly restricted. After the advent of Muslims purdah was mainly confined to the rich and well to do class of both the communities. But the working class and peasant women were free from the bondage of purdah. Child marriage had become a feature of the social life. Dowry was an old custom and gradually it became rigorous. This system was prevalent more among the rich than the commoners. Divorce and remarriage were common amongst Muslims and were prohibited to Hindu women. The Hindu women had no choice to remarry; however, remarriage was common among the manial agricultural castes. Women were generally to marry through simple ritual of Chaddar-Pauna and Kareva. Sati was prevalent in almost all the parts of India. It had become a normal feature of the Hindu and Muslim society. Jauhar was popular among Hindus (especially Rajputs). However, Muslim women also adopted this custom when they found their honor in danger. Female infanticide was practiced in most parts of northern India. In some parts of India the devdasi was sexually

Status of women entrepreneurship in Haryana: An analysis of challenges and future prospects

The importance of women‘s entrepreneurship is evident to the business community itself, but more to the country‘s economy. In order to achieve the growth potential of the economy, women need to take a more active role as entrepreneurs or workers. Women entrepreneurship is defined as entire concept whereby a confident, innovative and creative woman adopt a business activity to prove herself to be economic independent either individually or in consortium, aim at generating employment opportunities for other individuals and running the enterprise by keeping balance pace with her personal, family and social life. Earlier the role of women was confined to nurture the family as homemakers but this perception has changed now. The discussion on women entrepreneurship has always been avoided in Indian society. The situation has completely changed now. In modern India, more and more women are taking up entrepreneurial activities. Women across India are displaying an attentiveness to be economically independent. But the procedure is not so easy to get transformed from house makers to businesswomen. The study endeavours to analyse the challenges and future prospects of women entrepreneurs in Haryana, India. The study also intends to suggest some fruitful ways to eliminate and reduce the hurdles related to women entrepreneurship development.

A Study on Adaptation to the Asian Market by the Japanese House Maker

A Study on Adaptation to the Asian Market by the Japanese House Maker

Factors Affecting Uterine Prolapse among Females of 20-35 years on Semi-urban Area of Kathmandu District

Uterine prolapse is a significant public health problem in Nepal. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of uterine prolapse and to identify the possible risk factors for this. This is a cross sectional study conducted at semi urban area in Kathmadu district. A total of 168 women of age 25 – 34 years were surveyed, and nearly half of them were of 25-29 years. Maximum respondents (38.1%) were Chhettri, and least was Dalit (13.1%). Regarding occupation, two –third of the participants had agriculture and house maker as their main source of living. Among the interviewed population, the prevalence of uterine prolapse was found to be 11.9%. Among them, 15.3% were farmers, 29.4 % were daily wagers, 18.2% were Dalit and 16.7% were of age more than 28 years. This study showed that the income has a vital role in the occurrence of the uterine prolapse, the odds ratio was found to be 13.6 (CI: 4.6-38.5). The pregnancy below the age of 20 was found to be the second major cause (OR: 12.6, CI: 3.5 - 45). Similarly, other factors like parity, gravid, child spacing, lack of rest during pregnancy, heavy weight lifting were the significant factors to uterine prolapse (p&lt;0.05). However, the type of delivery was not associated to the occurrence of uterine prolapse.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Undernutrition among Under-Five Children of Bharatpur Municipality of Chitwan District, Nepal

Introduction: Under-nutrition during childhood, a major public health problem of Nepal, can have everlasting consequences. It is one of the primary causes of ill health and premature deaths in many developing countries like Nepal.Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of under-nutrition among under-five children of Bharatpur municipality of Chitwan district of central Nepal.Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in Bharatpur municipality of Chitwan district. Anthropometric measurement of children and information regarding nutrition along with different exposures were taken from 402 randomly sampled mothers. WHO criteria was used to compare with the calculated Z-score using Anthro V3.2.2 software. Informed consent was taken from concerned authority. Descriptive statistics were calculated and binary logistic regressions was used to determine the influence of selected variables for underweight.Results: Majority of the respondents were from relatively advantaged groups and house makers. Almost 54% of the children were boys and the greatest share of children was of age group 25-36 months. Almost one in 10 children of Bharatpur had lower weight-for-height score (wasted). Likewise, more than one quarter (26.4%) were stunted and another 13.4% were under-weight. Families with less than four family members were less likely to have under-weight children and those who had more than two children had more chance of having under-weight children (P=0.002). Children having diarrheal episodes within 2 weeks period of study had higher odds of being malnourished.Conclusion: The study shows that female children have higher risks of being malnourished. Higher prevalence of underweight was seen with the increasing age of children. The size of family also matters the nutrition status of children. It is recommended that Ministry of Health needs to have more attention for the necessary intervention addressing the combined exposures factors for underweight. Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 266-272

A Study on Married Women Working in Night Shift and Its Impact on Family Relationship

The women's are not just playing the role of house maker but she is also going out like men and works and earns the money. As the women are earning money she has become more independent in financial aspects. In past days the women was only looking the children and home and she does not have any other responsibilities but in today's scenario she will manage the responsibilities of family and work so she is more dynamic and courageous to face the challenges posed by the society. The modern day hectic lifestyle is often blamed for this rise. This is because most people these days are career oriented and couples often don't spend quality time with each other. This communication gap can lead to break ups in no time. Couples should remember that marriage is the coming together of two love filled hearts and it loses its whole meaning when it ends in a divorce. The study says that the working hours are limited to 8 hours and more than that and even most of will not travel for more than 2 hours for their jobs so the employees will not feel more tiredness in the work. Almost all the IT firms will provide the best and safety transport facility to the employees who work in night shift. But most of women employees will not prefer the night shift because the hours are not preferred for working. Most of the employees have taken the counseling this can be avoided if they can avoid the unnecessary stress and maintain the balance mind. The health hazards can be avoided to some extent if the women employees take the proper diet food and rest whenever it is possible.

Demography and Risk Factors of Suicide in Bangladesh: A Six-Month Paper Content Analysis.

Background Suicide is a global public health problem too often neglected by researchers and Bangladesh is not an exception. There is no suicide surveillance and nationwide study is yet to be conducted in the country. Objectives This paper aimed to look into suicide based on newspaper reporting in Bangladesh focusing on the demographic variables and risk factors. Methods 6 national newspapers were scrutinized from November 2016 to April 2017. Data were checked, cross-checked, and then analyzed with SPSS software. Results In a duration of six months, a total of 271 cases were reported; age was found to be in the range of 11–70 years (26.67 ± 13.47). 61% of the reported cases were below 30 years of age, 58% were female, 24% were students, 17% were house makers, 61% were from rural background, and 45% were married. Hanging was found to be the commonest method (82.29%); marital and familial discord remained a noticeable risk factor (34.32%). Family members and neighbors noticed 103 cases, and only 3 cases were found to have suicide notes. Conclusion Suicide is an underattended public health problem in Bangladesh with few researches and paucity of literature. Establishment of national suicide surveillance is now a time demanded step.

Applicability of Becker’s theory of allocation of time in modelling married women’s allocation of time between household duties and labour force participation in Zimbabwe

With the rise in women participation in labour force and gender equality campaigns on the one hand and cultural norms which characterise women as house makers on the other, most married women often find themselves in a dilemma as to how to allocate their time among competing needs. This paper used a theoretical approach in reviewing the applicability of the proposals of Becker’s allocation of time theory to the married women’s allocation of time between household duties and labour force participation to the Zimbabwean situation. It was concluded that though the model ignores the cultural norms of assigning household roles to specific gender, it explained to a greater extent the trends observed in which women spend more time in household chores to which they have a comparative advantage as opposed to their male counterparts. The substitution and income effects explained in this model are also applicable to the preferences and patterns of time allocation by married when faced with a change in wages.

Domestic Violence Among Married Women

Violence against women can be addressed through a fundamental rights lens. It is a violation of human dignity and, in its worst form; it violates the right to life. A descriptive study was carried out among 30 married women, at a selected hospital in Varanasi. Participants were selected through convenient sampling. Data was collected through interview, by using Socio demographic proforma and structured domestic violence questionnaire. The result showed that the overall prevalence of domestic violence among women was 23(76.7%). Although, there was no correlation between domestic violence and Expenditure, Disability, Burden, Duration of illness. Domestic violence was higher amongst the group of middle educated and house maker women in area of Uttar Pradesh. 30% of the sample belonged to diagnostic category of schizophrenia. This was followed by Depression in nearly 16.7%. Most of the cases, 86.7% precipitating factor were present and 60% cases past mental illness was absent, so effective actions should be taken to stop Domestic Violence at no time.

골프 연습장 이용객의 만족유형에 따른 고객세분화에 관한 연구

This study is to categorize the customers of golf practice centers into different groups according to their satisfaction levels, through which identifying the characteristics of those golfers, eventually to help provide a tailored services for them. We selected a sample of 350 people from 4 golf practice centers around Seoul to conduct frequency analysis, x2 verification, t-test, variance analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis by using spss 12.0. Using the factor analysis, the satisfaction levels were scored, each level being divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis, named `overall satisfaction`, `satisfaction with facility`, `satisfaction with personal services`, `satisfaction with cost` and `overall dissatisfaction`. For the satisfactions observed based on the gender for the groups, men showed higher satisfactions than women for all groups except the `satisfaction with cost` group. Observation according to the age indicated the `overall satisfaction` predominated by the highest part of average age; for the profession, practitioners/technicians, office workers/administerial employees, business owners and house makers took up their biggest part in `overall satisfaction`. Meanwhile, the most in the `satisfaction with facility` group were students. The `overall satisfaction` group indicated their family income 1 million won higher than other groups. In terms of the characteristics found in the participating behaviors in golf activities, critical to the selection of a golf center was the condition of location; for the center using time, the `satisfaction with cost` group represented the highest frequency of visit from 9 to 12 while other groups from 21 to 24. In observation of the type of registration, all groups indicated high proportion of monthly membership; yearly membership was the second highest in `satisfaction with cost` and `overall satisfaction` groups. The `overall satisfaction` group was higher in golf experience and expense compared with other groups while being lower in handicaps, which suggests higher family income, more golf experience and expense, and little handicap leads to sustained participation in golf activities involving more expenditures and less handicaps.