House Index Research Articles

KEPADATAN LARVA NYAMUK AEDES sp DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DANGUE (DBD)

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an acute febrile viral disease that is often accompanied by symptoms such as headache, bone or joint and muscle pain, rash, and low or low white blood cell count, transmitted by mosquitoes through the bite of the Aedes mosquito. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was correlation between the density of Aedes sp mosquito larvae and the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in the working area of ??Tanah Jawacommunity health Center, Tanah Jawasub district, Simalungundistrict in 2022. This type of research was an analytic survey with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were all houses in Tanah Jawa and the sample was determined by random sampling technique with the provisions of ABJ as many as 100 houses. Collecting data in this study using questionnaires and observation sheets, the data analysis used was univariate and bivariate analysis using chi-square test. The results of this study indicated that the daily water reservoir p value was 0.009 p (0.05), mosquito larvae density p value was 0.008 p (0.05) meaning that there was a significant correlation between daily water reservoirs, the presence of mosquito larvae with the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), Not a water reservoir p value of 0.786 p (0.05) means that there was no significant correlation between non-water reservoirs and the incidence of DHF, and the value of the larval density index House Index (HI). ) (31%), Container Index (CI) (5%), Breathe Index (BI) (33%) was categorized as medium density, and the value of Larva Free Rate (ABJ) (69%) was categorized as high. The conclusion in this study was that there were Aedes sp mosquito larvae and there was correlation between the density of Aedes sp mosquito larvae with the incidence of dengue fever and dengue fever in the working area of ??the Tanah JawaCommunityHealth Center, Tanah Jawa District, Simalungun district in 2022.

Impact of physicochemical parameters of Aedes aegypti breeding habitats on mosquito productivity and the size of emerged adult mosquitoes in Ouagadougou City, Burkina Faso

BackgroundOutbreaks of dengue fever caused by viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are repeated occurrences in West Africa. In recent years, Burkina Faso has experienced major dengue outbreaks, most notably in 2016 and 2017 when 80% of cases were recorded in Ouagadougou City (Central Health Region). In order to better understand the ecology of this vector and to provide information for use in developing control measures, a study on the characteristics of Aedes container breeding sites and the productivity of such sites, as measured by the abundance of immature stages and resultant adult body size, was undertaken in three health districts (Baskuy, Bogodogo and Nongremassom) of Ouagadougou.MethodsAdult mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors in 643 households during the rainy season from August to October 2018. The presence of water containers was systematically recorded and the containers examined for the presence or absence of larvae. Characteristics of the container breeding sites, including size of the container and temperature, pH and conductivity of the water contained within, were recorded as well as the volume of water. Traditional Stegomyia indices were calculated as quantitative indicators of the risk of dengue outbreaks; generalised mixed models were fitted to larval and pupal densities, and the contribution of each covariate to the model was evaluated by the Z-value and associated P-value.ResultsA total of 1061 container breeding sites were inspected, of which 760 contained immature stages of Ae. aegypti (‘positive’ containers). The most frequent container breeding sites found in each health district were tyres and both medium (buckets/cans/pots) and large (bins/barrels/drums) containers; these containers were also the most productive larval habitats and the types that most frequently tested positive. Of the Stegomyia indices, the Breteau, House and Container indices exceeded WHO dengue risk thresholds. Generalised linear mixed models showed that larval and pupal abundances were associated with container type, physicochemical characteristics of the water and collection month, but there were significant differences among container types and among health districts. Aedes aegypti body size was positively associated with type and diameter of the container, as well as with electrical conductivity of the water, and negatively associated with pH and temperature of the water and with the level of exposure of the container to sunlight.ConclusionThis study provides data on putative determinants of the productivity of habitats regarding Ae. aegypti immature stages. These data are useful to better understand Ae. aegypti proliferation. The results suggest that identifying and targeting the most productive container breeding sites could contribute to dengue vector control strategies in Burkina Faso.Graphical

Spatial Variation of Quality of Living in Selected Blocks of Murshidabad District in West Bengal, India

Quality of living conditions refer to the general well-being of individuals and societies, which includes education, family health, employment, wealth, satisfaction, safety, religious belief, freedom, etc. This research paper deals with spatial variation of quality of living regarding various basic services and amenities in selected blocks of Murshidabad district in West Bengal, India. A composite index was developed based on 19 indicators to measure the actual scenario of the living condition of households there. Different indices, such as the human capital index, financial capital index, physical capital index and housing index, have been used to measure block-level disparity and were categorised based on composite score value. As expected, the level of development is unequal, with vast areas of backwardness interspersed with micro zones of development. The findings reveal that the northern part of this region is more developed as compared with other parts of this region. The quality of living and development of a particular region depends not only upon a single criterion but also on the interplay of several socio-economic factors that determine that region’s development level. This study suggests that the backward blocks need urgent improvement in most indicators to enhance the households’ living conditions.

Epidemiological, Entomological, and Climatological Investigation of the 2019 Dengue Fever Outbreak in Gewane District, Afar Region, North-East Ethiopia.

Dengue Fever (DF) is an important arthropod-borne viral infection that has repeatedly occurred as outbreaks in eastern and northeastern Ethiopia since 2013. A cross-sectional epidemiological outbreak investigation was carried out from September to November 2019 on febrile patients (confirmed malaria negative) who presented with suspected and confirmed DF at both public and private health facilities in Gewane District, Afar Region, northeastern Ethiopia. Entomological investigation of containers found in randomly selected houses belonging to DF-positive patients was undertaken to survey for the presence of Aedes larvae/pupae. A total of 1185 DF cases were recorded from six health facilities during the 3-month study period. The mean age of DF cases was 27.2 years, and 42.7% of cases were female. The most affected age group was 15-49 years old (78.98%). The total case proportions differed significantly across age groups when compared to the population distribution; there were approximately 15% and 5% higher case proportions among those aged 15-49 years and 49+ years, respectively. A total of 162 artificial containers were inspected from 62 houses, with 49.4% found positive for Aedes aegypti larva/pupae. Aedes mosquitoes were most commonly observed breeding in plastic tanks, tires, and plastic or metal buckets/bowls. World Health Organization entomological indices classified the study site as high risk for dengue virus outbreaks (House Index = 45.2%, Container Index = 49.4%, and Breteau Index = 129). Time series climate data, specifically rainfall, were found to be significantly predictive of AR (p = 0.035). Study findings highlight the importance of vector control to prevent future DF outbreaks in the region. The scarcity of drinking water and microclimatic conditions may have also contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak.

Identifikasi Density Figure dan Pengendalian Vektor Demam Berdarah pada Kelurahan Karanganyar Gunung

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease that has a main vector of the Aedes aegypti mosquito by transmitting the disease through its bite. Based on 2018 Health Department data, Semarang Larva Free Index (LFI) in 2018 was 91.7%. To find out the population density of Aedes aegypti larvae in the densely populated Karanganyar Gunung Village, a study was conducted. Based on the analysis of research data, the value of Larva Free Index (LFI) = 94.77%, House Index (HI) = 5.22%, Container Index (CI) = 2.86% and Breteau Index (BI) = 5.72%. So that from value of HI, CI and BI, value of Density Figure (DF) obtained is two. This shows that the larvae density is moderate. So that action is needed to control mosquitoes as a vector of dengue fever. From the results of the questionnaire, physical vector control was 92% of the total 105 respondents. While chemical control (such as using mosquito coils) was carried out by 90%, biology (such as keeping fish in water reservoirs for mosquito larva predators) by 61% and self-protection (such as using of anti-mosquito lotions) by 46% of a total of 105 respondents. However, there are still 2% of the total 105 respondents who did not control the vector at all.

Vulnerability and environmental risk in the Sierra Otomí Tepehua (Hidalgo, México)

Extreme geomorphological and hydrometeorological events cause landslides (gravitational processes) in vulnerable and marginalized communities, where the risk and effects of a natural disaster reduce responsiveness to environmental adversities. In the state of Hidalgo (Mexico) exists dangers as slope instability and processes of massive removal of soil, but in some municipalities of the Sierra Otomí-Tepehua (SOT) does not exist a municipal instrument that provides information on high-risk localities. This study evaluated landslide risk in 220 localities located in three municipalities of the Sierra Otomí-Tepehua region (SOT) using information from the 2020 national census. A geospatial analysis was built in localities with landslide risk, further social vulnerability was evaluated in 33 localities located on hillsides, and the Social Vulnerability Index of Housing (IVSV) was determined. 109 localities with a high and very high level of social vulnerability were identified due to the physical condition of the dwellings located in areas with landslide risk. Finally, risk map of landslides was developed through multi-criteria analysis to focus on mitigate and prevent disasters in the most vulnerable localities of the SOT.

Spatial association of Aedes aegypti with dengue fever hotspots in an endemic region

Background and objectiveDengue is a vector-borne viral disease usually transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Around the world, the relationship between local vector density and frequency of dengue cases is being explored and needs further evidence. This study aimed to analyze the potential spatial relationships between the dengue vector (Aedes aegypti) and dengue cases in the megacity of Bangladesh during the 2019 dengue outbreak. MethodsVector density measures were used to estimate spatial associations with dengue case distribution. Location was determined for 364 dengue cases who were admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital over a period of 4 months. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and prior consent was ensured before participation. The Moran global index, Getis-Ord Gi∗, ordinary least squares regression, geographically weighted regression and count data regression methods were used for spatial analysis. ResultsWe found that dengue case distribution was not associated with immature Aedes aegypti mosquito (larvae) density across the city. The relationship between larval density measured by the Breteau Index (BI) and House Index (HI) with dengue cases was nonstationary and not statistically significant. ConclusionThe location of dengue cases appears to be unrelated to vector distribution and vector density. These findings should prompt the search for other transmission risk factors.

Strategic Procurement Management Practices and Performance of Real Estate firms in Nairobi County, Kenya

In Kenya, the real estate industry provided 9.0% of the GDP of the nation in the second quarter of 2020. It also made a large contribution to employment generation and the provision of residential and commercial space. But because of the weak housing market, which is demonstrated by the housing index's progressive and severe decrease in the 2019- 2020 period, real estate enterprises continue to encounter a variety of performance issues. The real estate firms in Kenya have also had challenges of late delivery of the housing projects, poor quality of delivered projects, client funds misappropriations, and legal challenges with their clients. This study sought to examine the effect of procurement management practices on the performance of real estate firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. This study utilized correlational research design. The study’s population was the 100 senior managers of real estate firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study utilized a sample size of 50 respondent’s generated using Naissuma coefficient of variation formula. The study collected data using structured questionnaires. The findings indicated that strategic procurement practices have a significant effect on the performance of real estate firms. The study concludes that applying aspects such as supplier optimization dynamics, supplier development and strategic alliances with suppliers is significant in organization performance among firms. The study recommends that supplier development strategies in terms of financial support and training ought to be underscored. The real estate practitioners and investors in the real estate may gain an understanding on the effect of the strategic management practices on the performance of the real estate firms.

The effect of building-level socioeconomic status on bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background/Introduction In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) increases survival [1]. Understanding the social determinants of BCPR receipt can inform the design of public health interventions to increase BCPR. The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with BCPR is generally poorly understood. Purpose We aimed to evaluate the effect of SES on BCPR in OHCA using a building-level SES marker. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study based on the Singapore cohort of the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study registry, an ongoing long-term prospective registry for OHCA in the Asia-Pacific region, between 2010 to 2018. We categorized patients into low, medium and high Singapore Housing Index (SHI) levels. The SHI, which appraises a residential property value on an ordinal scale of 1 to 7 (low to high), is a building-level marker that has a robust association with income and residence value [2]. The primary outcome was receipt of BCPR. The secondary outcomes were pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival – defined as survival to 30 days or hospital discharge, whichever occurred first. Results A total of 12,730 OHCA cases were included (Figure 1), the median age was 71 years and 58.9% were male. BCPR rate was 56.7%. OHCA patients in the low SHI tier were the youngest, most likely male, and least likely to have any medical co-morbidities (Table 1). Compared the low SHI category, those in the medium and high SHI categories were more likely to receive BCPR (medium SHI: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.483, 95% CI 1.301–1.691, p<0.01; high SHI: aOR 1.933, 95% CI 1.669–2.240, p<0.01). As a continuous variable, every unit increase in SHI was associated with increased BCPR (aOR 1.142, 95% CI 1.110–1.174, p<0.001). High SHI patients had higher survival compared to low SHI patients on unadjusted analysis (OR 1.789, 95% CI 1.080–2.964) but not adjusted analysis (adjusted for age, sex, race, witness status, arrest time, past medical history of cancer, and first arrest rhythm). There were no significant differences in the proportion of ROSC across three categories of SHI (p=0.426). When comparing high with low SHI, females had larger increases in BCPR rates compared to males (ratio of OR 1.370, 95% CI 1.012–1.853). There were no significant associations between SHI and BCPR in the subgroups age ≥65 years, witnessed arrest, daytime arrest, and arrests after 2014, and no interaction effects were observed. Conclusions Lower building-level SES was independently associated with lower rate of BCPR. Higher SES was associated with higher 30-day survival on unadjusted analysis but not adjusted analysis, and this study may be under-powered for this outcome. Females were more susceptible to the effect of low SES on lower rate of BCPR, and community CPR training should focus on recognizing OHCA and performing BCPR in women in low SES communities. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Medical Research Council, Clinician Scientist Awards, Singapore (NMRC/CSA/024/2010, NMRC/CSA/0049/2013 and NMRC/CSA-SI/0014/2017) and Ministry of Health, Health Services Research Grant, Singapore (HSRG/0021/2012).

Density Of Eggs and Larvae of Aedes Spp. and the Characteristics of their Larvae Habitat in Endemic Dengue Area In Ternate City

Introduction: Dengue Fever (DF) is a disease spread by Aedes spp. caused by dengue virus infection. The study aimed to identify the density of egg and larval Aedes spp. stages and the characteristics of their habitat in dengue-endemic areas in Ternate City in September 2021. Methods: the research was conducted in four dengue-endemic villages in Ternate City, including Sangaji, Maliaro, Bastiong Karance, and Bastiong Talangame. In 80 households, egg density was determined utilizing ovitrap placement of up to two pieces per dwelling, one inside and one outside the house. After a week of ovitrap installation, the filter paper was collected, and the ovitrap index value was calculated. The value of the House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breuteu Index (BI) was used to calculate the larval density. The type and materials of the containers were used to assess the parameters of the larval environment. Results: The ovitrap index value in the four sub-districts was categorized as moderate level 3 (27.50% -36.25%). The highest larval density was found in Sangaji Village (HI = 81%), while the lowest was in Bastion Talangame Village (HI = 70%). The highest CI and BI values were found in Bastiong Karance Village (CI=51.5% and BI=190%), and the lowest was in Maliaro Village (CI=37.5% and BI=128%). Density figures in all endemic villages have a high larval density with a value of 8. Conclusion: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the types and the materials of containers in each village in DF endemic areas. The high density of the egg and larval stage and the information characteristic of habitat Aedes spp. Could be considered the basis of information dengue vector prevention and control in Ternate City.

The artificial neural network model predicts the number of dengue cases based on weather factors in Vung Tau City of Ba Ria–Vung Tau province: a correlational study

This study was conducted to build an early forecast model for the dengue epidemic using an artificial neural network (ANN) in Vung Tau City in Ba Ria - Vung Tau province. Weather factors (temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed) were all correlated with the number of dengue cases (p<0.05) in the 1/2010-12/2020 period. The ANN is a simulated information processing model based on the activity of the organism’s nervous system, consisting of a large number of neurons mounted to process information. Of all the models we built, the ANN 10-7-1 model gave the best results with a total squared error (SSE) and relative error (RE) during network training of SSE=25.23, respectively; RE=0,58; correlation coefficient R2 =29.1%. The model showed that the number of dengue cases have marked tendencies to increase to increase or to decrease, also the forecast data was almost accurate compared to the actual number of dengue cases. The ANN can be applied to predict future dengue outbreaks in Vung Tau City. To increase the accuracy of the ANN model, it needs to be combined with other factors such as housing index, mosquito density, population,...

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerimaan Zakat dengan Metode Weight Product di LAZISMU Yogyakarta

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam and is conducted by giving wealth to those who are entitled to receive it. The Lembaga Amil Zakat Infaq Sadaqah Muhammadiyah (LAZISMU) is a zakat institution in Muhammadiyah that receives and distributes zakat to its recipients. LAZISMU examines recipient data to determine several factors, including housing index, property ownership, family living conditions, worship routines, business marketing, operational operational finance, and human business resources. Based on an interview with the LAZISMU committee, it was stated that the delivery of zakat was conducted by selecting prospective zakat recipients based on pre-existing criteria. However, the LAZISMU committee uses perceptions or assumptions to select prospective zakat recipients and can make wrong decisions. This study proposes a support system for selecting zakat recipients based on the Weight Product (WP) method. This decision support system can select zakat recipients automatically by determining the parameters for each zakat criteria. The result of the decision is the ranking of prospective zakat recipients. The support system is checked using the Black Box test and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). The UEQ test results show that the value of attractiveness, speed, efficiency, accuracy, stimulation, and novelty gets excellents results.

310.4: Disparities in Low Respiratory Vaccination Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Introduction: Influenza is the most common vaccine-preventable infection the first 5 years post-transplant. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, vaccine uptake is low among high-risk transplant patients who are recommended to receive pneumococcal and annual influenza vaccines. While disparities in vaccination have been observed by race, with lower uptake among Blacks and Hispanics, little is known about the role of sociodemographic characteristics including an individual-level housing-based HOUSES index, education, marital status and geographic location (rural/urban classification) play in vaccine uptake. To improve health outcomes and vaccine coverage, we must identify and target populations with low uptake. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), a medical records linkage system, to assess sociodemographic factors associated with influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among adults aged 19-64 years old with solid organ transplants, living in four counties in southeastern Minnesota. Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed via HOUSES, measure of SES. Vaccination data was obtained from the Minnesota Immunization Information Connection (MIIC) from June 1, 2010-June 30, 2020. Influenza vaccination rate was assessed with Poisson regression models, offset by number of vaccines eligible for; pneumococcal status was assessed with logistic regression models. Results: 468 solid organ transplant patients were identified (Table 1). Liver and lung transplant patients were least vaccinated for influenza. Influenza vaccination ranged from 52-58% over the past 10 years which was slightly higher than national averages and adults in our area who were recommended to receive pneumococcal vaccines (35-43%). Race was not significantly associated with influenza vaccine uptake when adjusted for geographic region or SES as assessed by HOUSES. If patients were up-to-date on pneumococcal vaccine they had a 26% higher influenza vaccination rate. Heart transplants recipients were least up-to-date on pneumococcal vaccines. 56% of patients were compliant with pneumococcal vaccines, with a median of 18 months under vaccinated. Those living in urban settings were significantly better vaccinated for both influenza and pneumococcus even when adjusted for all other variables (Table 2). Conclusions: Rates of vaccination were well below national goals, even though transplant recipients did better than other national estimates of this high-risk group. The transplant process includes rigorous review of vaccinations with close follow-up, and despite this many patients remained under vaccinated. Further investigation is needed to understand and address barriers to vaccination among transplant recipients. This is especially important among subgroups with particularly low rates of adoption, seen particularly in those outside urban areas.Funding received from Eradicating Racism, Mayo Clinic and Rochester Epidemiology Project, Mayo Clinic.

Prevalence and resting behaviour of dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in dengue high risk urban settings in Colombo, Sri Lanka

• Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector in urban areas of the Colombo district. • Ae. aegypti adult density correlates with climatic factors such as monthly rainfall and mean temperature. • Ae. aegypti adult density positively correlates with the one-month lagged dengue case number. • Ae. aegypti preferred indoor resting areas in urban areas were bedrooms and living rooms. Understanding local geographical variation in vector density and bionomics related to virus transmission are critical for planning effective vector control programs to control dengue virus transmission. This study investigated the prevalence and resting behaviour of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in three dengue high-risk areas in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Monthly sampling of resting adult mosquitoes was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020. Thirty-seven percent of the households (289/776) harboured Aedes mosquitoes, and 603 Aedes mosquitoes were collected. The proportion of Ae. aegypti was higher in the overall collection during the collection period (94% [569/603]), and 62% (352/569) were females. Significant monthly variations in Ae. aegypti were observed with respect to the indices: number of females per surveyed house (F/SH; p = 0.001), number of females per Aedes positive house (F/PH; p = 0.029), adult house index (AHI; p = 0.001), adult density (AD; p = 0.005) and resting ratio (RR; p = 0.001). AHI, AD, and RR had statistically significant positive correlations with monthly rainfall (p = 0.001, p = 0.011, and p = 0.002 respectively) and one-month lagged dengue cases (p = 0.002, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001 respectively). A statistically significantly higher proportion of Ae. aegypti females were caught resting indoors (N = 309, 88%) than outdoors (N = 43, 12%; p < 0.001). The most common resting areas were bedrooms (51%) & living/dining rooms (37%), and places were under or on furniture (47%) & hangings (34%) for Ae. aegypti . Conversely, 74% of female Ae. albopictus were collected outdoors. Results of this study could have strong implications to improve vector surveillance and control by early detection of dengue to detect outbreaks and minimization of disease transmission.

Relationship of Water Temperature and Air Humidity with Aedes Sp. Manggarai Tebet Village South Jakarta in 2022

Environmental-based diseases are still a health problem for the people of Indonesia. One of the diseases caused by environmental sanitation conditions that do not meet health requirements is dengue hemorrhagic fever. Several environmental factors such as temperature, air, and the intensity of lighting that enter the house are thought to strengthen the occurrence of dengue fever. The presence of mosquito larvae is an indicator that will greatly affect the presence of mosquito populations in a place. This study aims to determine the relationship between water temperature and air humidity with the presence of Aedes sp . in RW. 03 Kelurahan Manggarai, Kecamatan Tebet, South Jakarta in 2022. This research is a descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional study design . The research location in RW 03 is located in Manggarai Village. The total population in this study amounted to 298 houses, while the sample in this study amounted to 75 houses. The sampling technique that the writer uses is cluster random sampling . The results of the study were statistically tested with the chi-square test at a 95% confidence level. The result is that there are 8 houses that found larvae (10.70%) and larvae were found in 19 containers (10.74%). The type of landfill that found the most larvae was buckets totaling 16 (9.04%). With the larva-free rate (ABJ) in RW 03 Manggarai Village, Tebet District, South Jakarta of 89.33%, House Index (HI) of 10.67%, Container Index (CI) of 9.73%, and Breteau Index (BI) by 24. Most of the houses found Aedes sp . In containers with non-optimal temperature (&gt;27 o C) as many as 64 houses (85.30%) and optimal humidity (70-80%) for the growth of Aedes sp . A total of 67 houses (10.70%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between water temperature and the presence of Aedes sp. ( p-value = 0.000) and there is no relationship between air humidity and the presence of Aedes sp larvae . ( p-value = 0.301). To reduce the presence of Aedes sp . It is suggested that every family member must work together to prevent Aedes sp. where people can live a clean and healthy life, by regulating the air circulation in the house and eliminating the Aedes aegypti mosquito breading place .

Epidemiological description of and response to a large yellow fever outbreak in Edo state Nigeria, September 2018 - January 2019

BackgroundEdo State Surveillance Unit observed the emergence of a disease with “no clear-cut-diagnosis”, which affected peri-urban Local Government Areas (LGAs) from September 6 to November 1, 2018. On notification, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control deployed a Rapid Response Team (RRT) to support outbreak investigation and response activities in the State. This study describes the epidemiology of and response to a large yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Edo State.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive outbreak investigation of YF outbreak in Edo State. A suspected case of YF was defined as “Any person residing in Edo State with acute onset of fever and jaundice appearing within 14 days of onset of the first symptoms from September 2018 to January 2019”. Our response involved active case search in health facilities and communities, retrospective review of patients’ records, rapid risk assessment, entomological survey, rapid YF vaccination coverage assessment, blood sample collection, case management and risk communication. Descriptive data analysis using percentages, proportions, frequencies were made.ResultsA total of 209 suspected cases were line-listed. Sixty-seven (67) confirmed in 12 LGAs with 15 deaths [Case fatality rate (CFR 22.4%)]. Among confirmed cases, median age was 24.8, (range 64 (1-64) years; Fifty-one (76.1%) were males; and only 13 (19.4%) had a history of YF vaccination. Vaccination coverage survey involving 241 children revealed low YF vaccine uptake, with 44.6% providing routine immunisation cards for sighting. Risk of YF transmission was 71.4%. Presence of Aedes with high-larval indices (House Index ≥5% and/or Breteau Index ≥20) were established in all the seven locations visited. YF reactive mass vaccination campaign was implemented.ConclusionEdo State is one of the states in Nigeria with the highest burden of yellow fever. More males were affected among the confirmed. Major symptoms include fever, jaundice, weakness, and bleeding. Majority of surveillance performance indicators were above target. There is a high risk of transmission of the disease in the state. Low yellow fever vaccination coverage, and presence of yellow fever vectors (Ae.aegypti, Ae.albopictus and Ae.simpsoni) are responsible for cases in affected communities. Enhanced surveillance, improved laboratory sample management, reactive vaccination campaign, improved yellow fever case management and increased risk communication/awareness are very important mitigation strategies to be sustained in Edo state to prevent further spread and mortality from yellow fever.

Density of Aedes aegypti larvae in elementary schools in the endemic and non endemic areas DHF Kupang city

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has become a public health problem in Indonesia, especially affecting children aged &lt; 15 years. This study aim to analyze the density of Aedes sp larvae in elementary schools in the endemic and non-endemic DHF in Kupang City. This study located in 12 elementary schools in the endemic area of DHF and 7 elementary schools in non-endemic. Data were collected by trained field officers through a survey of the conditions and types of water container and the density of Aedes sp larvae. Data were analyzed descriptively and displayed with tables by percentage. The results showed that the condition of water container was not covered, that are 92.2% and 93.3%, respectively. The water reservoirs that are positive for Aedes aegypti larvae in endemic and non-endemic DHF that are bathtub (39.4% and 35.7), and in crock (37.2% and 0.0%). The Aedes sp larval density was 33.3% for Container Index, both in endemic area, and House Index in endemic and non-endemic DHF 85.7% and 60%, respectively. All larvae collected were 100% Aedes aegypti.

Assessing the awareness and willingness of European experts to reduce their carbon footprint in everyday consumption

This study investigates and evaluates the European expert's selection and conjoined degree of willingness to decrease the carbon footprint (WDC) of consuming products and services to mitigate climate change. The survey respondents were segregated into four European regions based on their nationality viz. Nordic, Baltic, and Eastern Europe (NBE), Central and South-eastern Europe (CSE), Western and southern Europe (WSE), and North-western Europe (NWE). The WDC are represented by four index categories viz. low willing, moderate willing, willing, and highly willing. The WDC indicators such as housing, food, energy, waste and transport were used to identify the trend and correlation, gender-specific density distribution, and overall regional comparison analysis. The trend and correlation analysis between energy vs. transport, waste vs. food, and a separate state of housing represented the current global carbon emission situation, where four overlapping clusters indicated the respondent's closest or similar selection at their consumption level. The gender-specific density suggests that the male respondent's average WDC for housing and food index ranges from moderate to highly willing. In contrast, the female average WDC for food, waste, energy and transport index ranges from moderate willing to willing and bimodal for other scenarios. Among the regional comparisons, NBE in housing (moderate willing to willing), CSE in food (willing to highly willing), WSE and CSE in energy and all the regions in waste management (willing to highly willing) presented better indices. In transport, Europe as a whole exhibits poor index. In case of WDC index, the regional comparison indicates that the CSE region exhibited better outcomes than the other regions, except for housing. The findings of this study will be beneficial for the common people, researchers, policymakers, and regulators to enrich their future thoughts and contributes to the development and improvement of the existing carbon reduction policies, especially in the transport sector.

Analysis of innovative mechanisms for solving housing problems in the Russian Federation

Introduction. The study of the problems of families wishing to improve their housing conditions has revealed an increase in the level of need of the population, where innovative mechanisms implemented on the basis of programs for the resettlement of residents from dilapidated and emergency housing are of particular importance. Complex socio-economic processes of the last three years only aggravate these problems.&#x0D; Materials and methods. We used open statistical data on the cost of housing and investment indices, data on the dynamics of housing affordability in cities and urban agglomerations. Data processing was carried out using structural, comparative and statistical analysis. The material for the study were the works of domestic and foreign authors, describing the experience of implementing innovative mechanisms to solve housing problems. The analysis of factors affecting the effectiveness of implementation of the basic elements of the innovative mechanism to solve housing problems in the Russian Federation was carried out according to the algorithm of correlation and regression analysis using MS Excel tools.&#x0D; Results. The paper presents the results of the study of the values of housing costs and indicators of investment indices as of 2021. The study made it possible to assess the changes taking place in the dynamics of housing affordability in cities and urban agglomerations, to identify the composition of the main elements of the innovative mechanism for solving housing problems in Russia. Structured the elements of the mechanism for solving the housing problem through a system of state regulation, the mechanism of external regulation, the system of leverage, and innovative tools. The key factors affecting the resulting indicator — the proportion of families who have the opportunity to buy housing were identified.&#x0D; Conclusions. The paper presents the results of the study of the values of housing costs and indicators of investment indices as of 2021. The study made it possible to assess the changes taking place in the dynamics of housing affordability in cities and urban agglomerations, to identify the composition of the main elements of the innovative mechanism for solving housing problems in Russia. Structured the elements of the mechanism for solving the housing problem through a system of state regulation, the mechanism of external regulation, the system of leverage, and innovative tools. The key factors affecting the resulting indicator — the proportion of families who have the opportunity to buy housing were identified.

Effect of ecological factors and breeding habitat types on Culicine larvae occurrence and abundance in residential areas Southern Thailand

Mosquitoes are a vector of human disease transmitting malaria, and many arboviruses such as dengue virus and Zika virus. This study determined mosquito larval occurrence and abundance in residential areas around Suratthani Rajabhat University as influenced by ecological factors and breeding container diversity. Mosquito larvae were collected using a standard dipping method from 95 locations during April through September 2019 and environmental factors such as physicochemical parameters of water in the breeding containers were measured. During the survey, a total of 194 houses were inspected, of which 58 were found to be infested with mosquito larvae, with a house index of 29.90, a container index of 25.55, and a Breteau index of 48.99. A total of 5,123 mosquito larvae were reported from seven breeding habitat types namely, plastics, cement, mud pots, glass, foam, discarded tires and natural materials. Among the collected larvae, Aedes albopictus (56.45%) was most prevalent, while Culex sp. (22.33%) and Aedes aegypti were less prevalent (21.21%). The most common mosquito larvae breeding habitats were plastics (44.22%) followed by discarded tires (18.14%). The spearman correlation analysis showed that the number of mosquito larvae were significantly positively correlated with the depths and width of containers (p<0.05). These findings are helpful in understanding the ecological factors and breeding habitat types that influence mosquito species and their abundance, and also in determining ways to control mosquito borne diseases.