Housing Demolition Research Articles

Research PIV-based model on subsidence caused by coal mining

The subsidence caused by coal mining could cause the destruction of roads and houses, and even the failure of infrastructures. Understanding of the mechanism of coal mining subsidence may provide early protecting to infrastructures on coming failure, but dynamic analysis of subsidence due to coal mining is currently needed. In this study we apply particle image velocimetry (PIV) method to reveal strata movement and subsidence according to the prototype and indoor physical model similarity experiment of Henan. Our result shows magnitude of the subsidence of overlying strata during the coal mining at different excavation thickness, that more coal mining thickness may produce more subsidence, and that shallower coal may cause more significant subsidence. Our result suggests that further PIV test combined with field monitoring data may be an effective measure to study subsidence mechanism and pattern helping to predict disaster caused by subsidence.

How Long Does a Memory Last? Bayesian Chronological Modelling and the Temporal Scope of Commemorative Practices at Aeneolithic Monjukli Depe, Turkmenistan

In this paper the history of one house and a human burial in the prehistoric settlement of Monjukli Depe, Turkmenistan, serves as a case study for the use of Bayesian chronological modelling to approach the reach of past memories. The method combines relative and absolute chronological data and aims not only at a more precise and robust chronology of past events, but also allows estimations of duration of particular processes. However, chronological models must be constructed with care, since the prior archaeological information significantly affects the output. The comparison of three alternative models for the Aeneolithic settlement of Monjukli Depe shows that prior information in modelling has a considerable impact on duration estimates for periods of the settlement history. The modelling chronology for Monjukli Depe allows the tracing of commemorative practices at a generational scale—the memory of Monjukli Depe House 14 was transmitted over several generations of inhabitants long after the house destruction. It is clear that houses possessed a great value in the social life of the settlement since local building histories were remembered over a long time.

Population displacement after earthquakes: benchmarking predictions based on housing damage

In the aftermath of an earthquake, the number of residents whose housing was destroyed is often used to approximate the number of people displaced (i.e., rendered homeless) after the event. While this metric can provide rapid situational awareness regarding potential long-term housing needs, more recent research highlights the importance of additional factors beyond housing damage within the scope of household displacement and return (e.g., utility disruption, tenure, place attachment). This study benchmarks population displacement estimates using this simplified conventional approach (i.e., only considering housing destruction) through three scenario models for recent earthquakes in Haiti, Japan, and Nepal. These model predictions are compared with officially reported values and alternate mobile location data-based estimates from the literature. The results highlight the promise of scenario models to realistically estimate population displacement and potential long-term housing needs after earthquakes, but also highlight a large range of uncertainty in the predicted values. Furthermore, purely basing displacement estimates on housing damage offers no view on how the displaced population counts vary with time as compared to more comprehensive models that include other factors influencing population return or alternative approaches, such as using mobile location data.

Traumatised youth harbour feelings of revenge: investigating the association between PTSD symptomatology, vengeance, and willingness to forgive among the Congolese adolescent refugees in Uganda

ABSTRACT Background: Prolonged conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have caused widespread psychological trauma among civilians leading to maladaptive coping strategies across generations. Despite this occurrence, empirical studies on the prevalence of trauma and its impact on attitudes towards revenge and forgiveness, particularly among the youth, are scarce. This study aims to clarify the relationship between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and the desires for forgiveness and revenge among Congolese adolescents residing in Uganda. Methods: We analysed data from 269 adolescent refugees from the DRC living in the Nakivale refugee settlement in Southwestern Uganda. The assessment included exposure to war-related traumatic events and the MINI-KID for DSM-V PTSD symptom severity. The Heartland Forgiveness and Vengeance Scales measured willingness to forgive and feelings of vengeance. Results: Exposure to war-related traumatic events was notably high in our sample, with severe deprivation of food (260 [97%]), exposure to armed combat (249 [93%]), witnessing bombing, burning, or destruction of houses (245 [91%]), disappearance of family members (239 [89%]), and seeing dead bodies (236 [88%]). PTSD symptom severity was negatively associated with willingness to forgive (b = −0.48; 95% CI −0.71–−0.25; p < .001) and positively associated with vengeance (b = 0.18; 95% CI 0.04–0.32; p = .011). Conclusion: PTSD symptom severity reduces the willingness to forgive and increases the desire for vengeance among adolescent refugees. Mental health clinicians and policymakers should consider addressing maladaptive coping behaviours related to feelings of revenge and unwillingness to forgive in their support strategies for refugees.

Can information transparency strengthen authoritarian accountability? An empirical study of open-government-information litigation in China (2008–2018)

China’s 2008 national regulation on open government information (OGI) triggered a new wave of administrative litigation against governments calling for their release of classified information. Many scholars have debated the effects of OGI regulation and litigation on government accountability. Thus, this study examines 19,076 first instance OGI cases from 2008 to 2018 and proposes a typology of accountbility to explore whether and how information transparency can strengthen authoritarian accountability in China. The data suggests that information transparency boosts the amount of litigation and increases the plaintiffs’ winning rates against the state, which seems to fit the conventional-wisdom However, the interpretation of such patterns needs to incorporate two contingent conditions. First, China’s OGO litigation centers around urbanization-related disputes, such as housing demolition and land acquisition. The data futher reveals that urbanization stimulates OGI litigation but decreases the plaintiffs’ winning rates, and information transparency also has no impacts or even negative association with their winning rates, suggesting that OGI litigation mainly serves as a channel to release public grievances (as pressure-releasing accountbility). Second, our data also shows that plaintiffs’ winning rates are much higher when citing procedural clauses than content clauses in the OGI Regulation, suggesting authoritarian accountability is more procedural than substantive. Our findings offer a nuanced discussion on authoritarian information governance and accountability.

Корректировка проекта планировки территории в целях комплексного развития

Land use in urban areas has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. The practical implementation of Law No. 494-FZ on the integrated development of urban areas, adopted in 2020, faces difficulties of both an objective and subjective nature. Public authorities continue to improve the mechanism of integrated development of territories on an ongoing basis for the successful implementation of the project. Amendments are made in respect of those territories whose borders have not been established and, accordingly, are not displayed on the urban zoning map. Often, the integrated development of territories is understood as the reconstruc-tion or demolition of dilapidated emergency housing, whereas this concept has a much broader meaning. In areas free from dilapidated housing, it means the design and construction of not only modern residential premises, but the construction of the entire infrastructure, starting from schools, kindergartens, clinics, pharmacies, etc. Territories and residential neighborhoods have been established on the territory of Krasnoyarsk, which fall into the zone of integrated development. Solving prob-lems related to the implementation of this project is relevant.

Analisis Visual Sosial Toleransi Dalam Film Bumi Itu Bulat

This study aims to describe the visuals of tolerance in Indonesia in the Bumi Itu Bulat movie. The phenomenon of mutual respect, acceptance and mutual understanding in the Bumi Itu Bulat movie is an adhesive for diversity and provides its own message in the social world for society so it is worthy of study. This study uses content analysis methods with a semiotic approach to analyze the tolerance values contained in the Bumi Itu Bulat movie. The results found that there are visuals in the form of active tolerance and passive tolerance. Active tolerance is the ability to take concrete actions to create good social relations by volunteering for violent disasters, as well as preventing the destruction of houses of worship of other religions. Passive tolerance is the ability to accept and respect differences of opinion, views, behavior and habits with the visual of living together peacefully, personal awareness involved in getting along in every social interaction.

Doing nothing is no solution: Coastal erosion management in Guardamar del Segura (Spain)

Human activities like dam construction in rivers and urban development in coastal areas, combined with climate change, are degrading coastal systems. As a result, many European countries have implemented laws and strategies to protect their shorelines. This research focuses on Guardamar del Segura in Spain, where human actions in the Segura River basin and changes in wave patterns have significantly damaged the beach-dune system, with erosion rates reaching −0.71 m/year. If these rates and extreme climate events continue to rise, the shoreline will keep retreating, leading to the destruction of beachfront houses and parts of the dune surface by 2050. This will cause changes in land ownership and irreversible ecological damage to the natural ecosystem. The Spanish Public Administration's inaction on coastal protection is due to a lack of coordination between government levels, insufficient technical tools to combat erosion, and inadequate legal mechanisms to fund protective measures. In contrast, countries like Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom have effective models in place. Potential solutions for Guardamar del Segura include beach and dune restoration or adding sand through revetments. Another option is a managed retreat of the most vulnerable buildings to avoid continuous repair and maintenance costs. Coastal erosion is a growing issue, and preserving our coastal ecosystems requires proactive measures, so doing nothing is no solution.

THE FIRST STEPS IN IMPLEMENTING THE UKRAINIAN STRATEGY FOR RESTORING THE RIGHTS OF OWNERS OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF REAL ESTATE DAMAGED OR DESTROYED AS A RESULT OF THE ARMED AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Background: In the context of war, the issue of compensation for damages caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is of utmost relevance, given the unprecedented scale of damage and the number of affected individuals. This article explores one of the existing methods for compensating damages related to the damage or destruction of certain categories of real estate as a result of hostilities, terrorist acts, and sabotage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine through the state electronic public service “eRecovery”. This article explores the main aspects of the operation of this state service, including its limitations and the conditions for receiving compensation. Additionally, the article reviews a civil case involving a Ukrainian citizen against Ukraine for failure to fulfil its positive obligations and against the Russian Federation for the destruction of housing that resulted in material and moral damage. It also highlights the difficulties that may arise in the process of reparations paid by the Russian Federation. Protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals residing in Ukraine is the state’s duty, and during wartime, this task takes on new significance, becoming complex and extremely important. One way to provide such protection is through compensation for damages caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. However, developing a mechanism for such compensation requires the mobilisation of significant resources and additional research across various fields, primarily to ensure justice. It is essential to explore the legal grounds for compensation, criteria for damage assessment, possible methods and means of compensation, and potential cooperation between national and international institutions. Methods: This study analyses one of the ways to protect the rights of those affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war through obtaining compensation via the state electronic service “eRecovery”. In particular, it examines the following issues: current limitations regarding the objects eligible for compensation, the principles of operation and development prospects of the “eRecovery” state service, and the development and challenges of national court practices in disputes arising from the war. It also explores the state's positive obligations in the field of human rights and the measures Ukraine is taking to protect and restore the rights of the affected individuals. National and international opportunities for developing a compensation mechanism for the affected and the challenges Ukraine faces before receiving reparations from the Russian Federation are analysed. Results and conclusions: The results of this study highlight the state's ability to provide adequate protection to individuals affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war, particularly through the “eRecovery” electronic public service. The need for further development of the service has been identified to cover a broader scope of damages that Ukraine can compensate prior to receiving reparations from the Russian Federation, including through cooperation with international partners.

Identification of Relict Landslide Parts Based on Morphometric Data to Determine Potential Hazard Zones Combined with Surface Morphodynamics

The destruction of houses and facilities by landslide causes deaths. In this context, the level of destruction and subjective description of the characteristics can be examined through landslide parts determination. Therefore, this study aims to determine potential landslide hazard zone and houses potentially affected. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are morphometric surveys combined with surface morphodynamics to show potential hazard zones of landslide parts. Meanwhile, Data Elevation Model (DEM) is used to delineate relict landslide and the concept is verified by field observation and orthophoto. Morphometric measurements are collected at each slope gradient by GNSS and surface morphodynamics are investigated on the entire relict landslide area by direct observation and orthophoto data. The combination of morphometric and morphodynamic data describes hazard zone of relict landslide. In addition, the integration of orthophoto and landslide hazard zone data is used to determine potentially affected houses. This study was conducted on landslides 1 and 2 with zone classifications of very high, high, low and very low. The results show that there are different conditions and the most hazardous parts of landslides 1 and 2 are the foot and body, respectively. A total of 75 and 50 houses were potentially affected by landslides 1 and 2, respectively. Identification of hazard zones based on landslide parts determines the boundaries of the area affected. The addition of surface activity processes determines the level of hazard in each of parts, while the combination of morphometric and morphodynamic data shows landslide zone.

Capturing Low Demand Through Long Time-On-Market: Functional Obsolescence and Owner Resignation Among Old Rental Houses

ABSTRACT In Asian countries, including Japan, the rapid demolition and new construction of housing continues, causing demand for old housing stock to fall. Employing unit-level listing information obtained from a real estate portal in the Tokyo rental housing market, this study differentiates vacancies by time dimension and documents that old properties are likely to spend a long time on the market, exceeding several months. This low demand for old houses can be attributed to functional obsolescence (lack of contemporary housing amenities and services) and owner resignation (lack of adequate countermeasures to fill vacancies regardless of their effectiveness). Our results indicate that even in popular property segments and neighbourhoods at the macro level, low demand broadly arises among old houses and is not always socially inefficient. Moreover, accelerating early redevelopment may improve social welfare by avoiding older properties sitting on the market for long periods.

빈집정비사업에 대한 공법적 검토

The recent issues of population decline due to aging and low birth rates have led to an increase in unoccupied houses. This increase is associated with higher crime rates, deteriorating residential environments, urban slums, imbalances in the real estate market, and environmental problems. The necessity of unoccupied house improvement has been raised, yet public law reviews on this matter remain insufficient. The concept of unoccupied houses includes both usable and unusable houses, which vary according to the investigation period and methods. Demolition targets include unusable unoccupied houses classified as Grade 3 under the ｢ACT ON SPECIAL CASES CONCERNING UNOCCUPIED HOUSE OR SMALL-SCALE HOUSING IMPROVEMENT｣ or as ‘specific unoccupied houses’ under the ｢AGRICULTURAL AND FISHING VILLAGES IMPROVEMENT ACT｣. The constitutional basis for the demolition of unoccupied houses includes the state's coordination and intervention duties under the principle of the social state, Article 122 of the Constitution, and the housing rights of neighbor of unoccupied houses. Especially, the conflict between the housing rights of neighbor and the property rights of unoccupied house owners(conflicts between fundamental rights) is transformed into a constitutional review issue as the legislator introduced a demolition system that limits the property rights of unoccupied house owners. The most important perspective in the constitutional review is adherence to the principle of proportionality, and demolition and compensation must be carried out under stricter standards, shifting from ensuring the existence of property rights to guaranteeing their value. The management and improvement obligations of unoccupied house owners are specified in the ｢AGRICULTURAL AND FISHING VILLAGES IMPROVEMENT ACT｣ but not in the ｢ACT ON SPECIAL CASES CONCERNING UNOCCUPIED HOUSE OR SMALL-SCALE HOUSING IMPROVEMENT｣. Based on the constitutional duty of property rights for public welfare and social constraints, owners may bear police responsibilities under public law, but this needs to be explicitly stated in the law. Such regulations on the responsibilities of unoccupied house owners can serve as the legal basis for enforcement fines and potentially a future unoccupied house tax when demolition orders are issued. Local governments' ex officio demolition of unoccupied houses is deemed an administrative execution. However, demolition orders for unoccupied houses are only feasible in cases involving substantial illegality, such as when legal buildings are abandoned for extended periods, resulting in significant harm to residents. In this context, recognizing the process of becoming substantially illegal should be strictly judged under the principle of proportionality. Compensation for the demolition of unoccupied houses is challenging to include in traditional public law compensation, thus falling under special public loss compensation recognized by the legislature through special laws. The compensation amount for demolition is determined as the arithmetic average of the amounts appraised by two appraisers. Issues concerning offsetting demolition costs highlight that compensation amounts can vary between voluntary demolition and enforced demolition by administrative execution, necessitating objective standards for demolition costs offset by administrative authorities.

Climate Change, Trend Analysis of Temperature in Yola, North East Nigeria

Climate change is causing temperature and rainfall patterns to change in most parts of the globe. Consequently, a trend analysis of temperature in Yola, North East Nigeria, between 1975 and 2018 was carried out using the Mann-Kendall trend test to determine the trend of temperature in the region and hence determine the impact of climate change in the region. The data on temperature was obtained from the archive of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet). The Mann Kendall’s statistics of maximum temperature showed that the highest maximum temperature recorded within the period is 38.7˚C while the lowest maximum temperature is 33.3˚C, the test also showed a Kendall’s tau value of -0.392 with a P value of 0.000 indicating that maximum temperature is decreasing while the Mann Kendall’s statistics on minimum temperature showed that the highest minimum temperature recorded within the period was 24.0˚C while the lowest minimum temperature recorded is 21.4˚C. The results revealed that climate change is not very pronounced in the region as the maximum temperature is decreasing while the minimum temperature is increasing in the region. This result implies that the region is becoming warmer and is likely to experience an increase in rainfall. It is therefore recommended that residences build houses that allow for good ventilation to minimise heat stress, and residences should not build or farm on waterways to avoid flooding and destruction of houses and farm produce during the rainy season.

АНАЛІЗ АРХІТЕКТУРНО-КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ СИСТЕМ ОДНОРОДИННИХ БУДИНКІВ, ПОШКОДЖЕНИХ ВНАСЛІДОК ВІЙНИ

During the regular shelling of cities and villages, a significant part of single-family houses throughout Ukraine were destroyed and damaged. In the article, a visual analysis of the destruction of private housing is carried out and architectural and constructive solutions are identified, which during new construction can make the house more reliable and safer for living in conditions of war. In the course of the study, methods of comparative analysis were used. The article can be used as a reference material for designing a new private home.

Possibility of Suppressing Fire Spread in the Event of a Large Earthquake by Greening and Demolishing Vacant Houses

In recent years, disaster mitigation measures by greening and demolition of vacant houses to prevent large post-earthquake fire spread have been promoted. However, few studies evaluate its effects on reducing property damage and human casualties, especially in vulnerable areas for earthquakes, such as densely built-up wooden residential areas. In this paper, we develop a model to describe the delay of post-earthquake fire spread between neighboring buildings, and incorporate it into the simulation model. Using the integrated model, we evaluate the reduction of the number of burnt-down buildings and human casualties in densely built-up wooden residential areas, and demonstrate the effectiveness of greening and demolition of vacant houses.

Communities’ Perceptions and Coping Strategies to Flood Hazard in a Peri-Urban Catchment: The Case Study of the Zio River Basin, Togo, West Africa

Climate and land use changes have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of floods in West Africa. In Togo, the communities of the Zio river sub-basin are regularly affected by flood hazard with severe socio-economic consequences. The main objective of this article is to contribute to the improvement of the resilience of these populations through a better understanding of their perceptions and coping strategies to flood hazards. To achieve this goal, a mixed method consisting of household surveys, focus groups and direct observation is used. In addition, the data collected at the household level focused on the perceptions of the flood (origin and cause), the socio-economic impacts as well as the coping strategies. The results indicate that more than 80% of the households are affected by floods and the main negative consequences are the destruction of houses (40.8%), and interruption of socio-economic activities (58.4%). In addition, the efforts to cope with the severe impacts of floods include embankment (71.6%), storage on occasional shelves (52.3%), digging ditches (26.6% and the construction of cement houses with fairly raised foundations (13.1%). This study shows that is important to integrate indigenous knowledge and local population’s opinions in the flood risk management plans in order to increase their resilience.

Experimental study on the preparation of wood aggregate recycled concrete using waste wood and recycled fine aggregate from construction and demolition wastes

As a renewable resource, wood has the advantages of a high strength-weight ratio, high yield and excellent thermal insulation. Meanwhile, the resource utilization of large quantities of waste wood, waste furniture and mixed wood generated by the demolition of old houses and the removal of building formwork are basically in a blank state. Therefore, in this study, construction solid waste—waste wood and recycled fine aggregate were used as coarse and fine aggregates to replace natural sand and gravel, respectively, and synergized with three cementitious materials (sulfoaluminate cement, portland cement and geopolymer cement) to prepare wood aggregate recycled concrete (WARC). Focus on the evolution law of basic property, thermal insulation property, mechanical property, shrinkage property, environmental and economic benefits of WARC. The results showed that the mechanical and shrinkage properties of WARC were deteriorated by using WA and recycled fine aggregate (RFA) instead of natural aggregates. The dry density of WARC was as low as 1770 kg/m3. The 28 d maximum compressive and flexural strength were 34.8 and 5.69 MPa, which were better than traditional C30 concrete. Compared with conventional concrete, WARC has excellent thermal insulation properties. The thermal conductivity was reduced by up to 81.9 % compared to traditional concrete, which would make WARC very promising for non-structural components (green insulated wall materials and precast wall panels, etc.). By calculating CO2 emissions and compressive strength-cost efficiency values, it was found that the WARC prepared with geopolymer cement could reduce CO2 emissions by 31.3 % while possessing good mechanical properties and economic benefits, making it the optimal cement-based material for preparing WARC.

Дети в условиях войны: обзор зарубежных исследований

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The article provides an overview of foreign studies on psychological status of children and adolescents directly or indirectly affected by hostilities. Key areas of research are identified, including the studies of the consequences of different traumatic experiences: active hostilities, bombardment, destruction and loss of housing, secondary traumatization through media, loss of loved ones, etc. Proceedings dedicated to links between the intensity of symptoms of PTSD and proximity to hostility epicenters, problems of refugee children. Results of longitudinal studies of the psychological consequences of prolonged hostilities are highlighted. Article contains analysis of psychophysiological, emotional, cognitive, psychosocial disturbances in children, caused by military traumatic experience in conjunction with the manifestations of PTSD such as intrusion, avoidance, dissociative symptoms. Authors also paid attention to studies devoted to the role of resources as mediating the influence of military traumatic experience on the child&amp;rsquo;s mind: sociocultural, family, and individual, such as resilience, optimism, ways of coping. An overview of some psychological assistance programs and new methods for assessing the status of children experienced the collision with war is provided.&lt;/p&gt;

Investigation of earthquake-damaged and affected structures

Recent earthquakes in Zinda Jan district, Herat province during the fall season of 2023 resulted in more than 2000 casualties and the destruction of numerous houses and buildings in the villages of Zinda Jan. From a technical perspective, notable factors in this tragedy include traditional and improper construction methods, the formation of structures with metal frames, concrete structures, and load-bearing walls without proper earthquake design. Based on surveys in the affected villages of Zinda Jan, the buildings can be categorized into four types: traditional mud-brick houses, masonry structures, concrete buildings, and metal structures. In the research, more than 95% of mud-brick houses were destroyed due to their lack of resilience against earthquakes, causing the highest number of casualties. Timber-framed structures and load-bearing walls ranked second, causing the most damage after mud-brick houses. However, fortunately, fewer roofs collapsed, resulting in the preservation of human lives. In the studied areas, concrete buildings and metal structures are also noticeable, with some of these structures suffering severe damage while a few remained intact without significant damage. This study discusses the vulnerability of buildings and houses, as well as the reasons for the incurred damages, which have yielded desirable results. It is undeniable that shortcomings in planning, design, calculations, execution, and supervision all played a role in this major incident because only a few structures remained undamaged in this earthquake.

Creating inequality in access to public transit? Densification, gentrification, and displacement

Densification is a key concept in contemporary urban planning. Yet, there are widespread concerns about densification causing displacement and gentrification. This paper examines densification around train stations—a prevalent form of transit-oriented development (TOD) in cities with established public transit systems—in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. We assess the effects of densification around train stations on the socioeconomic population composition in these areas and investigate three different potential displacement effects. Leveraging 1.8 million linked person-housing unit observations for all individuals within our study perimeter, we provide a more nuanced understanding of densification’s effects on the population composition and displacement than prior research. Our findings reveal that even though densification increases the absolute number of low-income residents, it primarily benefits middle- and high-income households. Specifically, there is a decline in the share of low-income residents, attributed to the influx of younger high-income individuals. Moreover, incumbent low-income residents experience an increased risk of direct displacement due to housing demolitions. These outcomes highlight the limitations of TOD strategies in mitigating persistent socioeconomic disparities in public transit access, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive measures to address the challenges of equitable housing and public transit accessibility.