Hours Of Television Research Articles

The Predictive Power of Political Pundits: Prescient or Pitiful?

Although Australian political pundits frequently make predictions about the future, little systematic evidence exists on the accuracy of these predictions. To assess the predictive power of experts, we survey the transcripts of two well-known political programs – Insiders and Meet the Press – and record all falsifiable forecasts. Looking at the three months prior to both the 2007 and 2010 Federal elections, we are struck by the paucity of falsifiable predictions, with most pundits heavily qualifying their predictions (so that they can never be said to be wrong). In 32 hours of television, we identify 20 falsifiable forecasts in our sample, of which we judge 13 to be correct. We conclude with some suggestions for political talk shows and for political scientists seeking to better analyse expert predictions.

Prevalence and Correlates of Exergaming in Youth

Less than 15% of children and adolescents participate regularly in physical activity (PA) and, with ever-increasing obesity, strategies to improve PA levels in youth are urgently needed. Exergaming offers a PA alternative that may be especially attractive in our increasingly technophilic society. However, there are no observational studies of exergaming in population-based samples of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychosocial, weight-related, and mental health correlates of exergaming as well as describe the type, timing, and intensity of exergaming in a population-based sample of adolescents. Data on exergame use and potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychosocial, weight-related, and mental health correlates of exergaming were collected in mailed self-report questionnaires completed by 1241 grade 10 and 11 students from the Montreal area with a mean age of 16.8 years (SD = 0.05 years; 43% male) participating in the AdoQuest study. The independent correlates of exergaming were identified in multivariable logistic regression models. Nearly one-quarter (24%) of participants reported exergaming. Exergamers played 2 days per week on average, for ∼50 minutes each bout; 73% of exergamers played at a moderate or vigorous intensity. Exergamers were more likely than nonexergamers to be girls, to play nonactive video games, to watch ≥2 hours of television per day, to be stressed about weight, and to be nonsmokers. Many adolescents exergame at intensity levels that could help them achieve current moderate-to-vigorous PA recommendations. Interventions that encourage exergaming may increase PA and decrease sedentary behavior in select youth subgroups, notably in girls.

Television viewing time and reduced life expectancy: a life table analysis

BackgroundProlonged television (TV) viewing time is unfavourably associated with mortality outcomes, particularly for cardiovascular disease, but the impact on life expectancy has not been quantified. The authors estimate the extent...

Impact of television on sleep habits

Television is the most widespread communication system of modern society, however, excessive television viewing have long-lasting adverse effects on health. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of television on sleep behavior of human population of Chhattisgarh, India. The study have been conducted on 2105 individuals from remote (without electricity and television), rural, and urban areas. The rural population was further divided in two groups (i) people having electrical facility but no television and (ii) people living in houses with electricity and television. In urban area, all the subjects had electricity and television. Hours of television viewing and different sleep parameters were evaluated with the help of questionnaire. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was quantified by Epworth Sleepiness Scale. People living in rural and urban area having access to television reported shorter sleep duration with change in sleep–wake time and higher level of sleepiness during daytime as compared to people living with only electrical facility. On the other hand, the sleep duration of the people living in remote area is significantly higher with lowest EDS (p < 0.01). It was also noticed that the time spent for viewing television decreases with age, and increase in EDS is associated with the hours of television viewing (p < 0.01). Further, television was found to increase sleep dissatisfaction with delayed sleep–wake time (p < 0.01). From the findings of the present study, it can be safely concluded that sleep impairment is increasing in general population due to television watching.

Determinants of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in Urban, Low-Income Women

BackgroundFactors influencing excessive weight gain in pregnancy have not been well-studied among urban, low-income women. MethodsThis prospective cohort study of 94 prenatal care patients at a large university hospital in Philadelphia examined associations of modifiable midpregnancy behaviors and nonmodifiable or early pregnancy factors with excessive gestational weight gain. Data were collected through questionnaires and medical record abstraction from 2009 to 2011. FindingsThe majority of women were African American (83%) and all (100%) received Medicaid. Nearly two thirds (60%) were overweight or obese in early pregnancy and 41% experienced excessive gain. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, significant predictors of excessive gestational weight gain included high early pregnancy body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 4.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43–12.34 for overweight/obese vs. normal weight), nulliparity (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.17–9.62 for nulliparity vs. multiparity), and clinician advice discordant with Institute of Medicine guidelines (OR, 5.88; 95% CI, 1.04–33.32 for discordant vs. concordant advice). Watching under 2 hours of television daily (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03–1.03), and engaging in regular physical activity during pregnancy (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.11–1.09) were suggestive of a reduced risk of excessive gain. ConclusionsIn this sample of urban, low-income women, high early pregnancy body mass index, nulliparity, and discordant clinician advice were directly associated with excessive gestational weight gain, with a trend toward decreased risk for viewing fewer hours of television and engaging in regular physical activity. Intervening on these targets may optimize gestational weight gain and promote long-term maternal health.

Pediatricians, Schools, and Media

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics In 2012, schools increasingly have to compete with the media for the attention and time of children and adolescents. Young people currently spend more time with media (>7 hours/day) than they do in school.1 Far more research is now available about the impact of media on school-aged children and teenagers2,3 and the efficacy of teaching media literacy in the classroom.4 Since the development of Sesame Street 40 years ago, teachers have felt increasing pressure to entertain their students as well as to teach them.5 New technology in the classroom offers nearly limitless educational possibilities but potential problems as well (eg, students may be physically present in the classroom but downloading videos online or texting classmates). A recent longitudinal Canadian study of >1300 children at 29 months and in fourth grade found that for every additional hour of television viewed per day at 29 months of age, there was a 6% to 7% decrease in classroom participation, a 10% increase in victimization by classmates, a 9% decrease in physical activity, and a 5% increase in BMI by the fourth grade.6 Now that the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has made Children and Media one of its new strategic priorities, pediatricians may want to familiarize themselves with this issue and how they can play a key role. A century ago, to be “literate” meant that you could read and write; in 2012, literacy may need to be redefined to include reading, writing, texting, downloading, surfing the Internet, and tweeting. Now more than ever, children and teenagers … Address correspondence to Victor C. Strasburger, MD, Department of Pediatrics, MSC10 5590, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131. E-mail: vstrasburger{at}salud.unm.edu

Parental employment, family routines and childhood obesity

Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K) data from kindergarten through eighth grade, this paper investigate the relationships among maternal employment, family routines and obesity. More hours worked by the mother tend to be negatively related to positive routines like eating meals as a family or at regular times, or having family rules about hours of television watched. Many of these same routines are significantly related to the probability of being obese, implying that family routines may be a mechanism by which maternal employment intensity affects children's obesity. However, inclusion of family routines in the obesity regression does not appreciably change the estimated effect of maternal employment hours. Thus, the commonly estimated deleterious effect of maternal employment on children's obesity cannot be explained by family routines, leaving the exact mechanisms an open question for further exploration.

Estilos de vida, sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes de enseñanza media de La Habana

IntroductionThe high prevalence of overweight and obesity is a health problem in Cuba, and there is a lack of information on adolescents. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between excessive weight and adiposity with physical activity, hours of television (TV), and eating habits in adolescents. Material and methodsA total of 604 adolescents (12 years) from Havana were studied. The variables analysed included, body mass index, body composition, history of obesity in infancy, physical activity, hours watching television, eating habits and dietary preferences. A descriptive and correlation analysis was performed. In the logistic regression analysis, excess weight and adiposity were used as dependent variables. ResultsExcess body weight was more common in boys. There was high prevalence of excess adiposity, 49.8% in girls and 37.8% in boys. The boys (61.7%) were more active than the girls (33.6%). Just under half (46.7%) of the boys, and 55.9% of the girls spent more than 2 hours/day watching television, which increased to more than 75% for both sexes on Saturdays and Sunday. Making less than 5–6 meals/day doubled the risk of being overweight. Body overweight in infancy was also a risk factor. Not having breakfast increased the risk of adiposity by almost double. ConclusionsExcess weight, and particularly excess adiposity, may be considered a health problem in the adolescents studied. A very high consumption of sugar, an excessive time watching TV, and insufficient physical activity was observed.

Television watching time and cognitive development in young children

Background Television viewing for children is prevalent. Therehave been few Indonesian studies on the association betweenduration of television watching and cognitive development inyoung children.Objective To assess cognitive development in young children whowatched &lt; 1 hour, 1-2 hours, or &gt; 2 hours of television daily.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at 6 prekindergartensin Denpasar, Bah. We included 135 subjects in thisstudy. Cognitive development was measured by the Mullen ScalesofEarly Learning (MSEL). Data was analyzed by one-way analysisof variance (ANOVA) test, post-hoc test, and univariate analysisof covariance (ANCOVA) with significance level of P &lt; 0.05.Results There were significant differences among compositestandard score in children who watched television &lt; 1 hour, 1-2hours, and&gt; 2 hours per day (P=0.035). The mean compositestandard score in children who watched television 1-2 hours dailywas 6.087 points higher than in those who watched television&lt; 1 hour daily (P=0.013, 95%CI 1.29 to 10.88) and 4.213points higher than in those who watched television &gt; 2 hoursdaily (P=0.045, 95%CI 1.08 to 8.51). There was an associationbetween television watching time and cognitive development(P=0.001).Conclusion Television watching time was statistically associatedwith cognitive development in young children, where thoseviewing television 1-2 hours daily scoring significantly higher thanthose viewing &lt; 1 hour and &gt; 2 hours daily. [Paediatr lndones.2012;52:32-7].

Writing Hollywood: Rooms With a Point of View

Americans watch, on average, 5–7 hours of television every day—most of it entertainment programming. Yet the process of creating prime time television remains a mystery to most viewers. This article describes one of the most influential institutions in the process of television production: the “writers' room.” Based on interviews with writers, the authors analyze the culture and politics of “the room”—what makes this institution work and who survives its demanding environment.

Association Between Television Viewing and Self-Esteem in Children

Few studies have examined the effect of excess television (TV) viewing on specific mental health outcomes, such as self-esteem. We explored the cross-sectional association between TV viewing hours and self-esteem in young children. A total of 70,210 primary 4 (US grade 4) participants of the Department of Health Student Health Service, Hong Kong, in 1998-2000 reported TV viewing hours in a standardized questionnaire. Self-esteem was assessed using the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventories for Children (SEI) with 4 subscales. Multivariate linear regression yielded beta coefficients (β) for SEI subscale scores by TV hours, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, lifestyle characteristics, and highest parental education and occupational status. Only 10.9% of children watched >4 hours per day, while 45.3% watched TV for 1 to ≤2 hours per day. Compared with children who watched <1 hour of TV per day, those who watched a moderate amount (1 to ≤2 hours/day) had higher (more favorable) SEI scores in the General (β = 0.09; 95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.16), Social (0.05; 0.01-0.09), and Parent-Related (0.04; 0.00-0.08) subscales but lower scores in the Academic subscale (-0.06; -0.09 to -0.02). Children who watched >2 hours of TV per day had lower SEI scores than those who watched <1 hour per day in all 4 subscales. An inverted J-shaped relation was observed between TV viewing hours and self-esteem among young children. The development of self-esteem among children who report little or excessive TV viewing should be further studied.

Early childhood television viewing predicts explosive leg strength and waist circumference by middle childhood.

BackgroundThe relationship between early childhood television viewing and physical fitness in school age children has not been extensively studied using objective outcome measures.MethodsUsing a sample of 1314 children from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, we examine the association between parental reports of weekly hours of television viewing, assessed at 29 and 53 months of age, and direct measures of second grade muscular fitness using performances on the standing long jump test (SLJ) and fourth grade waist circumference.ResultsControlling for many potentially confounding child and family variables, each hour per week of television watched at 29 months corresponded to a .361 cm decrease in SLJ, 95% CI between -.576 and -.145. A one hour increase in average weekly television exposure from 29 to 53 months was associated with a further .285 cm reduction in SLJ test performance, 95% CI between -.436 and -.134 cm and corresponded to a .047 cm increase in waistline circumference, 95% CI between .001 and .094 cm.InterpretationWatching television excessively in early childhood, may eventually compromise muscular fitness and waist circumference in children as they approach pubertal age.

Childhood obesity: a health care centre reality

Childhood obesity is an important public health issue, especially in developed countries, with a multifactorial nature. We purpose to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a group of children and analyze related risk factors. Study including 207 children aged 5-6 years old enrolled in Urban Extension of ACES Ave III - Famalicão. Data were collected from connector plugs school health and phone interview of parents. Cross sectional observational study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and parametric tests were used to verify the statistical significance of data, considering statistical significance for p values <0.05. The overall prevalence of overweight was 46.9% and obesity 28.5%, and the majority were girls. Odds ratio revealed that obesity risk increased with birthweight (<2500 g: 1.28; 2500-3000 g: 1.84; 3000 g-3500 g: 1.83; 3500 g-4000 g: 2.00 ), the number of hours of sleep (<9 hours: 1.5, 9-10 hours: 1.75;> 10 hours: 1.89), the number of hours of television (<2 hours: 1.71; 2-4 hours: 1.81;> 4 hours: 1.89) and intake of fruit juice as the main drink (not: 1.70; yes: 1.80). The obesity risk was higher when parents were overweight and obese (father/mother: normal-weight: 1.58 / 1.62; pre-obese: 1.93 / 2.10, obese: 1.86 / 1 79), lived in rural areas (urban: 1.67, rural: 1.75) and have basic education (father/mother: 1st-4th class: 2.20 / 2.58, 5th 9th class: 1.80/ 1.69; 10th-12th class: 1.38 / 1.65; university: 1.78 / 1.76). There was a association between the number of siblings and obesity (zero: 1.84; a: 1.68; two: 1.87; three: 1.75). The physical activity acted as a protective factor for obesity (practice: 1.74; not practice: 1.78). The results of this study revealed the need for immediate implementation of measures involving health professionals, parents and educators. Knowledge of various risk factors allows for the adoption of preventive strategies to mitigate the impact of childhood obesity.

Bariatric Surgery’s Benefits Extend to Patient’s Family

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Professional NewsFull AccessBariatric Surgery’s Benefits Extend to Patient’s FamilyLeslie SinclairLeslie SinclairSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:2 Dec 2011https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.46.23.psychnews_46_23_10-aAbstractGastric bypass surgery may be good for the whole family. That’s a key finding in a report from researchers affiliated with the Section of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery at Stanford University School of Medicine, who reported collateral weight loss in the family members of patients who underwent bariatric surgery, a phenomenon they called a “halo effect.”The study, reported in the October Archives of Surgery, consisted of a prospective, longitudinal, and multidimensional health assessment before and one year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB) surgery.Children of bariatric surgery patients exhibit significant increases in daily activity levels.Credit: Tony Bowler/ShutterstockThe study had 85 participants: 35 patients, 35 of their adult family members, and 15 children under age 18. To be included in the study, the family members had to be able to accompany the patient on all clinic visits, and the patient and family members had to live in the same home. Patients and family members were required to attend three patient perioperative educational sessions and all postoperative visits in which lifestyle modification was emphasized (at two and six weeks, and at three, six, and 12 months). Sixty percent of adult family members and 73 percent of children of patients who underwent RNYGB surgery were also obese.By 12 months after the operation, obese adult family members had experienced a significant weight loss. Children, whose weight changes required a different analysis to take into account their natural growth, had a lower body mass index for their growth curve. Family members had also increased their daily activity levels and had improved eating habits, and the adults had decreased their alcohol consumption. The children in the study reported fewer daily hours of television viewing and increased physical activity after a parent underwent bariatric surgery.“Patients undergoing gastric bypass make drastic changes in their eating habits and lifestyle, and it is likely that these new behaviors affect their family members and friends who are themselves at high risk of being obese,” wrote John Morton, M.D., an associate professor of surgery and director of Bariatric Surgery at Stanford Hospital and Clinics, and his colleagues. “Bariatric surgery provides an opportunity for intervention for many individuals beyond the patient.”“Family members’ adherence to diet and lifestyle changes may also be influenced by experiencing the entire process of just what bariatric surgery entails for their relatives, namely everything that these patients must endure, as well as by learning about lifestyle changes of exercise and nutrition,” said Sylvia Karasu, M.D., a clinical associate professor of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College who reviewed the study for Psychiatric News. “The study does not discuss any negative effects or complications, such as wound infections, vomiting and diarrhea, and weight regain that may be seen after bariatric surgery, particularly in the first year post surgery, and how these may impact family members.“The strengths of the study,” said Karasu, “are the emphases on exercise and on nutritional/caloric education. To include family members in the bariatric patient’s orientation and education is an excellent idea and may have the positive effect of keeping the bariatric patient ‘on track’ post surgery.”An abstract of “Halo Effect for Bariatric Surgery: Collateral Weight Loss in Patients’ Family Members” is posted at <http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/146/10/1185>. ISSUES NewArchived

Association between childhood and adolescent television viewing and unemployment in adulthood

ObjectiveTo assess the long-term association between childhood television viewing and adult unemployment, and if this association is mediated by educational achievement. MethodStudy members were a general-population birth cohort of 1037 participants born in New Zealand in 1972/1973. Hours of weekday television viewing were reported at ages 5–15. Since age 18, unemployment was assessed retrospectively using life-history calendars to age 32. Information on educational qualifications was collected at age 32. ResultsChildhood and adolescent television viewing predicted adult unemployment. This association was significant for male Study members only (β=0.20, p<0.0001). The association for male Study members remained after further controlling for socioeconomic status, cognitive ability, and early indications of behaviour problems (p<0.0007). The association was only partially mediated by educational achievement and television viewing remained a predictor of unemployment after adjusting for this (p=0.0035). By logistic regression, each additional hour of daily television viewing was associated with an increased likelihood of spending at least 6months in unemployment between ages 18 and 32years (OR=1.36, 95%, CI=1.06, 1.76, p=0.0157). ConclusionChildhood and adolescent television viewing may have long-lasting consequences for adult unemployment for boys. This association is only partially explained by the association between television viewing and educational achievement.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y factores asociados al sobrepeso y la obesidad en la población infantil de Cataluña

The aim of this work is to describe the health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and to analyze the associated factors to overweight/obesity in a representative sample of the Catalan population 0-14 years old. Proxyrespondents answered the child's questionnaire of the Encuesta de Salud de Cataluna (ESCA) 2006 (n=2.200). Variables analyzed were weight and height, the KIDSCREEN-10 HRQOL questionnaire, and also scales on risky behaviors, physical activity, frequency of fast food consumption, and number of hours of television viewing. Logistic regression models were adjusted. In 31% of children HRQOL was excellent/very good. Risky behaviors and restriction of activity were the associated factors to the best and the worst HRQOL. Maternal level of education and some habits and behaviors were associated to overweight/obesity. The ESCA contributes with useful information to monitor and to assess interventions addressed to the children population.

The Influence of Media on Penal Attitudes

This study examines the influence of crime-related media consumption on individuals’ perceptions of the most important purpose of criminal sentencing, using a statewide survey of 4,245 California residents. Consumption of various forms of crime-related media was regressed on four goals of criminal sentencing (punishment, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation) using multinomial logistic regression. The results suggest that consumption of television news and crime-based reality programs increased the odds of selecting punishment as the most important goal of criminal sentencing as opposed to rehabilitation. The more hours of television watched, irrespective of genre, the more likely respondents were to support punishment, deterrence, or incapacitation rather than rehabilitation. These results hold even after controlling for various sociodemographic characteristics and experiences with crime such as fear, past victimization, and prior arrests.

Weight status and health characteristics of rural Saskatchewan children

The present and future health of children is significantly threatened by physical inactivity, poor diet, and the obesity epidemic. Limited studies on the health of children living in rural settings suggest that rural children have a higher prevalence of overweight and may not be as active as their urban counterparts. The purpose of this study was to examine the health behaviors and weight status of children aged 8 to 13 years living in rural Saskatchewan, Canada. A cross-sectional health questionnaire assessed the health behaviors (eg physical activity, sedentary behaviors, dietary patterns) and perception of health status (eg very healthy, quite healthy, not very healthy) of 99 children attending a rural school. Heights and weights were measured and used to calculate BMI's (kg/m2). The BMIs were used to categorize children as healthy weight, overweight, or obese. Thirty-four percent of children were overweight (23.7%) or obese (10.3%) with a significantly higher prevalence of overweight/obesity in boys aged 6 to 8 years (<em>p </em><0.05). A significantly higher proportion of children living in town (vs living on a farm) watched two or more hours of television a day (<em>p </em><0.05). Many children (65%) used active transport (bus or car) to school or after-school activities. The majority of children reported they were very healthy. Most children reported eating fruit and vegetables more frequently, and sugared drinks and French fries less frequently. Prevalence of overweight/obesity in these rural children was high with gender differences evident at a very young age. Most children reported eating healthy diets but many participated in several hours of daily 'screen time' (eg watching television or using a computer). Despite their weight status or patterns of physical inactivity, children perceived themselves as being very healthy. Understanding the health behaviors and weight status of rural children may assist in the development of effective health promotion programs for rural children.

Television Viewing Increases Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality

Grontved A, Hu, FB: Television viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. JAMA 305:2448–2455, 2011 Design. A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Subjects. The meta-analysis included eight prospective observational studies. (Four studies examined type 2 diabetes; four studies examined fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease [CVD]; and three studies examined all-cause mortality.) The four studies addressing type 2 diabetes included 175,938 participants; the four studies examining fatal or nonfatal CVD had a total of 34,253 participants; and the three studies that examined all-cause mortality included 26,509 participants. Mean follow-up duration was 8.5 years for studies examining type 2 diabetes, 10 years for those examining fatal or nonfatal CVD, and 7 years for those addressing all-cause mortality. Each of the study populations was healthy at baseline. Methods. The goal of the meta-analysis was to determine the association between TV viewing and the risk of type 2 diabetes, fatal or nonfatal CVD, and all-cause mortality. Random effects models were used to pool relative risk (RR) estimates, and heterogeneity among studies was examined by I2 statistics. Sensitivity analyses evaluated whether meta-analysis results could have been affected by a single study. Results. The pooled RR of developing type 2 diabetes per every 2 hours of TV watching per day was 1.20 (95% CI 1.14–1.27). The risk of fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events was 1.15 (95% CI 1.05–1.23), and risk for all-cause mortality was 1.13 (95% CI 1.07–1.18). Risk of all-cause mortality appeared to increase at a threshold of > 3 hours of television watching per day, but both …

Parental Sedentary Restriction, Maternal Parenting Style, and Television Viewing Among 10- to 11-Year-Olds

To examine whether parenting styles or practices were associated with children's television (TV) viewing. A total of 431 parent-child dyads (10- to 11-year-old children) from Bristol, United Kingdom, were included. Child and parent TV viewing were self-reported and categorized as <2, 2 to 4, or >4 hours/day. Children reported maternal parenting style (authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive). Child-reported maternal and paternal sedentary restriction scores were combined to create a family-level restriction score. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine whether child TV viewing was predicted by parenting style or family restriction. A greater proportion of children with permissive mothers watched >4 hours of TV per day, compared with children with authoritarian or authoritative mothers (P = .033). A greater proportion of children for whom both parents demonstrated high restriction watched <2 hours of TV per day (P < .001). The risk of watching 2 to 4 hours (vs <2 hours) of TV per day was 2.2 times higher for children from low-restriction families (P = .010). The risk of watching >4 hours (vs <2 hours) of TV per day was 3.3 times higher for children from low-restriction families (P = .013). The risk of watching >4 hours of TV per day was 5.2 times higher for children with permissive (versus authoritative) mothers (P = .010). Clinicians need to talk directly with parents about the need to place limitations on children's screen time and to encourage both parents to reinforce restriction messages.