Midnight Hours Research Articles

Nighttime enhancements in TEC near the crest of northern equatorial ionization anomaly during low solar activity period

Enhancement in nighttime total electron content (TEC) near the crest of equatorial ionization anomaly at Bhopal (Geog. 23.2°N, 77.4°E, and MLAT 14.2°N) has been studied for the solar minimum period March 2005- November 2006. TEC data recorded by GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor (GISTM) GSV4004A receiver is used for the study and results are presented in the paper. More than 10% increase in TEC with respect to background content is considered for analysis. Out of total 138 enhancements, 65 observed during pre midnight hours and 73 during post midnight hours. It is observed that nighttime enhancement in TEC at Bhopal occurs in all seasons; it is more frequent during summer, less during equinox and least during winter months. The enhancement in nighttime TEC can be observed both in geomagnetic disturbed time and in quiet time. We found that mean peak amplitude for pre-midnight TEC enhancement are more in equinox and less in winter, while in post-midnight TEC enhancement it is highest in summer and less in winter. Post-midnight enhancements have smaller peak amplitude as compared to pre-midnight. Also the most probable values for pre- and post-midnights are 4.4 TECU and 2.17 TECU respectively. The percentage occurrence of nighttime TEC enhancement does not show any dependence on solar activity whereas the peak amplitude depends on solar activity. The percentage occurrence of nighttime TEC enhancement decreases as the magnetic activity increases whereas there is no such dependency found with peak amplitude. It is also observed that majority of nighttime TEC enhancements are occurred without scintillation. The localised nighttime TEC enhancements near the crest of equatorial ionization anomaly region have been observed most of the nights during the period of study.

In the midnight hour: Cancer and nightmares. A review of theories and interventions in psycho-oncology

The purposes of this study were: (1) to explore cancer patients' complaints of poor sleep, which often involve a combination of somatic symptoms and nightmares; and (2) to understand these sleep disturbances in the light of modern dream theories and intervention modalities. The literature search originated with several major articles (Revonsuo, 2000; Krakow & Zadra, 2006; Hobson, 2009) which then opened up the search through their references. We also used the database PubMed, and employed the following key words: cancer, nightmares/dreams, sleep disturbances, and dream theory. The literature search covered the interval between 1900 (Freud, 1900) and 2009. Our criteria for selecting studies included the most recent major review articles on the neuroscience of sleep and dreams; articles reviewing sleep disturbances in cancer patients and relevant treatments; and articles reviewing interventions for traumatic dreams. Approximately 30 articles were deemed worthy of inclusion. Thirty article/books/chapters met the criteria for relevance related to key theories and clinical interventions related to nightmares and traumatic dreams of cancer patients. Key concepts involve threat simulation theory and imagery rehearsal therapy in regard to theoretical and interventional paradigms significantly generalizable to cancer patients. The dream material included in this article presents patients' attempts to deal with complex threats such as intense dependency/ loss of self-sufficiency, disfigurement, and death. This is especially true with regard to the doctor-patient relationship at all stages of the illness and disease. Imagery rehearsal can facilitate empowerment in light of highly threatening and conflictual cancer-related dreams in which the patient feels helpless and victimized. This review offers a new lens on current dream theories and understanding of sleep disturbance in cancer patients as well as their familes and medical caregivers. Modern theories lead to opportunities for intervention that can both relieve symptoms and improve communication between medical caregivers and patients and families.

On the Geoeffectiveness Structure of Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling Functions during Intense Storms

The geoeffectiveness of some coupling functions for the Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interaction had been studied. 58 storms with peak Dst < −100 nT were used. The result showed that the interplanetary magnetic field Bz appeared to be more relevant with the magnetic field B (which agreed with previous results). However, both the V (solar wind flow speed) and Bz factors in the interplanetary dawn-dusk electric field (V×Bz) are effective in the generation of very intense storms (peak Dst < −250 nT) while “intense” storms (−250 nT ≤ peak Dst < −100 nT) are mostly enhanced by the Bz factor alone (in most cases). The southward Bz duration BT seems to be more relevant for Dst < −250 nT class of storms and invariably determines the recovery phase duration. Most of the storms were observed to occur at midnight hours (i.e., 2100–0400 UT), having a 41.2% incidence rate, with high frequency between 2300 UT and 0000 UT. 62% of the events were generated as a result of Magnetic Cloud (MC), while 38% were generated by complex ejecta. The B-Bz relation for the magnetic cloud attained a correlation coefficient of 0.8922, while it is 0.7608 for the latter. Conclusively, Bz appears to be the most geoeffective factor, and geoeffectiveness should be a factor that depends on methods of event identification and classification as well as the direction of event correlation.

“In the midnight hour”: a case report of musical hallucinations with multiple etiological factors treated with lamotrigine

We report the case of JW, a 66-year-old woman who presented with musical hallucinations and multiple etiological factors for these rare phenomena. We discuss these factors and the successful amelioration of her symptoms with lamotrigine.

Ontogenetic changes of habitat selection and thyroid hormone levels in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) reared in captivity

This study examined the ontogenetic change in vertical distribution associated with algae and the thyroid hormone profiles of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) under rearing conditions. Experimental observations on distribution were carried on black rockfish from the newly born larval stage to juveniles 75 days after birth (DAB). Position was categorized by vertical location [upper layer, mid layer and lower layer (LL)] and by association with artificial algae (floating algae, bottom algae and no association). Position of fish was observed four times a day, at 0400 (dawn), 1200 (noon), 1800 (dusk) and 2400 (midnight) hours. The majority of fish (>80%) reached transforming larval stage [17.8 ± 0.7 mm total length (TL)] at 25 DAB and juvenile stage (24.3 ± 0.6 mm TL) at 35 DAB. Newly born larvae were mainly distributed at surface and middle layers, the shift of vertical distribution to the LL occurred between 10 and 25 DAB, and over 98% of the individuals were distributed near the bottom after 35 DAB. Association behavior with algae was first observed from 20 to 30 DAB depending on the time of day. Percentage of fish associated with bottom algae increased from 25 to 40 DAB and reached 50–70% thereafter. Thyroid hormone (T4) showed two surges at 30 and 50 DAB. The first surge corresponded to the transforming larval stage and the occurrence of association behavior with algae. The results indicate that pelagic larvae settle to the bottom layer before metamorphosis, and association behavior with algae appears at the transforming larval stage. A high T4 concentration at 30 DAB indicates a close relationship with these morphological and behavioral developments.

Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. By Peniel E. Joseph. (New York: Holt, 2006. xx, 399 pp. Cloth, $27.50, ISBN 978-0-8050-7539-7. Paper, $17.00, ISBN 978-0-8050-8335-4.)

Recent scholarship has proffered a vision of black power not as a racist inversion of white supremacy but as aggressive pursuit of political and economic empowerment: the twin engines of black advancement. Peniel E. Joseph's Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour, a companion to the author's edited volume The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era (2006), is part of this movement. Like the edited volume, Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour effectively challenges traditional explanations that portray black power as a critical and lamentable break from earlier civil rights reform; unlike The Black Power Movement, it offers a single-voiced, narrative account of this dimension of the struggle for black equality: less a particular moment in the twentieth-century struggle for black liberation and more a logical complement to direct action and voter registration, “a natural outgrowth of [the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's] organizing history” (p. 164). The book begins and ends with Malcolm X, who, along with Stokely Carmichael, emerge as the story's heroes. In the beginning of the narrative, the author juxtaposes familiar signposts of the civil rights movement with lesser known examples of black power—in this case, comparing the April 1955 Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, with events in Montgomery, Alabama. Joseph reminds the reader that black power did not emerge in a vacuum. Carmichael's use of black power as a rallying cry at the Meredith March in 1966 was both evolutionary and revolutionary, not only referencing the historical uses of the phrase by Paul Robeson and Richard Wright but also signifying a militant shift away from the necessarily conciliatory tactics of mainstream civil rights leaders.

The Awakening and the Great October Storm of 1893

Didn't you know this was the twenty-eighth of August? twenty-eighth of August? Yes. On the twenty-eighth of August, at the hour of midnight, and if the moon is shining--the moon must be shining--a spirit that has these shores for ages rises up from the Gulf. With its own the spirit seeks some one mortal worthy to hold him company, worthy of being exalted for few hours into realms of the semi-celestials. His search has always hitherto been fruitless, and he has sunk back, disheartened, into the sea. But to-night he found Mrs. Pontellier. Perhaps he will never release her from the spell.... --Kate Chopin, The Awakening On the night that Edna Pontellier learns to swim on the shores of Grand Isle, realizing for the first time her powers over the water that had before only generated ungovernable dread, Robert Lebrun teases her about having been captured by spirit of the Gulf. Though Edna dismisses Robert's story as flippancy, that twenty-eighth of August does prove to be transformative moment in her life; it becomes, as she reflects, a night in dream from which she never fully awakens, even as it marks point of embarkation on her erratic and uncharted journey toward selfhood. Whether or not Edna is ultimately possessed by the Gulf spirit that Robert describes, she certainly is never wholly release[d] ... from the of that magical night. For many of us who live along the Gulf Coast, it was not the twenty-eighth but the twenty-ninth of August 2005 that marked the transformative moment: it was that night that powerful spirit of the Gulf, one that has haunted these shores for ages, rose up and overwhelmed an entire city, perhaps an entire nation, drenching us to the core, imposing semi-celestial awareness of mortality and vulnerability--creating spell of penetrating vision from which those of us who lived through Hurricane Katrina may never be released. Like Edna, we can no longer see the world in quite the same ways. Our old selves--like our flooded houses and gardens and broken levees and governments--are no longer adequate for negotiating the stark realities that we had not before recognized as the substance of our society. Like Edna, we have been forced to rebuild not just our lives but our understanding of what those lives really mean. The power of large natural (or unnatural) disasters to reshape experience and self-definition is commonplace of human history, though finding oneself participant in such events can deeply affect one's perceptions of reality. Working together on the backgrounds of The Awakening, we noticed some interesting links between elements of the novel and singular hurricane that devastated the Louisiana coast in 1893--the October Storm. In the aftermath of Katrina, our findings intensified in relevance and poignancy, as we reflected on how great storms powerfully reverberate, transforming the meanings of fiction as well as the significance and contours of people's lives. Certainly, neither Edna Pontellier nor Kate Chopin were ever at the center of any literal hurricanes, though storms have been key figure for representing the impact on American literary traditions of both the character and her creator. But just as Hurricane Katrina has changed both the literal landscapes and figurative meanings of New Orleans (how can we again think of one without the other?), the Great October Storm turns out to have had transformative effects on both the creation and the implications of Chopin's remarkable novel. Hurricanes were certainly not part of Kate Chopin's early consciousness. A native of St. Louis, she only became resident of Louisiana after her marriage to Oscar Chopin in June 1870. When the couple settled in New Orleans after their European honeymoon, the city was still traumatized from the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction. But even on her first visit to New Orleans the year before, Katie O'Flaherty, not yet engaged, had found it an agreeable place: N. …

Midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly of the ionospheric electron density observed by FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC

This paper presents monthly variations of the midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly (MSNA) of the ionosphere for the first time by global observations of the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (F3/C) mission. The anomaly is characterized by the greater nighttime (1800 LT ∼ 0200 LT) ionospheric electron density than during daytime (0800 ∼ 1800 LT) at middle latitudes during months around June and December solstices. The anomaly shown during December solstice was known as the Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA) occurring around the Antarctica and nearby the Pacific Ocean. This paper demonstrates that the WSA‐like feature also exists in the Northern Hemisphere and is most prominent near the Northeast Asia, Europe/Africa, and Central Pacific longitudes around June solstice. In both hemispheres, the anomalies with similar electron density characteristics and variations caused by the similar mechanism prompts us to name this phenomenon the MSNA. The monthly F3/C observations indicate that the anomaly appears as the most prominent structure of the global ionosphere around midnight hours.

Maid as Muse: How Servants Changed Emily Dickinson's Life and Language (review)

Reviewed by: Maid as Muse: How Servants Changed Emily Dickinson's Life and Language Daneen Wardrop (bio) Murray, Aife. Maid as Muse: How Servants Changed Emily Dickinson's Life and Language. Lebanon: U of New Hampshire P, 2010. $35. A couple decades ago the common wisdom in Dickinson studies held that Emily Dickinson was fortunate to have lived an elite life that offered her countless hours of leisure she could devote to writing; some years later the common wisdom shifted so that Dickinson was seen as a woman who worked long days performing duties such as caring for her mother and baking, her literary output accordingly seen as nearly miraculous, stolen from midnight hours. Aife Murray sides with neither of these outlooks in Maid as Muse but instead offers a fresh, savvy picture of Emily Dickinson that compasses and mediates both. The Dickinson she portrays was [End Page 110] privileged and had the luxury of performing the tasks of her choosing even as she worked alongside domestic maids who performed the many onerous chores necessary to running a nineteenth-century household. Murray puts forward an intricate and vivid perspective on the poet's day-to-day life, a perspective in which literary arts and domestic arts intertwine. She finds an Emily Dickinson we have never seen before. Murray does this by mixing modes of discourse, offering traditional archival research and interviews of descendents of Homestead workers, interspersed with occasional scenes of Murray's imagining. These created scenes, noted and italicized, present an intuitive interpretation of the information she amasses. Murray's scholarly sleuthing turns up incisive results, and she follows those results to create occasional careful fictions that she argues must be pursued in order to fill the historical gaps in studies of underrepresented populations. Part biography, part literary criticism, part historical retrieval, part imaginings, part personal narrative of a research journey undertaken to glean a sense of her own Irish past, the book undertakes search and research, historical information remaining paramount, fictionalized sections enhancing the historical information. Showing how life and language in the Homestead were matters of coexistence between Emily Dickinson and servants, Murray focuses primarily on Margaret Maher, an Irish immigrant who worked for the family from 1869 to 1899. The intrepid Margaret Maher, called "Maggie" by the family and mentioned often in Dickinson's correspondence, proved important to the poet as confidante, protector, independent spirit, and co-worker in a day-to-day existence of camaraderie that crossed class lines. Murray broadens the angle of inquiry to include other servants as well—immigrant Irish, immigrant English, African American, and Native American, including some eighty servants who were hired at the Homestead (18). Servants affected the community's social structure as a whole, as she demonstrates when she gives a dishy account of a town's power play between two prominent families, the Boltwoods and the Dickinsons, both of whom fought to keep Margaret Maher as their employee. Murray posits the Homestead kitchen as the "generative site" of Dickinson's poetry, (23) where, working shoulder to shoulder with Maher and others, the poet would occasionally stop her task at hand to jot down lines of verse on a chocolate wrapper or a shopping list, interacting with many people as Maher's nieces stopped by, nephews arrived to convey messages, the stableman delivered fresh milk, or a Native American woman paused at the door to sell baskets. Finding an alternative to the society of the parlor, Dickinson in the kitchen heard the Irish, African American, and Native American patterns of speech that would have [End Page 111] thrilled her, given her self-proclaimed "Vice for Voices." In the kitchen she spent time in the "most creative room in the house" (99). Too, Murray reminds us of the unrelenting physicality of domestic chores. One of the most surprising discoveries of the book arises from Murray's correlation of Dickinson's pattern of poetic output not to waxing and waning periods of inspiration, but to the waxing and waning pattern of servants hired at the Homestead. Servants made Dickinson's writing possible because their labor alleviated the unceasing toil of housework. Throughout Maid as Muse we gain a newly urgent...

Visible and near‐infrared nightglow of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere of Venus

The Herzberg II system of O2 has been a known feature of Venus' nightglow since the Venera 9 and 10 orbiters detected its c(0)–X(v″) progression more than 3 decades ago. We search for its emission at 400 nm–700 nm in spectra obtained with the VIRTIS instrument on Venus Express. Despite the weakness of the signal, integration over a few hours of limb observations of the planet's upper atmosphere reveals the unambiguous pattern of the progression. The selected data sample mainly the northern latitudes within a few hours of local midnight. The emission is ubiquitous on the nightside of Venus and can be discerned at tangent altitudes from 80 km to 110 km. The average emission vertical profiles of the c(0)–X(v″) progression and the O2a(0)–X(0) band, the latter from simultaneous near‐infrared spectra, are quite similar, with their respective peaks occurring within ±1 km of each other. We conclude that the net yield for production of the c(0) state is low, ∼1%–2% of the oxygen recombination rate, and that O(3P) and CO2 are the two likely quenchers of the Herzberg II nightglow, although CO cannot be ruled out. We also derive a value of 2.45 × 10−16 cm3 s−1 for the rate constant at which CO2 collisionally quenches the c(0) state. Our VIRTIS spectra show hints of O2A′(0)–a(v″) emission but no traces of the O (1S–1D) green line at 557.7 nm.

Acting Spaces and Carpenters' Tools: from the Fortune to the Theatre Royal, Bristol

Against the received wisdom, Mark Howell-Meri argues here for a continuing tradition between Elizabethan and Restoration (or ‘long eighteenth-century’) playhouses. He bases his argument in part on measurements which suggest the common use of traditional building methods and relationships between measurements and spaces based on ad-quadratum geometry, as shared by theatre builders across the centuries; but also on his own experience as a performance-practitioner specializing in an historiographical approach to making sense of eighteenth-century plays for today's audiences in surviving (or reconstructed) eighteenth-century spaces. He was the first director to restore a three-sided stage front to the Georgian Theatre (now Theatre Royal) in Richmond, Yorkshire, in 1987 with his hit production of Garrick's Miss in her Teens (1747), and other research productions have included Robert Dodsley's The King and the Miller of Mansfield (1737), Colman the Younger's Inkle and Yarico (1787), Inchbald's The Midnight Hour (1787), again at the Georgian Theatre in Richmond, and Lillo's The London Merchant (1731). He is now completing his doctoral thesis, ‘Theatre and Liberty: Eighteenth-Century Play Production on the Three-Sided Stage’.

Infant Sleep Disturbance Is Associated with Preconceptional Psychological Distress: Findings from the Southampton Women's Survey

To determine whether preconceptional psychological distress is associated with infant sleep disturbance. Prospective cohort study. Southampton, UK. A cohort of women from the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS), who were recruited between 20-34 years of age and followed through their subsequent pregnancies and beyond; a total of 874 mother-infant pairs were involved in the study. Preconceptional psychological distress was measured with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). When their infants were 6 and 12 months of age, mothers were asked to report the number of times babies woke on average between the hours of midnight and 06:00 each night during a 2-week period. Preconceptional psychological distress was a strong predictor of infant night waking at both 6 and 12 months of age, independent of the effects of postnatal depression, bedroom sharing, and other confounding factors. At 6 months, preconceptional distress was associated with a 23% increased risk of waking (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.44), and at 12 months with a 22% increased risk (PR 1.22, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.02-1.46). Women with preconceptional psychological distress are more likely to have babies with sleep disturbance during infancy, independent of whether they suffered from postnatal depression.

Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America

Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America

“At the Stroke of the Midnight Hour”: Lord Mountbatten and the British Media at Indian Independence

This article examines the portrayal of Indian Independence in the British media with particular attention to the orchestration of official publicity by Lord Mountbatten and his press attaché, Alan Campbell-Johnson. The British press was able to portray Independence as a British achievement, arising almost organically out of its long-term policy and vindicating British rule. The article also explores press portrayal of Indian leaders, the Princely States, the role of the Commonwealth and communal violence.

The Marginalization of the Black Campus Movement

Most of the small amount of literature on the Black Power Movement consists of autobiographies or are examinations of the Black Panther Party. That's why Peniel Joseph's Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour , Clayborne Carson's In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s , Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar's Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity , and Van Deburg's New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975 —all scholarly non-autobiographical, non-Black Panther literature—are so important as they inquire about the breadth of the movement. However, as they seek to demarginalize the Black Power Movement, this review essays shows that they in turn marginalize (in varying degrees) the struggle waged by Black college students to reform higher education and the vanguard organization of that struggle, the San Francisco State Black Student Union. They marginalize the Black Campus Movement and its leading organization despite many of the icons of the Black Power Movement coming into their own in college, and most of noteworthy Black Power protest and reforms occurring on these campuses.

Indian summer: the secret history of the end of an empire

The focus of the book, Indian Summer, is mainly on five persons, namely, Lord Mountbatten, Edwina Mountbatten, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It takes a deep look into their private lives and showing how they were influential in helping India to attain independence and how the events led to partition. It is also full of the anecdotes of the wrongs committed by the British officials and its consequences for them. Similarly, it tells about different roles played by different characters which finally led to the unpredictable and unwanted partition. The tragic events, resulting from migration, are highlighted as well. The author, very beautifully sums up the book when she says that on the midnight of August 15, 1947, 57-year old Jawaharlal Nehru looked younger, more energetic and enthusiastic than he had ever looked, when he uttered some of the most memorable and wonderful lines ever said: “Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny. And now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge; not wholly or in full, but substantially. At the stroke of midnight hour, while the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.” 1

Effects of PACAP on the Circadian Changes of Signaling Pathways in Chicken Pinealocytes

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. In mammals, the brain's biological clock is the suprachiasmatic nucleus, receiving photic information from the retina through the retinohypothalamic pathway, where PACAP is the main cotransmitter of glutamate. The primary conductor of circadian rhythms of birds is the pineal gland. The presence of PACAP has been demonstrated both in the rat and avian pineal gland, where PACAP stimulates melatonin synthesis. The signaling mechanism, by which PACAP modulates melatonin synthesis and circadian rhythmic functions of the pineal gland, is only partially known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PACAP on the changes of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and 14-3-3 protein in chick pineal cell culture both of which have been shown to participate in the regulation of rhythmic functions. Pineal cells were treated with 1, 10, or 100 nM PACAP38 every 4 h during a 24-h period. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK showed obvious changes during the observed 24 h, while the level of 14-3-3 protein did not. We found that the lowest used dose of PACAP did not cause any phase alteration in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Ten nM PACAP induced a 4-h-long delay and 100 nM abolished the circadian changes of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. PACAP was not effective on the level of 14-3-3 protein in the early morning hours, and only the highest tested dose (100 nM) could evoke a change in the appearance of 14-3-3 between midday and midnight hours. In summary, PACAP modulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the appearance of 14-3-3 protein in the chicken pineal cells, but these effects were dose dependent and also depended on the time of day.

Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone: the story of UNAMSIL

Introduction. Unattractive Terrain, Token Response. Stepping Up UN Engagement. UNAMSIL's Midnight Hour. Tangoing with Taylor. A House Divided. Fighting Back. Undeniable Victory. What Have We Learned? Epilogue. Appendixes: Chronology. Selection of Key Documents. Selected Security Council Resolutions.

A Note on Perceived Male/Female Differences in the Giving of Less-Than-Perfect Names

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‘Hybrid Bills’ and Human Rights: The Parliament Square Litigation 2002–2007

This article examines the statutory provisions which prohibit unauthorised demonstrations in the vicinity of Parliament Square. The legal position of the pre-existing demonstrator (Mr Brian Haw) is traced back to the decision of Gray J in Westminster City Council v Haw (2002). This case held that Mr Haw had made his home on part of the pavement in Parliament Square and Gray J rejected, one by one, every legal argument which Westminster City Council had used against Haw (such as that he was ‘obstructing’ the highway, or ‘sleeping rough’, or displaying unauthorised advertisements). The decision of the Court of Appeal in R (Haw) v Home Secretary (2006) (which considered the subsequent statutory ban on unauthorised demonstrations) is analysed in the light of the question whether or not that legislation took away Mr Haw’s property rights (and rights under the European Convention of Human Rights) without the payment of compensation. The conclusion is reached that the statutory ban on demonstrations (contained in the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 and delegated legislation made under it) was ‘hybrid’ in so far as it purported to apply to Mr Haw. In the light of the fact that the ‘hybrid bill’ procedure was not used the article concludes that the Court of Appeal was wrong to interpret the 2005 legislation as if it came into force on the midnight hour of 30 June/1 July 2005 and criminalised the conduct of Haw- a person who could not obtain prior authorisation before starting his demonstration in 2001. Although this article sympathises with the view of the common law that the right of the public to use the highway should be restricted to a right to pass and re-pass for all proper purposes, it concludes that more important property rights than those represented by Mr Haw (including the rights of corporations) will be put at risk if Parliament and the courts forget the warning of the late Professor Christopher Hughes: that “‘the rule of formal generality’ and ‘equality before the law’ is preserved by the distinction between Public and Private Bills.”