Congestion Hours Research Articles

ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АВТОТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СООБШЕНИЙ НА СЕЛЕ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main problems of existence and development of motor transport communications in rural areas. These include: poor quality of roads; insufficient car services, petrol stations and other infrastructure; lack of public transport; limited opportunities for development due to low population density; safety problems. It is proposed to consider the creation and development of "strongholds" of bus enterprises as one of the directions for ensuring convenient and regular transport in rural areas. Separately, the servicing of low-power passenger traffic, especially during hours of less congestion with individual transport (social taxi) and the creation and functioning of the system of guaranteed service to the population (GSP) of rural areas are highlighted. The system-wide aspects of motor transport communications influencing the development of rural areas are revealed: accessibility; economic development; social integration; development of engineering infrastructure; impact on the environment. All modern models of road safety assessment used in foreign and domestic practice are analyzed, it is noted that they are in the direction of convergence and harmonization. The tasks that need to be solved for the development of methods for assessing traffic safety levels in road transport communications in rural areas are identified. Scientific problems in improving road transport are identified, including improving engines (increasing efficiency, changing the design, new diagnostic methods, driving mode, creating new types of engines, etc.); increasing load-carrying capacity and passenger capacity (this is associated with improving roads, using new materials, changing design principles, reducing noise, improving the environment, searching for alternative types of fuel); environmental problems; safety problems.

Evaluating the Congestion Relief Impacts of Public Transport in Monetary Terms

Traffic congestion is a major urban transport problem. Efficient public transport (PT) can be one of the potential solutions to the problem of urban road traffic congestion. Public transport systems can carry a significant amount of trips during congested hours, improving overall transportation capacity, and can release the burden of excess demand on congested road networks. This paper presents a comparative assessment of international research valuing the congestion relief impacts of PT. It explores previous research valuing congestion relief impacts and examines secondary evidence demonstrating changes in mode split associated with changes in public transport. The research establishes a framework for estimating the monetary value of the congestion reduction impacts of public transport. Congestion relief impacts are valued at between 4.4 and 151.4 cents (Aus$, 2008) per marginal vehicle km of travel, with an average of 45.0 cents. Valuations are higher for circumstances with greater degrees of traffic congestion and also where both travel time and vehicle operating cost savings are considered. A simplified congestion relief valuation model is presented to estimate the congestion relief benefits of PT based on readily-available transport data. Using the average congestion valuation and mode shift evidence, the model has been applied to a number of cities to estimate the monetary value of the congestion relief impact of public transport. Overall, the analysis presents a simplified method to investigate the impact of public transport on traffic congestion. Further research is warranted to develop a comprehensive approach for establishing a measure of the congestion relief impact of public transport.

Design of QoS-aware long-reach optical backhaul for wireless and FTTx networks with enhanced backup resource utilization

• Proposed a long-reach optical access network architecture (LCQ-LR-OAN) that utilizes backup resources for providing the protection and alleviating network congestion. The LCQ-LR-OAN can simultaneously support different types of users with different QoS requirements. • Proposed a partial protection strategy that provides protection to all shared optical resources while keeping the unshared optical resources unprotected. We also developed survivability and network congestion alleviating mechanisms using a single set of optical resources. • Considered user priority (e.g., FTTH, FTTC, FTTB and FTTO) with reference to providing the protection. • Proposed a novel DBA scheme (EBA) to allocate the bandwidth of the backup OLT to the LR-PONs during the network congestion periods. • The LCQ-LR-OAN requires lower cost compared to that of the other existing LR-OAN architectures. The LCQ-LR-OAN architecture does not depend on any specific PON standard, viz., EPON, GPON. Thus, it can be used with all the PON standards. In this paper, we explore a low-cost and quality-of-service (QoS)-aware long-reach optical backhaul for the wireless and fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks. We exploit the reserved and idle optical resources to provide protection against failures and offer extra bandwidth to the users in the network congestion hours. We use a single set of optical resources to both provide protection and reduce network congestion, thereby incurring the minimum total expenditure. For the practical network scenarios, the simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed architecture can reduce 11 - 79 % average packet delay in the network congestion hours. It offers higher connection availabilities, i.e., five-nine availability ( ∼ 0.99999 ) with full protection and four-nine availability ( ∼ 0.9999 ) with partial protection. Meantime, it requires ∼ 30 % less capital expenditure cost than the other existing benchmark and state-of-the-art long-reach optical backhaul architectures. The proposed architecture is validated by simulation studies and practical data.

Dynamic accessibility by car to tertiary care emergency services in Cali, Colombia, in 2020: cross-sectional equity analyses using travel time big data from a Google API

ObjectivesTo test a new approach to characterise accessibility to tertiary care emergency health services in urban Cali and assess the links between accessibility and sociodemographic factors relevant to health equity.DesignThe...

Wind–Thermal power generation scheduling with predictive transmission security margin

Optimal scheduling of generation and transmission resources in the day-ahead market is vital for the assurance of operational reliability in the case of with high wind penetration. To mitigate the ramifications of wind power uncertainty, this paper presents a risk-averse approach for the unit commitment (UC) model in a two-settlement market. A newly defined concept of predictive transmission security margin (PTSM) is formulated in the UC, which provides a measure for the risk margin of transmission congestion while accounting for wind power forecast error and contingencies. These procured PTSMs on each line are dynamically characterized based on the statistics of ex-post line flows in the real-time re-dispatch. The proposed framework is formed as a bi-level optimization problem, and is transformed into a mixed integer programming formulation using Karush–Kuhn–Tucher (KKT) optimality conditions for computational tractability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested using various case scenarios on a modified IEEE RTS 24-bus and a 118-bus system in terms of key performance metrics, including the total operation cost, congestion hours, and required and undelivered generation reserves. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the total operation costs by suppressing congestion risk and improving reserve deliverability.

Quantifying the Impact of Traffic on Electric Vehicle Efficiency

While the influence of several factors on battery electric vehicle (BEV) efficiency has been investigated in the past, their impact on traffic is not yet fully understood, especially when driving in a natural environment. This paper investigates the influence of driving in intense traffic conditions while considering the ambient temperature and driving behavior on BEV energy efficiency in a field study. A total of 30 BEV inexperienced drivers test drove a 2017 Volkswagen eGolf on a route with various road types in two different traffic intensity scenarios: During morning commute hours with higher traffic congestion and lower congestion hours throughout the middle of the day. Results support the hypothesis that traffic conditions significantly impact the vehicle’s efficiency, with additional consumption of approximately 4–5% in the high traffic scenario. By creating and comparing driving in traffic to an underlying base case scenario, the additional range potential by avoiding traffic for this particular vehicle can be quantified as up to seven miles. New patterns of BEV efficiencies emerged, which can help stakeholders understand how eco-driving can be strategically improved by selecting trip times and routes that avoid high traffic intensity.

The Competitive Effects of Transmission Infrastructure in the Indian Electricity Market

The integration of markets may improve efficiency by lowering costs or reducing local market power. India, seeking to reduce electricity shortages, set up a new power market, in which transmission constraints sharply limit trade between regions. During congested hours, measures of market competitiveness fall and firms raise bid prices. I use confidential bidding data to estimate the costs of power supply and simulate market outcomes with more transmission capacity. Counterfactual simulations show that transmission expansion increases market surplus by 22 percent, enough to justify the investment. One-third of this gain is due to sellers’ response to a more integrated grid. (JEL H54, L13, L94, O13, Q41)

Multi-Objective Takeoff Time Optimization Using Cellular Automaton-Based Simulator

Although schedule design has further potential to reduce airline operation costs and flight delay, the effectiveness of the globally optimal schedule design integrating air traffic flow has not been discussed thus far. This paper presents a global multi-objective takeoff time optimization to design efficient flight schedules that lead to minimal congestion and provide sufficient resilience against traffic problems. NSGA-II is adopted as the multi-objective optimization technique in this study. The objective functions include minimization of the total arrival delay and total fuel consumption because these are key performance indicators of air traffic management (ATM). The design variable used in this study is the takeoff time offset of each flight landing at the Tokyo International Airport. 607 design variables were used in this study. The range of the design variables was ±300 s to investigate the effect of a minor variation in the takeoff time. A cellular automaton-based model was utilized to simulate the interaction of the flights with each other. The results of the simulations demonstrated that the obtained optimal solutions could drastically reduce the total arrival delay and total fuel consumption by 1500 min and 80 tons, respectively. The spacing adjustments of one of the optimum flight schedules, in comparison to the original flight schedule, were reduced by 80% in the en-route and terminal airspaces. Additional analyses suggest that it is preferable to have longer takeoff time intervals for flights originating from the same point during congestion hours than those during non-congestion hours. This indicates that the optimization of ground movements in airports improves the efficiency of air traffic operations.

Assessment to identify the awareness and preventive measures of respiratory problems owing to air pollution among traffic police personnel in Bengaluru, Karnataka

Introduction: Air pollution has been identified as a major health problem of concern. Bengaluru being a metropolitan city witnesses a steep increase in population and hence immersed in long hours of traffic congestion. Hence, traffic police officers bear the maximum impact on their health. Objective: This study aims to assess and understand the awareness and knowledge about the different respiratory problems that traffic police personnel are at risk of developing as well as the protective measures taken by them towards their prevention. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted in Bengaluru among the traffic police officers of the city, data collection was done using a questionnaire which was prepared prior. Results: Of the total 50 participants, 88% were aware of the vehicular emissions and their contribution to air pollution while 68% had known about ailments like lung cancer. 76% use mask during their work hours while 20% do not use any of the protective measures. Conclusion: Traffic police officers being at risk for development of respiratory ailments, should undergo regular check-ups apart from using all kinds of protective measures for a healthy and a disease-free life.

Повышение энергоэффективности силовых электроэнергетических установок малотоннажных пассажирских судов

The article is devoted to solving the problem of improving the energy efficiency of power plants of high-speed lowtonnage (planing) vessels used for passenger transportation between coastal settlements on the example of the port of Vladivostok located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which has mainly land communication with settlements located on the coast. The oversaturation of motor transport, due to the need for communication between localities, which are usually characterized by dense buildings, is one of the main causes of many hours of traffic congestion, which worsen the environmental situation and increase social tension in society. At the same time, the tourist attractiveness of Primorye is also decreasing. One of the promising areas for solving this transport problem is the use of low-tonnage passenger vessels, in particular planing vessels, with hybrid electrified power propulsion systems. According to the available data, such vessels have reduced consumption of fuel and lubricants necessary for the operation of power plants and reduction in harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere by more than two times compared to similar traditional diesel vessels. In addition, the prospects of the proposed scientific and technical solution are due to the reduction in the time of passenger transportation while reducing the cost of travel

Validity of Reference Time Intervals in Noise Indicators for Aircraft Noise Policy in Vietnam

Many decibel-based noise indicators are used in noise policy to evaluate aircraft sound in the environment. Among those, day–evening–night-weighted sound pressure level ( L den ), day–night-weighted sound pressure level ( L dn ), and nighttime average sound pressure level ( L night ) are the most widely used. However, the designation of reference time intervals (e.g., day, evening, and night) differs depending on the country’s lifestyle and culture. A dataset—extracted from socio-acoustic surveys conducted in Vietnam (2005–2019)—was analyzed to investigate temporal patterns of the Vietnamese lifestyle and changes in L den , L dn , and L night when temporal interval segmentations in these indicators were adjusted. Traffic congestion hours, go-to-bed time, and wake-up time in southern Vietnam were approximately one hour later than those in northern and central Vietnam. Further, a small-scale and Internet-based questionnaire survey on Vietnamese life rhythms was conducted to examine Vietnamese people’s daily behaviors. These data were compared with the relevant data of Japanese individuals, extracted from the Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities of Japan. Differences in sleeping times and mealtimes were found between Japanese and Vietnamese data. We suggest an appropriate reference time interval for aircraft noise policy in Vietnam, referring to the current national and international noise standards and regulations.

Improving Probe-Based Congestion Performance Metrics Accuracy by Using Change Point Detection

Probe-based speed data provide great value to agencies; especially, in areas which are not feasibly covered by traffic sensors. However, as with sensors, probe data are not without nuance and issues like latency prevent alignment between calculated metrics by data source. In recent years, there has been a strong impetus on using data-driven decision making. Data-driven insights have become critical for smart mobility. To support data-driven decision making, Federal Highway Administration has procured probe data feeds and provides free access to state and local agencies as National Performance Measures Research dataset (NPRMDS). In addition to the NPRMDS, several state agencies subscribe to a paid probe data provider for obtaining real-time streams of high-resolution probe data. These datasets are used to generate nationwide urban mobility reports as well as reports focusing on certain jurisdiction. These mobility reports are integrated in several Transportation System Management and Operations (TSMO) plans which are often used to drive several resource allocation projects. This paper examines accuracy of methodology used to derive two frequently used performance measures in the mobility reports; namely, number of congested hours and number of congestion events. An improve methodology is then proposed to find accurate estimates for number of congested hours and number of congested incidents.

Creating a Dynamic Real Time Green Corridor and Assessing its Impact on Normal Traffic Flow

Abstract Emergency vehicles demand quick and safe passage as it aims at saving the life of a patient. But with rising bureaucracy and flaunting behavior of our leaders, the vehicles in which they travel in aspire for a green corridor. It is becoming a serious problem in our society and an optimal solution where normal traffic flow is least disrupted as well as emergency vehicles too could move quickly is highly desired. This research work proposes a framework for creating a dynamic real-time dedicated green corridor using Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The simulation results record the time taken for any vehicle to reach from source to destination during normal traffic flow and congestion hours. Later time is taken for an emergency vehicle to reach its destination when a green corridor is created and the impact of this on normal traffic flow is assessed. Finally, a dynamic real-time one hop and two-hop green corridor are created and its impact on general traffic movement is assessed. The results are able to establish that if an emergency vehicle is of very critical nature, one should go for a dedicated green corridor that reduces travel time by 2.76 times. If the emergency is not critical in nature, one can opt for the two-hop dynamic real-time green corridor. But, optimally if one demands the least disruption of normal traffic and at the same time creates a safer green corridor, results establish that one-hop dynamic green corridor is an optimal solution. In order to analyze the impact of various green corridors on the routes that intersect this corridor, simulation results are obtained for four different vehicles and the results are averaged. Only one intersection is considered in this simulation. With one hop dynamic real-time green corridor in consideration, the average travel time increases on an average by 129% as compared to normal traffic flow. It is maximum with a dedicated green corridor.

All-Links-Based E-Hailing Pricing and Surcharge Mechanism for Transportation System Performance Improvement

E-hailing services, in which riders request rides from their mobile devices, have rapidly developed into a viable transportation alternative for many travelers. This technology has changed the set of choices for travelers and has shifted travel patterns, most significantly away from traditional taxi services. However, several issues have arisen during this expansion. In this paper, an economical approach is proposed which considers both the effects of the travelers’ route choices and travel demand patterns. In this approach, we assume that all links can be surcharged for those using e-hailing services, and a heuristic process is applied to address this computationally difficult problem. A cost inverse function is introduced to update the demand changes along paths with different rates of e-hailing surcharges. The method is demonstrated on the mid-size network of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and on the large-scale city network of Anaheim, California. Results indicate that an optimal price could efficiently reduce e-hailing service demand during congestion hours and improve the transportation system performance to system optimal level.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENDORONG PENYEBAB TERJADINYA KEMACETAN STUDI KASUS : KAWASAN SUKUN BANYUMANIK KOTA SEMARANG

Sukun region located in the southern city of Semarang is an activity node meetings between Semarang Upper and Lower part. In addition to the node activity, regional transport node Sukun is also because of the intersection between Setia Budi roads and highways. The rapid growth of traffic is felt at Setia Budi roads, this is because of the way as the initial point of entry into the city of Semarang from the south ( Yogyakarta - Solo ) both vehicles are going to Semarang and the entrance to the highway with a wide range of purposes. And trading activity and the presence of onsite services that are in the area resulted in increased activities of road users, the incidence of traffic generation and the high side barriers, which at certain hours of congestion and delays often occur. The research methodology used in this research is by using Deductive Quantitative Methods Rationalistic. With the technique of factor analysis and analysis of transportation, so it can be determined Level Of Service and factors - factors driving the cause of congestion in the area Sukun Banyumanik. The final results obtained from the analysis of the factors driving the causes of congestion on area Sukun is that congestion is due to the on site activity, the high capacity of the road, next to the barrier height and geometric conditions of the road.

Using anonymous probe-vehicle data for a performance indicator of bridge service

Anonymous probe-vehicle data are being used to evaluate travel time reliability and congestion conditions along roadways. These telematics data are collected from commercial and private cell phones, global positioning system devices and on-board vehicles computers. In the last few years, these data have been incorporated into reports of highway and arterial systems to measure congestion conditions. For this paper, anonymous probe-vehicle data were used to calculate a congestion metric, at bridge locations in New Jersey, USA, based on aggregated yearly congestion hours. The congestion metric was then compared to the functionally obsolete (FO) performance designation defined by the US National Bridge Inventory (NBI). These FO bridges represent structures that, according to the NBI, theoretically cause congestion. The comparison showed that the FO designation did not indicate high levels of congestion and vice versa. Consequently, when the congestion metric was implemented in a rudimentary management strategy, it provided a clearer decision-making process over the current traffic carrying metric in the NBI. The results of this study show that the aggregated congestion metric can serve as a useful performance indicator for bridge structures at a regional level, and it can provide value when incorporated into a bridge asset management programme.

Grid integration of DC fast‐charging stations for EVs by using modular li‐ion batteries

Widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) requires investigating impacts of vehicles' charging on power systems. This study focuses on the design of a new DC fast-charging station (DCFCS) for EVs combined with local battery energy storages (BESs). Owing to the BESs, the DCFCS is able to decouple the peak load demand caused by multiple EVs and decrease the installation costs as well as the connection fees. The charging system is equipped with a bidirectional alternating current/direct current (DC) converter, two lithium-ion batteries and a DC/DC converter. The introduction of BES within the DCFCSs is investigated with regard to operational costs of the CSs as well as the ability of a BES to mitigate negative impacts on the power grid during congestion hours. The proposed solution is shown to reduce not only the installation costs, but also the charging time and it facilitates the integration of fast chargers in existing low-voltage grids. A cost-benefit analysis is performed to evaluate the financial feasibility of BES within the DCFCSs by considering the installation costs, grid connection costs and battery life cycle costs.

송전제약과 등가운전시간을 고려한 장기 예방정비계획 최적화에 관한 연구

송전제약과 등가운전시간을 고려한 장기 예방정비계획 최적화에 관한 연구

Dynamic Pricing of Track Capacity

Abstract To reach a perfect competition on the tracks, new market based approaches to train timetabling needs to be investigated. In this paper, a process for dynamic pricing of track capacity is suggested. The process includes methods for calculating the supply of and demand for track capacity for an application for delivery commitments. These methods make it possible to apply techniques for dynamic pricing on the timetabling problem to find a market based price of a set of delivery commitments. Track capacity in high demand will thus get a higher price than capacity in less requested times and tracks, thus encouraging operators to avoid to request delivery commitments for trains to be operated during the most congested hours of the day. Subsequently, the congestion can be reduced and the timetabling process will be fair and flexible.

Understanding traffic congestion to improve tourist satisfaction in local tourism

With booming local economy aided by successful local tourism efforts, traffic congestion has critically impacted decision-making related to economic activities of potential demand for local tours. The objectives of this study are 1) to grasp the current situation of tourists and traffic congestion and how it influences local tourism, and 2) to analyze the behavior of tourists toward measures to solve traffic congestion. A total of 440 questionnaires that were collected through face to face interviews by convenience sampling were analyzed. The study results show that the probability of adopting a conditional vehicle allowance in the groups with no experience of traffic congestion turned out to be higher than those with more than two hours of traffic congestion experience. The probabilities of adopting a no vehicle allowance were high in the groups with no experience and more than two hours of traffic congestion, with the latter having the highest score. It can be concluded that the overall prohibition of vehicles is preferable to the conditional allowance of vehicles in the groups who experienced traffic congestion. It might be considered that many of people not only prefer the prohibition policy, but also want to avoid congestion charges (or costs) included in the conditional vehicle allowance measure.