Hours In Water Research Articles

Pre-sowing treatment of acorns with gibberellic acid and N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone induced changes in growth and hormonal balance of Quercus robur L. seedlings

Abstract This study aimed to assess and compare the impact of priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) and N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) on acorn germination, seedling growth, and the balance of endogenous phytohormones in 47-day-old seedlings of pedunculated oak (Quercus robur L.). We hypothesized that exogenous GA3 and C6-HSL induce changes in hormonal homeostasis, which activate the germination of acorns and growth of seedlings. Acorns were soaked for 24 hours in water (control) and solutions of gibberellic acid (50 mg/L) and C6-HSL (300 ng/ml). The dynamics and distribution of endogenous cytokinins, abscisic (ABA), indole-3-acetic (IAA), gibberellic (GA3 and GA4) and salicylic (SA) acid in 47-day-old seedlings' organs of Q. robur were analysed using HPLC-MS. Priming with GA3 solution resulted in 85.8% of acorn germination, surpassing the control by 24.6%, whereas priming with C6-HSL solution led to 93.4% germination, surpassing the control by 32.2%. GA3-primed plants (GA3+plants) showed enhanced shoot growth, while C6-HSL-primed (C6-HSL+plants) plants had intensive root development. GA3 also caused epicotyl shoot thickening. Both regulators increased cytokinins, mainly active zeatin forms, with pronounced changes in shoots under C6-HSL and in roots under GA3. ABA content increased in both GA3+ and C6-HSL+plants, with a more significant effect in the roots of C6-HSL+plants. Both regulators negatively impacted IAA accumulation, with GA3 exhibiting a more pronounced effect, causing IAA accumulation to shift from shoots to roots post priming, whereas IAA dominance occurred in the shoots of non-primed acorns (C-plants) and C6-HSL+plants. The total gibberellin content increased in primed seedlings, with GA4 accumulating in GA3+plants and GA3 in C6-HSL+plants, surpassing GA3+plants by 40.7%. GA3+plants exhibited decreased SA in roots, contrasting with increased SA in the roots of C6-HSL+plants. In conclusion, both growth regulators optimized acorn germination, induced changes in hormonal homeostasis and enhanced seedling growth, with increased root growth in C6-HSL plants and shoot growth in GA3 plants.

Insight into the preparation and improved properties of cellulose citrate ester hydrogel slow-release fertilizer

The development of new fertilizers with significant water retention capacity and sustainable nutrient supplementation for arid and semi-arid regions remains an important challenge. In this study, a novel slow-release fertilizer (CCEH-SRF) based on cellulose citrate ester (CCE), which is low-cost and biocompatible, was developed using epoxy chloropropane (ECH) as a cross-linker and urea as a fertilizer. The CCEH-SRF exhibited higher water swelling (21.58 g·g−1) and water retention capacity (20.69 % in 7 days) compared to the neat cellulose hydrogel (CH). Furthermore, the CCEH-SRF demonstrated improved release performance with cumulative slow-release rates of 48.0 % at 2 hours in water, and 5.3 %, 65.9 %, and 66.7 % after 1 day, 26 days, and 35 days respectively in simulated soil column percolation assays, whereas the CH-based SRF had inferior release performance. The nutrient slow-release of CCEH-SRF followed the First-order kinetic model and Fick diffusion process accurately. Additionally, the developed CCEH-SRF showed positive growth promotion effects on maize seedlings, indicating its promising practical applicability. Therefore, this work provides a novel approach for developing environmentally friendly SRFs by utilizing natural cellulose derivatives from readily available agricultural waste in fields such as waste reuse, sustainable agriculture, and horticulture.

Comparative Acute Toxicity Studies of Chlorpyrifos Technical Grade with its Emulsifiable Concentrate (20% EC) on Labeo rohita, a Freshwater Major Carp, and Mystus vittatus, a Freshwater Catfish.

Chlorpyrifos is widely used across the world as an organophosphate insecticide and frequently contaminates freshwater bodies through runoff from agricultural fields. In the laboratory, static bioassays were undertaken to examine differences in acute toxicity caused by exposure to the technical grade (94% a.i.) and an emulsifiable concentrate (20% EC) of chlorpyrifos to two species of freshwater fish, Labeo rohita and Mystus vittatus. The recovery of actual chlorpyrifos concentrations varied from 83% (technical grade, T) to 89% (emulsifiable concentrate, F) after two hours in water. The susceptibilities of the two fish species to the two types of chlorpyrifos varied. The 96-h LC50 values for T and F chlorpyrifos in L. rohita were 68 and 36µg/L, respectively, and 120 and 62µg/L in M. vittatus, respectively. As the exposure period was extended, the LC50 values gradually decreased. LC50 values between the technical grade and formulation were compared following the criteria of Mayer et al. (1986), Schmuck et al. (1994), APHA (1995), and Demetrio et al. (2014). It was concluded from the study that the emulsifiable concentrate (20% EC) of chlorpyrifos was more toxic than technical-grade chlorpyrifos.

Determining the possibility of making mulberry wine by using the osmotic dehydration process

This study aimed to determine the possibility of using osmotic dehydration in the production of mulberry wine. Mulberry fruits (Mórus nígra L.) were mixed with 70 % sucrose solution and osmotic dehydration was carried out (τ=1 h, t=50±5 °C). At the stage of active fermentation, the osmotic solution separated from the fruits was added to the must (10 % by mass). Partially dehydrated mulberry fruits were infused for 12 hours in water at a temperature of 10–15 °C. The formed must was separated from the fruits, mixed with an osmotic solution, and a solution formed during pressing of dehydrated fruits. The mixture was fermented at 20±2 °C for 20 days under static conditions. At the end of fermentation, the young wine was kept at a temperature of 3–5 °C for 1 month. A second transfusion was performed, and its quality indicators were analyzed. It was established that the osmotic solutions formed during the osmotic dehydration of black mulberry fruits contain 42.60±0.25 mg/100 g of anthocyanins, which makes them an effective basis and additive for giving wine the desired sensory characteristics. The high content of anthocyanins in wine (35.8±0.5 mg/100 g) provides for its stable red-ruby color. As a result of hydrolysis, sucrose, which was the main component of the osmotic solution before mulberry dehydration, is transformed into glucose (27.74±0.05 g/100 g) and fructose (28.60±0.05 g/100 g). This significantly increases its biological value and gives the wine a harmonious taste characteristic of fruit wines. The wine made on the basis of mulberry fruit processing products is rated at 7.5 points. It had a pleasant taste and color, but a poorly developed aroma. Mulberry wine was classified as semi-dry because it had a low alcohol content (6±0.5 %), a low concentration of sugars (13.0±0.5 g/dm3), and a high concentration of volatile acids (1.4±0.5 g/dm3)

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water.

The COVID-19 pandemic spurred research on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogates. Here we highlight the importance of evaluating viral surrogates and experimental methodologies when studying pathogen survival in the environment.

Improvement of Germination in Retama Sphaerocarpa and Ziziphus Lotus for the Rehabilitation of Degraded Rangelands in Algeria

Abstract The shrubs of Retama sphaerocarpa (Fabaceae) and Ziziphus lotus (Rhamnaceae) form populations in the Aurès region of Algeria that can provide a large supply of forage when dry season grazing shortages are prevalent. However, the percentage of natural regeneration of these species was estimated at 3%-7%. The final germination percentage (FGP) and total seedling length (TSL) were taken into consideration in this study to determine the impact of wet scarification on the germination of these two species. Pre-sowing treatments included immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid for 1, 2 and 3 hours; immersion in boiling water for 15 minutes, and soaking for 24 hours in water at 25°C (± 2°C). For each pretreatment, four replicates of 50 seeds and kernels were sown in plastic containers for a 21-day period. The principal component analysis of data showed that the best treatment was 3 hours of soaking in sulphuric acid, resulting in 94% of FGP and 22.2 cm of TSL for R. sphaerocarpa. This same pretreatment improved the germination of Z. lotus to 86% FGP and 25.6 cm TSL. In both species studied, a very insignificant percentage of FGP (2%) was observed in untreated seeds and kernels, as well as in pre-treatments with water. These results indicate that R. sphaerocarpa seeds and Z. lotus kernels exhibit a type of physical seed dormancy and require specific pretreatment to improve imbibition and germination. In conclusion, pretreatments significantly (p< 0.0001) affected FGP and TSL in both species. These findings should motivate plantation plans for R. sphaerocarpa and Z. lotus in both agriculture and forestry.

Plywood for Construction Purposes on a Phenol-Formaldehyde Binder Modified with Hydrogen Peroxide

Reducing the pressing temperature of plywood on the FF binder allows you to reduce its cost, but at the same time, the physical and mechanical characteristics of plywood deteriorate. Modification of the phenol-formaldehyde binder with hydrogen peroxide reduces the curing time of the phenolic binder, the pressing temperature of the FSF plywood, and improves the physical and mechanical properties of the FSF plywood. Regression models have been developed for dependence of the plywood strength during cleavage along the adhesive seam, strength during static bending, and thickness swelling after 24 hours in water on the factors varied in the experiment – the proportion of hydrogen peroxide addition and the pressing temperature. The IR spectra of plywood allow us to estimate the effect of H2O2 on the bonds involved in the structure formation of material. With the addition of hydrogen peroxide, the number of active methylene groups decreases, which indicates an increase in degree curing of modified binder.

Investigation of the moisture damage and the erosion depth on asphalt

Moisture erosion is one of the key factors leading to asphalt pavement damage, and the erosion depth indicates the moisture damage level but it is usually neglected. In order to study the moisture erosion and the erosion depth, this study characterized the chemical structure, rheological property and adhesion property of asphalt at different depths after immersion for different periods. To further explore the diffusion mechanism of eroded asphalt, a Log-log numerical model was established based on the Fick’s second law to calculate the diffusion coefficient throughout the depth. The results indicate that it takes just four hours for water to penetrate a 25 μm asphalt film. The relation between erosion depth and immersion period presents three stages, and the process can be fitted with a polynomial model. At the macroscopic level, there is a lag between the changes in adhesion property with chemical structure and rheological property. Additionally, the periodicity of moisture erosion process was verified by the calculation of diffusion factor. In summary, the diffusion mechanism of eroded asphalt by moisture can provide a theoretical basis for the development of laboratory moisture erosion test specification, thus avoiding the waste of raw materials.

Evaluation of the Performance of the ISRM Suggested Methods for Measuring Density and Porosity when Applied to Low-Porosity Rocks

Recent studies conducted in the context of geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in low-porosity crystalline bedrock have found density and porosity values obtained following the ISRM Suggested Method (ISRM 1977) to occasionally be sporadic. To investigate this behaviour, 137 core specimens of 5 different rock types (granite, granitic pegmatoid, veined gneiss, mica gneiss and sandstone) were submerged in water under NTP conditions and measured repeatedly until the observed saturated mass was constant within the accuracy of the measurement system. These specimens were then fully dried and subsequently saturated again, this time following the Suggested Method (1 hour in water at <800 Pa vacuum) and measured again for density and porosity. Density and porosity values observed following the ISRM Suggested Method were found to be systematically lower than values observed using immersion saturation. Specimens saturated following the ISRM Suggested Method reached on average 40 – 60 % of the level of saturation reached with the immersion method. This resulted in significant differences in observed density and porosity values when compared to values observed after immersion saturation. Performance of the saturation method proposed in the ISRM Suggested Method should thus be studied in more detail and possibly re-evaluated.

Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour of Spine Gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) in Response to Different Physical and Chemical Treatments

The present investigation was carried out at Department of Vegetable Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2019-2021. Five to six months old stored spine gourd seeds were exposed to various physical (T1: control, T2: 48 hours soaking in water, T3: hot water treatment for 20 minutes + 48 hourssoaking in water, T4: scarification by sand paper + 48 hours soaking in water, T5: removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water) and chemical (C1: GA3 100 ppm, C2: GA3 200 ppm, C3: KNO3 1%, C4: KNO3 2%, C5: Thiourea 1%, C6: Thiourea 2% &amp; C7: Control) treatments. The experiment was laid out in factorial CRD design with 35 treatment combinations replicated twice. The seeds were sown in plastic trays containing cocopeat media. The effect of these treatments on percentage of germination, length of seedling, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index- I and II were studied. It was concluded that among the physical treatments, T5 (removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water), among the chemical treatments, C1 (GA3 100 ppm) and between the interactions, T5C1 recorded highest germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index- I and vigour index – II. The lowest values were recorded in control. From the experimental results.it was observed that seed coat removed seeds soaked for 48 hours in water followed by treatment with GA3 100 ppm recorded highest germination percentage and seedling vigour in spine gourd.

Characterization of a bio-based concrete using virgin cork aggregate

The field of construction, like other field besides, faces new challenges, particularly that relating to reduction of the environmental impact and the improvement of the thermal and energy performances. To this end, the work presented in this article concerns bio-based concrete which complies with the new regulatory provisions inherent in cementitious materials. This is a concrete where 25% of the mineral volume is replaced by the same plant volume (male cork) in the dry state and immersed for 2 hours in water while adding 10% of filler. A first experimental campaign was carried out in the laboratory in order to identify the rheological behavior of the composite in the fresh state and the mechanical behavior in the hardened state. The results showed that this material can be used in many civil engineering applications.

Germinative capacity of native plant species with forage potential under tropical rainforest conditions at the mountain-foot

The humid tropics harbor great biological diversity, in addition to native species with forage potential as alternatives for animal feed. However, using trees and shrubs and having plantations are limited by the absence of information on their growth and seed germination. Therefore, the goal was to evaluate the germination capacity of native plant species with forage potential in tropical rainforest conditions, selecting eight species with important nutritional value: Bauhinia tarapotensis, Crescentia cujete, Zygia longifolia, Cecropia ficifolia, Piptocoma discolor, Piper bredemeyeri, Calathea lutea and Heliconia rostrata. Two treatments were evaluated: T1: Seeds (sexual and asexual) immersed for 12 hours in water, and T2: Seeds (sexual and asexual) without any pre-germination treatment (control). Significant differences were found in the germination percentage among species, treatments and the interaction of the two factors (p &lt; 0.01). The species C. cujete, C. ficifolia and P. discolor presented better germination percentages with T1, in contrast to P. bredemeyeri, which adapted better to T2. In the same sense, H. rostrata (93%), C. cujete (91%) and Z. longifolia (89%) with T1, were the species with the highest germination capacity when compared to the other species, being desirable for use as fodder in agricultural production systems, due to their high germination power. In general, the pre-germinative treatment with water was very effective in increasing the permeability of the seed coat and, therefore, favored the breaking of endogenous physiological dormancy.

Time of Peak Intraocular Pressure during Water Drinking Test and Modified Phasing Among Glaucoma Patients in South-East Nigeria

Background: High intraocular pressure (IOP) peaks and fluctuations which are among the significant risk factors for glaucoma development and progression can be detected through water drinking test (WDT) and phasing. Aim: To determine the time of peak IOP during WDT and modified phasing among primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients on medical treatment at Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital Parklane (ESUTTHP), Enugu. Methodology: The study was a hospital based cross sectional study on POAG patients on medical treatment attending the eye clinic of ESUTTHP, Enugu. One hundred and thirty patients were selected by simple random sampling. Their eyes were examined which included visual acuity assessment, follow-up clinic intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy, anterior and posterior segments examination. WDT and modified phasing were carried out on them. WDT was done over 2 hours after intake of 1 liter of water with intraocular pressure measured every 15 minutes. Modified phasing was done over 8 hours with intraocular pressure measured at 2 hourly intervals. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 (U.S.A). Results: A total of 130 POAG patients (260 eyes) on medical treatment were examined comprising of 56 males (43.1%) and 74 females (56.9%). Their age ranged between 42 and 83 years with mean age of 62.25 ± 9.002. The peak IOP occurred in 90.2% of patients within the first 1 hour of water drinking test with 23.6% of the eyes having peak IOP at 15 minutes, 24.0% at 30 minutes, 22.9% at 45 minutes, 20.2% of eyes at 60 minutes, 6.6% of eyes at 75 minutes, 2.3% at 90 minutes, 0.0% at 105 minutes and 0.4% at 120 minutes. The peak IOP occurred in two-thirds (74.1%) of eyes within the first 4 hours of commencing modified phasing while 25.8% had their IOP peak after 4 hours with 30.6% of the eyes having peak IOP at onset of the test, 28.2% at 2 hours, 15.3% at 4 hours, 16.1% at 6 hours and 9.7% at 8 hours. Conclusion: WDT may be done over 1 hour instead of 2 hours as a quick clinic test to detect IOP peaks among glaucoma patients on treatment. Some POAG patients also have IOP peaks occurring in the afternoon during modified phasing and such peaks should not be missed in those patient’s management.

Object recognition memory and anti-anxiety potentials of stem-bark extract of Nauclea latifolia (African peach), taurine and vitamin E on Albino rats exposed to water immobilisation stress

Memory loss is a typical symptom of generalized anxiety disorder, a condition that affects millions of individuals. Memory loss with anxiety can be quite distressing, but if you can find strategies to address the anxiety, your memory may improve as well. In this study, the effects of Nauclea latifolia extract, taurine and vitamin E supplementation on object identification and stress-induced anxiety in Albino rats exposed to water immobilisation stress were investigated. 24 rats weighing between 100 and 120 grams were employed. The control group (A), received 1ml/kg pure water. Vitamin E was given to Group B at a dosage of 0.2 ml/kg. Group C received 200mg/kg taurine, while Group D received 200mg/kg Nauclea latifolia extract. For three weeks, the administration was completed. The rats were famished for 24 hours before the stress process began. The rats were sedated with chloroform vapour, and then restrained using a hardwood board (25 by 18 cm) with the four limbs fixed sideways, then dipped for two hours in water up to the xiphoid level. During the training phase, the taurine group examined the novel object the most (64.9 percent), followed by the Vitamin E group (63.90 percent), when compared to the Nauclea latifolia (52.75 percent) and the control groups (54.76 percent). The consolidation phase similarly, revealed that, taurine and Vitamin E groups explored the novel object the most (71.52 percent) and (70.05 percent) accordingly. In the anxiety model, Nauclea latifolia, taurine and vitamin E groups showed significant increase in time spent on closed arms. This study has shown that, when rats are treated to water immersion restraint stress, administration of Nauclea latifolia extract, taurine, and vitamin E, may decrease stress-induced anxiety-like behaviours. The significance of this study is that, administration of taurine, vitamin E and Nauclea latifolia extract may prevent stress-induced memory impairment.

Effect of Seed Priming of Two Stored Sudangrass Genotypes on Seed Germination, Seedling Vigor, Growth and Forage Yield and Its Component

Seed priming is a technique, which could improve the germination and establishment on the seeds, which were stored for 1.5 years under normal conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of different seed priming techniques, through un-soaked seed (control), Hydro-priming (soaked with distill water), 25 ppm of salicylic acid, 1.5% of Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 3% of Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) for 10 hours on seed germination%, seedling vigor and forage yield of two sudangrass genotypes (Piper black and Giza1). Two experiments (laboratory and field) were conducted at Sakha Agric. Res. Station, ARC, Egypt, during the two successive summer seasons 2019 and 2020.The results obtained indicated that 25 ppm of salicylic acid followed by 1.5% of CaCl2 and 3% of KH2PO4 treatments significantly affected on seed germination percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry seedling weight, seed vigor index, seedling vigor index, electrical conductivity and forage yield. Piper black genotypes were the highest in seed germination percentage, seed vigor index and seedling dry weight, but it was the lowest of electrical conductivity. It could be concluded that seed priming may serve as an appropriate treatment for accelerating the emergence so improve cutting and forage yield of sudangrass genotypes under study. Significant differences for fresh yield ton /hectare and piper black had higher fresh, dry and total yield ton /hectare than Giza1. Seed priming had highly significant differences at all cuts in the two seasons and SA25 ppm Salsilc acid treatment had superior and the highest dry yield in the two seasons, while control treatment was the lowest dry yield. Technique of seed priming led to improving germination, seedling characters, and forage yield under experiment conditions in comparison to non-primed seed (dry seed) in sudangrass seed stored for 1.5 years. Salicylic acid with 25 ppm had the highest values followed by1.5% of CaCl2 and 3% of KH2PO4 in the field conditions. Piper black genotype was the best as compared with Giza1 genotype, which gave the highest seed germination %, seedling vigor and viability. May be recommended for hydropriming seeds for 10 hours in water, which led to an increase in the total fresh yield by 30%, the highest seed germination percentage (94.00 and 92.50%), seed vigor index (20.79 and 19.84) and seedling vigor index (2194.11 and 2236.47) as practical seeds about 10 hours treatment.

Refining to Enhance Quality and Improve Specific Surface Area of Di Linh Bentonite for Adsorption Application

Bentonite derived from Di Linh, Lam Dong has a low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (1.29), so the montmorillonite content in the bentonite is quite low. The mineral and chemical compositions show that this bentonite is of low quality and contains many impurities. A series of experimental conditions were considered to provide the appropriate process and conditions for refining to enhance the quality and improve the specific surface area of Di Linh bentonite. Specifically, the bentonite (2 wt.%) was soaked for 24 hours in water before stirring for 8 hours at 1000 rpm. After drying, the refined bentonite was annealed for 2 hours at 500 oC in a furnace. The final product obtained with the basal spacing of 17.38 Å and the specific surface area of 72.97 m2g-1 was used to adsorb Pb2+ and active dyes. Thanks to the increase in the layer spacing and the specific surface area, both the adsorption capacity and the adsorption efficiency of Ben2-24-8-2 increased by 2.8 times compared to bentonite. While the dye adsorption took place slowly, the adsorption of Pb2+ ions was very fast and reached equilibrium after only about 0.5 hours. The Pb2+ ion adsorption capacity was 61.72 mg/g. The adsorption efficiency was 95.24% when using the Ben2-24-8-2 content of 2 g/l.

A Comparative Analysis of Adopters and Non‐adopters of Drip Irrigation under Plastic Tunnels for Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production in Balochistan, Pakistan

AbstractThis research tries to compare the water use efficiency, electricity efficiency and economic efficiency of adopters and non‐adopters of drip irrigation under plastic tunnels (DIUPT). Data regarding the socio‐economic conditions of farmers and their views on the advantages and disadvantages of the DIUPT were collected through a questionnaire survey of 200 farmers. For expenses, income, electricity efficiency and water use efficiency, we collected data only from the sample farmers, i.e. one adopter and one non‐adopter. Results also revealed that the total horsepower (HP) hours of water per acre used for drip‐irrigated cucumber under plastic tunnels was 240 compared to 576 HP hours for the flood method of irrigation, thereby saving 58% (336 HP hours) of energy. In other words, with the same amount of water used for irrigating 1 acre of cucumber under flood irrigation, 2.4 acres of cucumber could be irrigated using drip irrigation. Realizing about 51% higher yields under drip irrigation, adopters enjoy 40% higher returns than non‐adopter farmers. The study recommends dissemination of information to farmers about DIUPT through training and seminars. Adoption of these technologies would lead to efficient and sustainable use of already depleting water resources in the drought‐prone province of Balochistan.

Influence of Seed Priming and Foliar Spray of Nutrients on Growth and Yield of Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

An experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Tandur, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) for three consecutive years viz. 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 to study the Influence of seed priming and foliar spray of nutrients on growth and yield of Rabi Sorghum during the winter seasons. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two factors. The treatments comprised were Factor 1: Seed priming (5) 1.Priming for 12 Hours in Water 2.Priming with ZnSo4 (2% solution) 3.Priming with K2HPO4 (2% solution). 4. Priming with KNO3 (2% solution) and 5.Control (No Priming). Factor 2: Foliar Spray (4) 1.KNO3 @ 2g in 100 ml of water, 2. Diammonium phosphate @ 2g in 100 ml of water, 3.Urea @ 2g in 100 ml of water and 5.Control (Simple water spray) with three replications. The pooled results of the trial indicated that seed treatment with KNO3 @ 0.5% and seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 0.5% recorded significantly on par and highest among all other seed priming treatment. The 100 seed weight (g) and grain yield t/ha recorded significantly on par by foliar spraying of KNO3 @ 2 % and di ammonium phosphate @ 2g in 100 ml of water over the control. The combination of seed priming with KNO3 and foliar spray of KNO3 or di ammonium phosphate @ 2g in 100 ml of water or Urea @ 2g in 100 ml of water resulted in highest and on par grain yield of rabi sorghum.

Demineralization Inhibition by Two Calcium-releasing Restorative Materials.

To compare the ability of two calcium-releasing restorative materials to inhibit root dentin demineralization in an artificial caries model. Preparations were made at the cementum-enamel junction of extracted human molars (40, n=10/material) and restored with two calcium-releasing materials (Experimental composite, Pulpdent Corporation and Cention N, Ivoclar Vivadent), a resin composite (Filtek Supreme Ultra, 3M Oral Care), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) (Fuji II LC, GC). All materials (other than the RMGI) were used with an adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M Oral Care) in the self-etch mode, which was light cured for 10 seconds. All restorative materials were light cured in 2-mm increments for 20 seconds and then finished with a polishing disc. Teeth were incubated (37°C) for 24 hours in water. An acid-resistant varnish was painted onto the teeth around the restoration, leaving a 2-mm border of uncovered tooth. A demineralization solution composed of 0.1 M lactic acid, 3 mM Ca3(PO4)2, 0.1% thymol, and NaOH (to adjust pH=4.5), and a remineralization solution composed of 1.5 mM Ca, 0.9 mM P, and 20 mM Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (pH=7.0) were prepared. Specimens were placed in the demineralization solution for 4 hours, followed by the remineralization solution for 20 hours and cycled daily for 30 days. The specimens were embedded, sectioned into 100-μm sections, and the interface between the restorative material and root dentin was viewed with polarized light microscopy. A line was drawn parallel with the zone of demineralization for each tooth. The area of "inhibition" (defined as the area external to the line) or "wall lesion" (defined as the area internal to the line) was measured with image evaluation software. Areas of inhibition were measured as positive values, and areas of wall lesions were measured as negative areas. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences between materials for "inhibition/wall lesion" areas in root dentin (p<0.001). Tukey post hoc analysis ranked materials (μm2, mean ±SD): Fuji II LC (5412±2754) > Cention N (2768±1576) and experimental composite (1484±1585) > Filtek Supreme Ultra (-1119±1029). The experimental composite and Cention N materials (used with an adhesive) showed net areas of inhibition greater than a reference resin composite, albeit at a lower level than a reference RMGI material (used with no adhesive).

891 Fasting Times in Trauma List Patients

Abstract Introduction To reduce the risk of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents, patients are to fast before anaesthesia. However, prolonged periods of fasting have been found to be unnecessary and potentially harmful. Our aim was to compare pre-operative fasting times in trauma patients against the AAGBI (Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland) guidelines and highlight areas for improvement. The AAGBI recommends minimum fasting periods of: Method 50 patients were audited in each cycle. Data were collected prospectively using questionnaires in the initial audit and by interviewing patients in the re-audit. Patients in ITU and those with dementia were excluded. Questions included fasting instructions given, time of the last meal and drink (including kind of drink), IV fluids administration. Anaesthetic notes were checked for time of induction of anaesthesia. Results Average time fasted for food was 17.09 hours and 9.32 hours for water. In the re-audit, average time fasted was 16.43 hours for food and 5.27 hours for water. All the patients received information as to when they could eat or drink until. None of them was told ‘midnight’. Conclusions Although there was an improvement, this was still beyond the guidelines. The results highlighted the importance of regularly reviewing the fasting status throughout the day in order to achieve the standard.