Hours Of Training Research Articles

The more things change, the more they stay the same: A multi‐wave national assessment of police academy training curricula

AbstractResearch SummaryUsing secondary data from a census of 421 police academies nationwide continuously operating between 2002 and 2018, we assessed continuity and change in core areas of basic law enforcement training (BLET) of new police hires. Despite decades of concerns expressed by national‐level commissions, scholars, and practitioners about the substance of police academy basic training, ours is the first study since the 1980s that examines the content of basic training at multiple police academies during an extended period that included two eras of policing: community oriented and evidence based. Results showed continuity throughout time in total required hours of BLET, including required hours of core curriculum training, and a disproportionate distribution of total training hours allotted to areas central to the crime fighter persona of the early 20th century professional era.Policy ImplicationsThis assessment revealed strong empirical evidence of long‐term resistance to change in police basic training based on continuing overemphasis of traditional aspects of basic training (e.g., use of lethal weapons) over other parts (e.g., community‐oriented policing). Our results, combined with recent qualitative analyses of police basic training revealing a primary “danger imperative” message broadcast to trainees by instructors along with more subtle racist and sexist messages about “bad guys” wanting to kill cops, reveal that decades of efforts to get the occupation to change what new police officers learn during basic training is apparently the equivalent of what Dorothy Guyot once termed “bending granite”—an effort doomed to fail. To weaken the granite, police practitioners and leaders involved with training must take steps toward a complete and comprehensive reorientation of police recruitment and basic training that stresses the importance of new hires acquiring a toolkit that has a guardian‐based foundation and emphasis but allows for the rare instances when officers need to use warrior tools.

“Beyond the Finish Line” the Epidemiology of Injury and Illness in Professional Cycling: Insights from a Year-Long Prospective Study

Introduction: Injury and illness rates within cycling are a growing concern for riders, medical personnel, and event organisers. This study is the first to document injury and illness rates in professional cyclists throughout one competitive season including training and racing. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with 47 professional cyclists (30 males and 17 females) over the 2024 season (1 November 2023–31 October 2024). Injuries and illnesses were defined and recorded following the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus guidelines for injury reporting in sports and its cycling-specific extension. Data collection utilised a centralised online hub, integrating exposure metrics (e.g., training hours and kilometres) and medical records. All data were processed on a Macintosh computer using the Microsoft Office and R statistics packages epi tools, binom.test function, and ggplot. (V.4.3.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Ethical approval was obtained from Queens University Belfast, number MHLS 23_175. Results: Fifty-five injury events were logged, with 1.15 (±0.359) locations injured per incidence and 1.57 (±1.06) injury types per incident. The overall combined injury rate for racing was 4.14 (95% CI: 2.65–5.79) per 1000 h of exposure, with the overall combined rate for training being 1.23 (95% CI: 0.8–1.7) per 1000 h. The injury risk ratio (RR) for injury during racing and training for females was 11.10 (95% CI: 2.69–37.60), and the RR for males was 10.24 (95% CI: 3.84–43.06), both indicating there is a significantly higher risk of injury during racing compared to training. Abrasions were the most common injury type, with fractures being the most burdensome injury. The most common illness was upper respiratory, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.27–0.99) per year for males and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.64–1.59) per year for females. Saddle sores were the second most common at 0.20 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.36) per year for males and 0.08 (95% CI: 0–0.18) per year for females. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive, season-long surveillance data for injuries and illnesses in male and female professional road cycling, highlighting the significant differences in injury profiles between racing and training. These results underscore the need for targeted injury prevention strategies and the establishment of a standardised injury and illness framework for professional cycling.

Effects of long-term volleyball training on multimodal responses in adolescent female athletes: a follow-up study.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term (10 months) volleyball training on biochemical responses in adolescent female athletes since the cumulative effects of chronic training on this population are not yet clear. Twenty-one adolescent female volleyball players competing at the national level served as the participants. All athletes carried out volleyball training, which consisted of ball handling, specialized drills, and practical game-style exercises, including physical training in the school gymnasium. The average training cycle consisted of 6 days per week, with a total of about 2 to 2.5 hours of volleyball training per day. In order to determine the cumulative effects on autonomic, immune, renal function and bone resorption, salivary and urinary samples were collected before volleyball training on 3 consecutive days (days 1, 3 and 5) at months 0 and 10, respectively. No significant changes in body mass, salivary secretion rate, urinary albumin, L-type fatty acid binding protein and type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide concentration were found. In contrast, significant decreases were noted in salivary α-amylase activity (% change: -22.9), total protein (%change: -21.4), and immunoglobulin A concentration (% change: -20.1). The results of this study imply that the autonomic function after chronic volleyball training in adolescent female athletes may be enhanced due to training adaptation, although the immune function may be attenuated as a result of cumulative overtraining. Moreover, long-term volleyball training in adolescent female athletes appears to suppress bone resorption and not to induce cumulative damage to renal function.

실습형 학교 안전교육을 위한 학교 안전교육 현황 및 학교 안전교육 7대 표준안 분석

This study analyzes the current status of school safety education and the seven standards for school safety education, aiming to suggest directions for improvement. A survey of 94 elementary, middle, and high school teachers in Gyeonggi-do was conducted to examine the current state, challenges, and perceptions of hands-on safety education. The seven standards were also analyzed to identify priority topics for practice. The results showed that teachers highly valued the need for school safety education but noted the limitations of its current theory-based approach. They positively evaluated the necessity and benefits of hands-on safety education and emphasized the need for policy improvements, such as assigning dedicated teachers and supporting facilities and equipment. Seven essential topics common to all school levels were identified as priorities for practice. This study makes four recommendations for the effective implementation of hands-on safety education. First, revise the law to align training hours with practical needs and allow schools flexibility in selecting topics. Second, introduce a dedicated teacher system supported by training programs and networks. Third, provide sustained budget support for facilities and equipment, and develop standardized guidelines. Fourth, until legal revisions are made, implement policies such as utilizing creative activity time and introducing a school principal certification system. This study provides practical insights to enhance the effectiveness of school safety education and offers policy directions for revitalizing hands-on safety education.

Findings and implications from a global survey on paediatric education in occupational therapy academic programmes and paediatric practice in occupational therapy

Purpose There is a need to identify the diversity and gaps in the educational and practice systems to better understand how to improve paediatric occupational therapy education and ongoing mentorship worldwide. This quantitative research aims to examine paediatric occupational therapy education from academics and clinicians through two separate surveys. Design/methodology/approach An educational survey was sent to the World Federation of Occupational Therapy (WFOT)-approved programs in 78 countries to quantify educational and training hours provided in the paediatric field. An additional clinician survey was sent to occupational therapists to learn about their perspective on paediatric practice and continuing education. Findings The educational survey results from 56 WFOT programs in 32 countries indicated that the total percentage of academic curriculum specific to paediatric content was on average five percent. A four-year bachelor (n = 32) was the most prevalent entry level to the profession. Most of programs also indicated that more than 50% of occupational therapists in their respective countries work in paediatrics. The clinician survey (n = 141) had responses from 32 countries, with the majority working full time in paediatrics (n = 103, 72.5%). These results are consistent with the 2021 WFOT Education Survey. Originality/value From the clinician survey, paediatric feeding (70% of respondents) was the most requested area of continuing education, followed by transitions and positioning for play for children birth to three (18% of respondents). This will help guide future efforts for providing education and mentorship. As a result of both surveys, it was confirmed that more than half of occupational therapists are practicing in paediatrics across the globe. In response, academic curriculums should reflect the current practice trend; however, paediatric-specific education is relatively low.

Endurance Sports and Atrial Fibrillation: A Puzzling Conundrum.

The confirmed benefits of regular moderate exercise on cardiovascular health have positioned athletes as an illustration of well-being. However, concerns have arisen regarding the potential predisposition to arrhythmias in individuals engaged in prolonged strenuous exercise. Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common heart arrhythmia, is typically associated with age-related risks but has been documented in otherwise healthy young and middle-aged endurance athletes. The mechanism responsible for AF involves atrial remodeling, fibrosis, inflammation, and alterations in autonomic tone, all of which intersect with the demands of endurance sports, cumulative training hours, and competitive participation. This unique lifestyle requires a tailored therapeutic approach, often favoring radiofrequency ablation as the preferred treatment. As the number of professional and non-professional athletes engaging in high-level daily sports activities rises, awareness of AF within this demographic becomes imperative. This review delivers the etiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic considerations surrounding AF in endurance sports.

US sanctions, workforce dynamics, and corporate entrepreneurship: evidence from Iran

Purpose This study aims to explore how political sanctions imposed by the US government have influenced workforce dynamics and corporate entrepreneurship within Iranian listed firms. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes a difference-in-differences approach to compare the workforce compositions and corporate entrepreneurship of Iranian listed firms subjected to US sanctions with those unaffected by sanctions both before and after the implementation of sanctions. The empirical analysis utilizes data from Iranian listed firms spanning from 2013 to 2023. Findings Our analysis reveals a significant decrease in employment rates among sanctioned firms, indicating a reduction in their workforce size. However, interestingly, we also observe a simultaneous positive effect on the educational qualifications of employees, as evidenced by increases in academic credentials and training hours, coupled with higher research and development (R&D) expenditures. These shifts in human capital investment and R&D spending contribute to a heightened level of entrepreneurship in the subsequent year. Furthermore, our findings suggest that firms enhance their entrepreneurial activities by prioritizing innovation in processes over exploring new business domains. Originality/value Through this investigation, our study elucidates the intricate relationship between sanctions and corporate entrepreneurship, highlighting a complex dynamic wherein sanctions, despite reducing workforce quantity, encourage investments in workforce quality and efficiency, ultimately fostering an environment conducive to enhanced entrepreneurship.

Physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in sprint and jump-trained masters athletes, young athletes and non-physically active men

Abstract Objectives Assessing physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in masters athletes as an example of very high physical activity at old age. Methods Forty-three men were studied in full factorial design, either as sprint or jump-trained masters athletes (MA, n=10, age 60–75 years), as young sprint or jump-trained athletes (YA, n=10, age 20–35 years), older control participants (OC, n=11, age 60–75 years) or as young control participants (AC, n=12, age 20–35 years). We performed bio-electrical impedance analysis and assessed serum markers of lipids and glucose metabolism and C-reactive protein, structured training hours, and habitual activity via mobile actimetry. Results Body fat was greater in OC than in MA (23.9 [SD 4.2] % vs. 14.0 [SD 5.7] %, p<0.001), and also greater than in YA and YC (both p<0.001). Weekly training hours were comparable between MA and YA (7.9 [SD3.3] hours vs. 11.1 [SD 4.8] hours, p=0.69). Habitual walking distance was greater in MA than in OC (7,387 [SD 4,923] m/day vs. 4,110 [SD 1,772] m/day, p=0.039), and so was habitual running distance (667 [SD690] m/day vs. 132 [427] m/day, p<0.001). HOMA-index was greater in OC than in MA (2.07 [SD 1.39] vs. 0.80 [SD 0.41], p=0.0039), and so was C-reactive protein (1.35 [SD 1.74] mg/l vs. 0.58 [SD 0.27] mg/ml, p=0.018), whereas serum lipids showed only moderate or no effect (all p between 0.036 and 0.07). Conclusions Improved body composition and physical activity levels in MA are associated with lower cardiometabolic risk, which seems more pronounced for insulin sensitivity and inflammaging than for lipid metabolism.

Comparison of Electronic Learning Versus Discussion-Based Learning Methods on Learning Rate of Medical Students about Sedation in the Emergency Room: An Analytical Descriptive Prospective Study

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of two teaching models (e-learning and discussion-based learning) on the learning process of emergency department interns in relation to the use of the sedatives. Methods: In this study, 129 interns introduced to the emergency medicine department were included in the study. These interns were randomly divided into two groups, I and II. For both groups, a pre-test based on standard parallel multiple-choice questions (MCQs) was prepared. Then, the electronic software which was prepared was distributed to the first group. For people of group II, six hours of discussion-based training was conducted for 3 consecutive weeks. At the end of the course (after 1 month), a post-test, which was the same questions as the pre-test, was obtained from interns in both groups. Results: At the end of the study, we found a significant improvement in the learning rate of both groups all aspects of the knowledge including: science related to the use of narcotics in sedation (P=0.01 for e-learning group and P<0.001 for discussion based group), knowledge related to the use of intravenous anesthetics for sedation(P=0.025 for e-learning group P<0.001 for discussion based group), Knowledge related to definition and clinical judgments in sedation and Knowledge related to the use of Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) for sedation (P<0.001 for both groups). However, for all the investigated results, the learning rate was significantly better in the discussion-based learning group compared to the e-learning group (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, we found using either e-learning or discussion-based learning methods increase the acquisition of sedation knowledge for emergency department students. However, the discussion-based method have better results on the learning process of the interns.

Train a real-world local path planner in one hour via partially decoupled reinforcement learning and vectorized diversity

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has exhibited efficacy in resolving the Local Path Planning (LPP) problem. However, its practical application remains significantly constrained due to its limited training efficiency and generalization capability. To address these challenges, we propose a solution termed Color, which includes an Actor-Sharer-Learner (ASL) training framework designed to improve efficiency, and a fast yet diverse simulator named Sparrow aimed at elevating both efficiency and generalization. Specifically, the ASL employs a Vectorized Data Collection (VDC) mode to enhance data collection, decouples the model optimization from data collection to expedite data consumption, and partially connects the two procedures with a Time Feedback Mechanism (TFM) to evade data underuse or overuse. Meanwhile, the Sparrow simulator utilizes a 2-Dimensional (2D) grid-based world, simplified kinematics, matrix operation, and conversion-free data flow to achieve a lightweight design. The lightness facilitates vectorized diversity, allowing for rapid and diversified simulation across numerous copies of the vectorized environments, thereby significantly enhancing both efficiency and generalization capacity. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that with merely one hour of simulation training, Color achieves impressive arrival rates of 84% and 90% on 32 simulated and 42 real-world LPP scenarios, respectively. The code and video of this paper are accessible on our website. 11https://github.com/XinJingHao/Color.

The Wound Care Pathway: a Danish effect study.

To investigate how the implementation and training in the WCP affects the behaviour of generalist nurses, focusing on four specific endpoints: motivation, confidence, critical thinking and knowledge. A total of 89 generalist nurses received 6 hours of training in the WCP, over a period of 10-16 weeks. The participants filled a questionnaire before and after the training. Data were collected between January 2023 and January 2024. There was a significant improvement in the participants' wound care knowledge, motivation and self-efficacy. The participants' confidence in their wound care skills also increased after the training. A notable improvement was seen in nurses' critical thinking when treating wounds and delivering wound care. The WCP guide supports healthcare professionals in their day-to-day work and strengthens their critical thinking and knowledge of wound care management.

Injuries in weightlifting and powerlifting: an updated systematic review

ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature on the incidence, prevalence, anatomical injury localisation and risk factors in Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting.DesignUpdated systematic review, PROSPERO registration (CRD42022382364).Data sourcesFour databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus...

The Selection of Sports Schools: The Influence of the Environment on the Development of Youth Athletes' Career Adaptability.

There are many routes to achieving an elite status in sports, which can be described as a journey that involves many developmental environments. In terms of navigating transitions and across environments, the adolescent years are particularly crucial, and psychosocial skills may assist youth athletes to maintain balance and wellbeing in combining sports and education. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental differences in career adaptability profiles as students adapt to their sports high schools. A total of 391 student-athletes (51% female, 49% male) from six sports high schools in Finland participated in the study. To compare the environments' features, we created a typology of the environments based on a document analysis methodology. Our quantitative analysis builds upon the findings of the first author, who applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to career adaptability measures across the first year of sports high school. To investigate whether student-athletes have a higher probability of belonging to a profile in certain sports high schools, we used multinomial regression analysis. The results showed that the most sports-focused and centralized environment did not support career adaptability development to the same extent as other environments. Furthermore, we found that student-athletes in the "highly successful" environment had the highest probability of belonging to the high or increased career adaptability profile, despite reporting the highest number of sports training hours and high academic success. This study demonstrates the importance of the locality and the authenticity of the environments and of how their features support student-athletes' career adaptability development.

Randomized Controlled Trial: Acquisition of Basic Microsurgical Skills Through Smartphone Training Model.

Microsurgery is essential in various surgical specialties, but learning these skills is challenging due to work hour limitations, patient safety concerns, documentation time, and ethical objections to practicing on live animals. This randomized controlled trial compares 2 microsurgical training models: the smartphone model and the microscope model. Thirty students without prior microsurgery experience were randomized into 3 groups: control (CG), smartphone (SG), and microscope (MG). Participants performed microsurgical skill tests and a chicken femoral artery anastomosis before and after 10 hours of standardized training according to their assigned models. The CG performed the test twice without training. Performance was assessed by time to complete the anastomosis, University of Western Ontario Microsurgery Skills Assessment scale, anastomosis patency, and time to complete the round-the-clock test. No significant differences were observed among groups at baseline. Significant improvement in anastomosis time was achieved in the MG (27.4 minutes, P = 0.005) and SG (27.0 minutes, P = 0.005), but not in the CG (13.1 minutes, P = 0.161). On the University of Western Ontario scale, the MG improved by 6.0 points (P = 0.002), the SG by 5.1 points (P = 0.006), and the CG by 2.4 points (P = 0.009). Patency rate significantly improved in the MG and SG (P = 0.002) but not the CG (P = 0.264). Round-the-clock time improved in all groups (P < 0.001). Basic microsurgical skills can be effectively learned using the smartphone training model, with performance improvements comparable to the microscope model. Its main limitation is the lack of stereoscopy.

Application of Risk-Based Audit Approach by Sole Practitioners and Local Audit Firms: Towards Fully-Compliant Financial Reports

The study examined the factors influencing the implementation of the Risk-Based Audit Approach (RBAA). Key variables identified were auditor capability, availability of audit professionals, integration of information technology, job pressure on auditors, competitiveness of audit firms, and audit fees. The respondents included sole practitioners and employed auditors in local audit firms. The research used a quantitative method, employing structured questionnaires to capture respondents’ perceptions. The findings revealed that auditor capability is the most critical factor in applying RBAA. For effective implementation, auditors need industry-specific experience, sufficient training hours, balanced staffing leverage, investment in IT and productivity tools, compliance with firm regulations, and a good ratio of audit hours to risk areas and audit phases. Skilled auditors are more adept at identifying and addressing potential issues. Future research could explore factors affecting auditor capability and the availability of audit professionals.

Subword Dictionary Learning and Segmentation for Expanding the Vocabulary of Automatic Speech Recognition in Tamil and Kannada

We present automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems for Tamil and Kannada based on subword modeling to effectively handle unlimited vocabulary arising due to the highly agglutinative nature of the languages. We propose a variant of the byte pair encoding (BPE) algorithm named extended-BPE, and Morfessor tool to segment each word into its subwords. We have effectively incorporated maximum likelihood and Viterbi estimation techniques with weighted finite state transducers framework in these algorithms to learn the subword dictionary from a large text corpus. Using the learned subword dictionary, the words in the transcriptions of the training data are segmented into subwords. We train deep neural network ASR systems that recognize the subword sequence for any given test speech utterance. The output subword sequence is then post-processed using deterministic rules to get the final word sequence. Because of this subword design, the number of words that can be recognized is much larger than the number of words in the training corpus. For Tamil ASR, we use 152 hours of data for training and 65 hours for testing, whereas for Kannada ASR, we use 275 hours for training and 72 hours for testing. Upon experimenting with different combinations of segmentation and estimation techniques, we find that the word error rate (WER) reduces drastically when compared to the baseline word-level ASR, achieving a maximum absolute WER reduction of 6.24% and 6.63% for Tamil and Kannada, respectively. Further, comparing our results with that of an end-to-end ASR model available on Github, we have seen that our subword language models can perform comparable to or exceed that of recent end-to-end ASR models for Kannada and Tamil languages.

Empowering junior doctors: A study on the feasibility and efficacy of ultrasound AAA screening in rural Australia

Purposes Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) screening via ultrasound in Caucasian males aged 65 and older has proven cost-effective in metropolitan areas. Evidence suggests that with adequate training, individuals without prior sonography experience can achieve accurate aortic measurements. This study evaluates the capability of junior doctors, after brief training, to conduct reliable AAA ultrasound screenings in a rural hospital setting, addressing the gap in speciality surgical services. Methods Three junior doctors participated in a 2-hour practical ultrasound training, subsequently performing scans on both inpatients and community volunteers at a regional hospital. The analysis focused on measurement discrepancies within a 5 mm clinically acceptable difference, scanning efficiency, and aneurysm detection accuracy. Results A total of 71 participants were included. Among the screenings, 81.7% fell within the clinically acceptable discrepancy range, with 72.7% accuracy in inpatient scans and 95.5% in volunteer scans. Measurement reproducibility improved significantly with the standardisation of ultrasound techniques, and there was excellent agreement among operators in detecting aneurysms. Notably, scanning efficiency improved from the inpatient group to the volunteer group with statistical significance. Conclusions Junior doctors demonstrated the ability to efficiently and reproducibly measure the infrarenal aortic diameter at a level comparable to experienced sonographers after only 2 hours of training. A single day of supervised practice is recommended to ensure standardised ultrasound technique. This approach offers a practical, cost-effective supplement to specialist radiology services in rural areas, enhancing access to critical screening procedures without proposing the replacement of professional sonographers.

Prevalence of Plantar Warts, Genital Warts, and Herpetic Infections in Greek Competitive Swimmers.

Viral outbreaks are common in the sport community. Data regarding the prevalence of plantar warts, genital warts, herpes simplex type 1 (herpes labialis), herpes zoster, and genital herpes in competitive swimmers are lacking in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of those viral infections among young competitive swimmers participating in Greek swimming clubs. Swimmers' parents and adult swimmers were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. In total, 1047 swimmers enrolled in this study. The measured parameters included gender, age, times of infections, and seasons when athletes may be more susceptible to infections. Practicing information such as type of swimming facility, number of training years, average hours of daily training, behaviors in swimming practice, and sunlight exposure was also recorded. All infections showed a significant difference in relation to "age" and "years of training". The gender significance was observed in herpes labialis (p = 0.016) and plantar warts (p = 0.05). The prevalence of all infections in swimmers who use outdoor facilities was higher. Certain behaviors such as walking barefoot on a pool deck and sharing swimming equipment correlate with herpes simplex and plantar warts. Virus infections can affect swimmers of all ages. In our study, plantar warts and herpes labialis are more common in swimmers. Herpes zoster and sexually transmitted viruses are rarer and affect adult swimmers. The impact of cutaneous infections on swimmers can affect performance and well-being. Effective prevention and management are essential to avoid complications. Proper hygiene, medical guidance, and treatment reduce swimmers' exposure to skin viruses.

Current State of Dry Needling Practices: A Comprehensive Analysis on Use, Training, and Safety.

Background and Objectives: Dry needling (DN) is a technique that involves inserting a thin filament needle through the skin to target myofascial trigger points for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Despite its efficacy in a broad plethora of musculoskeletal pain conditions, its safety remains a topic of debate among clinicians and researchers. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current practice of DN through a national survey, focusing on the frequency of its use and the incidence of adverse events (AEs), considering factors including physiotherapist experience, clinical workload, the extent of training received by practitioners, and the use of ultrasound guidance. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Respondents were licensed physical therapists (PTs) working in Spain. The survey covered demographics, professional data, frequency of adverse effects, and if they use ultrasound routinary for guiding interventions. Results: A total of 422 PTs participated in the study, mostly having 21-60 h of DN training (38.6%), less than 2 years of experience (36%), and not using ultrasound during the interventions (85.5%). Post-needling soreness and bent needles were the most common AEs, with most severe events rarely reported. Adverse event frequencies varied significantly based on training hours, experience, patient percentage treated with DN, and weekly clinical dedication. Clinicians with more hours of DN training or fewer years of experience reported higher incidences of certain complications. Conclusions: DN is a common intervention among PTs, with minor AEs frequently occurring and major AEs being less common but still significant. The accidental puncture of non-desired structures highlights the necessity for improve training on anatomical landmarks, needle insertion depth, cross-sectional anatomy education, and patient monitoring. To ensure safe practice, emphasize comprehensive training, adhere to safety protocols, exercise caution, and prioritize the use of ultrasound-guide is encouraged.

FEATURES OF TRAINING A YOUNG DOCTOR IN MODERN CONDITIONS

Reforming the system of primary health care in healthcare in the Russian Federation over the past decade has been a priority task of the state. On instructions from the President, the Government continues to create conditions to increase the availability of medical care. A decision was made to expand the capabilities of the primary health care development program in rural areas, urban settlements and small towns of the country. This resolution was signed by Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin (Resolution No. 2226 dated December 21, 2023). In the course of the conducted survey of 128 district therapists of the Stavropol Territory who started medical practice immediately after graduation, the main problems they faced when starting their work were identified: lack of practical training for independent professional activity, the assignment of a mentor to not every young specialist; insufficient equipment of the workplace with the necessary tools; incomplete computerization jobs (especially in rural areas); not all district doctors are assigned nurses; the number of attached population in 1 therapeutic area exceeds the norm. The difficulties of the professional activity of young specialists were associated with an insufficient number of hours of practical training in 5-6 years of study at the university and the cancellation of the internship. In order to revive the traditions of mentoring and increase the level of competence of young district therapists who received a diploma after 2017, the Ministry of Health of the Stavropol Territory, together with the Department of Polyclinic Therapy of Stavropol State Medical University, organized the work of the "School of a young therapist", which showed great effectiveness in the practical activities of young doctors in the region.