Hourly Output Research Articles

Circadian Rhythm of Gastric Acid Secretion in Active Duodenal Ulcer: Chronobiological Statistical Characteristics and Comparison of Acid Secretory and Plasma Gastrin Patterns with Healthy Subjects and Post-Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty Patients

Twenty-one male patients with active duodenal ulcer underwent hourly 24-hr gastric acid collections under controlled, calorically deprived conditions. The 24-hr hourly acid secretory output for the group displayed a statistically significant (p < 0.001) rhythm, with peak rates occurring during the evening hours and low rates during the early morning hours, by population-mean cosinor statistical analysis. Population-mean cosinor analysis also verified the occurrence of a significant (p=0.034) circadian rhythm in unstimulated acid secretion in a group (N=14) of healthy male subjects similarly studied and reported previously. In contrast, population-mean cosinor analysis confirmed the absence of any detectable circadian rhythm in unstimulated acid secretion in a group (N=17) of post-vagotomy and pyloroplasty patients studied 2-11 years after surgery. Population-mean cosinor analysis of 4-hr plasma gastrin determinations, obtained in all groups during the 24-hr gastric acid collection, revealed an absence of any detectable circadian rhythm in plasma gastrin. This latter finding is compatible with the interpretation that the circadian rhythm of unstimulated gastric acid secretion, observed in the clinically healthy and active ulcer groups, is unrelated to changes in plasma gastrin levels. The employment of quantitative chronobiological inferential statistical techniques is important to the analysis of any time-dependent measurement in gastrointestinal function, of which gastric acidity is one example.

Mastering steel production in the electric steelmaking shop at the Belorussian Metallurgical Plant

The furnace is operated in both the manual and automatic regimes. The automatic system makes it possible to predict the temperature of the metal, calculate and add the slag-forming materials and deoxidizers to the furnace and ladle, and control the operation of the furnace transformer. A centrifugal fettling machine and a guniting machine, a device for feeding powdered material into the furnace, and a 3-ton-capacity charging machine are located on the shop working platfor~. The scrap preparation section (SPS), designed to process 780,000 tons of scrap a year, is equipped with a baling press with a minimum pressure of 21 MPa and three scrap shears with a cutting force of 12 MN (1200 ton-f). The capacity of these units in terms of the hourly output of 400  400  500 ~m bales is 25 tons for the shear and 20 tons for the press. A truck transports processed scrap from the section to the furnace bay in 80-m 3 cages. After the ferroalloys and slag-forming materials are crushed in a jaw crusher and screened at the warehouse, they are moved to receiving hoppers in the shop by an inclined conveyor. The materials then travel by chutes into the furnace through a hole in the roof, into the ladle during tapping, or into the degassing unit. Steel is made in the arc furnace by the single-slag method with partial deoxidation of the slag in the furnace with coke. Two steelmaking variants are alternated: with placement of the charge on a "dry" (cleaned Of slag and metal residues) furnace bottom for the first heat; with placement of the charge on a "bog" (on the slag and about I/i0 of the metal of the previous heat) for heats 2 through 12. The metallic charge is placed in the furnace in two loads (base and pile) of 60-65 and 40-55 tons, respectively. The furnace is turned on after inspection and fettling of the bottom and banks during cold-charging of the scrap on the "dry" bottom or, when necessary, guniting of the lining of the walls and panels during cold-charging of scrap onto the "bogf" The melting period is conducted with high voltages and a moderate active power of 50-55 ~# (Fig. i). Melting is speeded up by using wall-mounted oxyacetylene burners. Their operating regime is shown in Fig.

Predispatch Optimization for a Hydrothermal System

The predispatch problem in a hydrothermal system consists in scheduling the hourly output of each power plant for the next day, so as to meet the expected demand at minimum cost under constrained generation from reservoirs. Other constraints such as spinning reserve and area balances may also exist, summing up a nonlinear optimization problem, generally with dimensionality difficulties. The paper presents a combination of the Kelley's cutting plane algorithm with a branch and bound technique which is thought to be of interest for medium size systems where transmission losses play an important role. This is the case of the Chilean Inter-connected System where the method is being applied and is presented as a case study in the paper.

A scoring for a quantitative evaluation of shock.

A simple and quantitative scoring system for evaluating shock was proposed on the analysis of signs, symptoms and laboratory data on 62 patients diagnosed as being in shock. Five clinical features such as systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, hourly urinary output, base excess and mental state, representing functions of vital organs, were graded into 4 stages. A score from 0 to 3 was given to the each feature, according to the severity. The summing up 5 scores was named "shock score." All patients showed a shock score of over 5 points with a mean of 8.0 +/- 0.3 (X +/- SE).

The architecture of rat lymph nodes. III. The lymph nodes and lymph-borne cells of the congenitally athymic nude rat (rnu).

The lymph nodes (LN) of the congenitally athymic nude rat(rnu) were compared with the LN of non-nude littermates. The mesenteric and coeliac LN were smaller in the rnu rats, but the axillary and the cervical LN were larger. Germinal centres were found in the LN of nude rats. They were scarce and often very small, but some were of normal structure, especially in the cervical LN. The endothelium of post-capillary venules in the LN or normal rats, was seen. The paracortex was extremely depleted of lymphocytes but remained a distinct area occupied predominantly by pale interdigitating cells. In some LN the medullary sinuses were distended and the cords engorged with plasma cells. The predominant cells in thoracic duct lymph were immunoglobulin-positive B lymphocytes. The hourly output of these cells was the same as that in non-nude littermates. However, small numbers of thoracic duct cells were positive for the markers identified by the monoclonal antibodies W3/13 and W3/25, although in normal rats these are not expressed on small B lymphocytes.

The Output of A Two-Stage System with Unreliable Machines and Limited Storage

Abstract Buffer storage allows the decoupling of successive stages of large automatic production systems, which can be important when the machines sometimes fail. System designers should know how much added buffer capacity increases the hourly output of such systems. Previously available methods for predicting this increase treat systems with one machine in each stage. We present a computationally simple heuristic procedure for estimating hourly line output for two stage systems in which each stage may have several machines.

The responses of the popliteal lymph node of the sheep to Ross River and Kunjin viruses.

The responses of popliteal lymph nodes of sheep to Ross River virus (RRV) or Kunjin virus (KV) have been studied by monitoring the cell populations, virus titre, antibody titre and plaque-forming cell (PFC) content of the efferent lymph. In a typical primary response to subcutaneous inoculation in the lower hind limb of either RRV or KV, the flow rate of lymph increased slightly. Increased cell concentrations in the lymph following inoculation caused the hourly cell outputs to rise 5.3- to 10.1-fold above pre-challenge levels. High cell outputs were sustained at greater than 3-fold above pre-challenge figures for up to 10 days. The increased number of large, blastic lymphocytes ranged from 4.0- to 14.9-fold; the increase in these cells usually followed the rise in total number of lymphocytes by 24 to 48 h and remained at greater than 3-fold higher levels for up to 12 days. Ross River virus was recovered in the efferent lymph for at least 36 h after inoculation. Sudden disappearance of the virus from the lymph was correlated with the onset of significant haemagglutination-inhibition antibody titres by 3 to 4 days after infection. In the efferent lymph, PFC were detected 5 to 7 days after primary or secondary inoculation of KV or RRV when lymphocytes were incubated with specific haemagglutinin-coated goose erythrocytes and guinea-pig complement. Antibody levels in the lymph were persistent while the occurrence of PFC was transient.

Effect of Prolonged Administration of Homologous and Heterologous Intrinsic Factor Antibodies on the Parietal and Peptic Cell Masses and the Secretory Function of the Rat Gastric Mucosa

In order to determine the possible effects of the circulating intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA) on gastric morphology and secretory function, four groups of 12 rats each received intravenous injection daily for 8 to 12 weeks of immunoglobulin G (IgG) fractions separated on DEAE-cellulose columns from various sources: (1) sera of patients with pernicious anemia, containing both IFA and parietal cell antibodies (PCA), (2) sera from patients with atrophic gastritis, containing parietal cell antibody only, and (3) and (4) sera of rabbits immunized with semipurified human or rat intrinsic factor (IF). In addition three control groups of 12 rats each received intravenous injections daily for 8 to 12 weeks of either (5) saline or (6) and (7) IgG processed from human or rabbit normal sera. Still another group of 12 rats (8) did not receive any injections whatsoever for the same duration of time. One-third of the rats were intubated biweekly after histamine stimulation and the hourly outputs of CHl pepsin, and IF were determined. At conclusion of the experiments, rats were killed, the mucosal surface and thickness of the mucosa were measured, and parietal cell and peptic cell masses were counted. The control groups showed either progressive growth of the cellular mass in gastric mucosa and increase of the HCl, pepsin, and IF outputs, or no significant changes. In contrast, rats injected with IgG containing IFA to human or rat IF showed a statistically significant thinning of the gastric mucosa, reduction of peptic cells, which are known to secret IF in this species, and corresponding decreases in the ouputs of pepsin and IF. These became reduced by about 50% from initial values, and by 62 or 75%, respectively, when compared to rats injected with normal human or rabbit IgG's. In rats injected with IgG's from pernicious anemia sera, which contained both IFA and PCA, the outputs of IF, pepsin, and HCl decreased signigicantly, as well as the peptic and parietal cell masses. The rats injected with PCA only demonstrated thinning of the gastric mucosa, reduction of parietal cell mass, and a significant decrease of the HCl output. These findings imply an active role of the circulating gastric.

Dissociation of Gastric Acid and Serum Gastrin Responses to Intraluminal Calcium in Man: Influence of Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone

Intragastric calcium chloride perfusion (80 mM, 5 ml per min) caused a 3-fold increase in gastric acid output without a change in serum gastrin and serum calcium values. The acid response to intragastric calcium represented one-third of the maximal hourly output after betazole injection. This effect was suppressed by calcitonin, but not influenced by parathyroid hormone, without a change in serum gastrin and serum calcium values. Additional studies showed that perfusion of calcium into the duodenum, in an amount calculated to be the maximum leaked through the pylorus during the intragastric perfusion studies, did not cause gastric hypersecretion and gastrin release. These findings suggest that calcium can cause gastric hypersecretion by a direct effect on the parietal cell.

Limits of the evocative pancreatic function test in the diagnosis of low-grade pancreatitis.

At a certain level of stimulation of the enzymatic secretions of the pancreas utilizing duodenal hormones and caerulein in normal subjects, the hourly urinary amylase output increases beyond normal values. Under these conditions, the so-called evocative pancreatic function test becomes unusable for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis in the early stages.

Dextran 40 in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases

Following a fatality from renal shutdown in an 87-year-old patient receiving dextran 40, the authors have established a routine of administration based on individual variations in tolerance. This was successful in 75 subsequent patients, adjusting the hourly dosage of dextran 40 on the basis of hourly urine outputs and specific gravities. As long as the specific gravity remained under 1.030 and the hourly volume over 25 ml, the dosages were gradually increased up to a maximum of 50 ml/hr.

BILIARY LIPID SECRETION IN GALLSTONE PATIENTS

Using a duodenal perfusion technique, the hourly output of bile acids, phospholipid, and cholesterol was measured during three meals and an overnight fast in seven Caucasians with radiolucent gallstones, and in seven healthy controls without gallstones, matched for age, sex, and weight. Before the perfusion, bile-acid pool size was determined by isotope dilution. There was an inverse relationship between the size and recycling-rate of the bile-acid pool, so that bile-acid secretion-rate remained constant over a wide range of pool sizes. The total daily output of all three biliary lipids was similar in gallstone patients and controls. Hourly measurements showed a linear relationship between bile acid and cholesterol output, but a sigmoid relationship between bile acid and phospholipid output. As a result, bile was consistently lithogenic at low bile-acid outputs. Secretion of lithogenic bile occurred with equal frequency in gallstone patients and controls, especially during overnight fasting, and seemed to be physiological.

Dextran 40 in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases.

Following a fatality from renal shutdown in an 87-year-old patient receiving dextran 40, the authors have established a routine of administration based on individual variations in tolerance. This was successful in 75 subsequent patients, adjusting the hourly dosage of dextran 40 on the basis of hourly urine outputs and specific gravities. As long as the specific gravity remained under 1.030 and the hourly volume over 25 ml, the dosages were gradually increased up to a maximum of 50 ml/hr.

A Physiological Method for Estimation of Hepatic Secretion of Biliary Lipids in Man

A method has been developed for the measurement of the hourly outputs into the duodenum of biliary lipids—cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids—in patients with an intact biliary system. This method employs duodenal intubation with two- or three-lumen tubes; liquid formula diets are infused at constant rates, and biliary lipid outputs are estimated by marker dilution techniques. Determinations can be made with either radioactive or nonradioactive markers. In this investigation, studies of biliary lipid output were carried out for periods of 18 to 30 hr. During the first 4 to 6 hr of formula infusion outputs were high due to gallbladder bile, but thereafter a steady state in output was achieved. Thus, it was concluded that during the steady state duodenal outputs corresponded to rates of hepatic secretion. In the steady state, outputs of cholesterol ranged from 28 to 85 mg per hr for different patients, and hourly variations in output were small. Average scretion rates of bile acids were much greater (234 to 1440 mg per hr), and larger fluctuations from hour to hour could probably be explained by variable rates of reabsorption of bile acids from the distal small intestine. Hourly outputs of phospholipids, which ranged from 311 to 578 mg per hr, showed less variability than did bile acids. When outputs of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids were combined, a continuous pattern of total lipid composition of bile was obtained during the period of formula feeding. It was our conclusion that this method offers several advantages for the study of the metabolism of biliary lipids in man.

Host-parasite Relationships ofBulinus globosusandB. truncatuswith Strains ofSchistosoma haematobiutm

It is apparent that under the conditions of the observations recorded in this study the host-parasite relationships of the two species of snails and their respective strains ofS. haematobiumexhibit marked similarity in certain respects but differ in others. Higher cercarial infection rates were obtained inB. globosusthan inB. truncalusat relatively low miracidial exposure levels but the daily mean cercarial outputs of each species at the same miracidial exposure level were similar. A higher frequency of production of large numbers of cercariae was recorded for infividualB. globosusthan forB. truncatus. The mean cercarial prepatent periods forB. globosusandB. truncatusat a level of 7 miracidia were each 32 days, but infectedB. globosuslived appreciably longer than infectedB. truncatus. The hourly output of both species exposed to stimuli for the same period of time was broadly similar. Peaks of cercarial production were generally reached earlier by individualB. truncatus(2 weeks) after onset of shedding than by individualB. globosus(4–5 weeks), although erratic shedding was observed for both species.

HISTAMINE STIMULATION OF GASTRIC INTRINSIC FACTOR SECRETION

Abstract. The effect of histamine (subcutaneously or intravenously) on the gastric intrinsic factor (IF) secretion has been studied. The hourly IF output after subcutaneous histamine was correlated with the hourly outputs after intravenous histamine and with the hourly outputs after insulin and tetragastrin stimulation. It is concluded that the hourly IF output after 40 μg histamine diphosphate per kg body weight subcutaneously can be applied as a physiologically relevant parameter of the IF secretory capacity.

Effect of Feeding Safflower Oil on the Composition of Absorbed Fatty Acid in Grazing Cows

Two lactating cows were fed a single, large dose of safflower oil. Its effect on the fatty acid composition of triglyceride and phospholipid in lymph from the thoracic duct was examined. The proportion of the fatty acids designated 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 19:0 and 21:0 increased after oil-feeding and there was a compensating decrease in the proportion of most of the other fatty acids. The hourly output of most of the fatty acids in lymph triglyceride did not change after oil-feeding, whereas, the output of 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 19:0 and 21:0 increased three- to ten-fold. Evidence is presented that the fatty acids identified from gas chromatography as 19:0, 18:3 and 21:0 contained significant proportions, respectively, of 18:1 having the double bond near the methyl end of the carbon chain, cis, trans conjugated 18:2 and trans-trans conjugated 18:2.The effect of oil-feeding on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in lymph from one of the cows was examined. The proportion of 18:0 and 18:3 decreased and that of 18:2 increased following oil-feeding. These changes were not as marked as those observed for triglyceride.

Thoracic Duct Lymphocyte Output in Rats after Local Thymus Irradiation

The purpose of the present experiments has been to study the thoracic duct lymphocyte output after doses of irradiation which are intended to destroy the thymocytes but leave the reticulum cells intact.Groups of rats were irradiated locally with 400 R of X-rays to the thymus or the dorsal part of the thorax. Cannulation of the thoracic duct was performed on day 5 after irradiation and the hourly output of lymphocytes was measured. In the thymus-irradiated group the hourly output dropped to about 50 per cent of that in the control group. It is concluded that this is most probably caused by the destruction of the thymocytes and not by an alteration of the humoral function of the thymus. The reduction in the lymphocyte output after irradiation is of the same magnitude as that found after surgical thymectomy. The results support the view that the rat thymus normally contributes large numbers of lymphocytes to the recirculating pool.

Gastric secretion of pepsin in early childhood.

In 18 children, 9–30 months of age, without gastrointestinal disorders, the gastric secretion of pepsin was studied before and after augmented histamine stimulation.Histamine resulted in a slight increase of the hourly pepsin output, which, however, was not significantly higher than in the basal hour. The basal pepsin output was significantly correlated to age and body surface area, while the stimulated pepsin output was not significantly correlated to age, body-weight, body surface area, basal pepsin output, or stimulated acid output.

Treatment of Shock with Vasodilators Measuring Skin Temperature on the Big Toe: Ten Years' Experience in 150 Cases

During the last ten years, more than 150 patients in shock who did not respond to conventional treatment have been treated with small doses of chlorpromazine and pethidine to create universal vasodilatation. Temperature measurement in the rectum and the skin temperature on the big toe was then a guide to the proper intravenous administration of fluids. The regimen has been conducted in airconditioned rooms where changes in temperature of the patient can only be related to changes in his condition due to disease or treatment. During vasoconstriction due to shock or administration of vasopressors, one can see 20 C difference between rectal temperature and skin temperature of the big toe. The patient cannot get rid of his heat because blood flow in the skin and subcutaneous tissue is so decreased that he cannot carry his heat to the body surface. When vasodilatation is achieved after the administration of chlorpromazine, the hemodynamic condition is characterized by a fall in rectal temperature and a difference between this and the skin temperature of only 3-4 C. In this condition, the patient cannot protect himself against heat loss and the rectal temperature will be dependent upon the temperature of the surroundings. The value of the regimen is its simplicity since only the following measurements are necessary: blood pressure, pulse, respiration, hourly urinary output, skin temperature of the big toe and rectal temperature. The filling of the external jugular veins can be observed and does not have to be measured.