Hours In Trial Research Articles

THE SANITARY SERVICE OF SEMINARIANS OF THE SEMINARY IN PRZEMYŚL DURING THE FIRST MONTHS OF THE GREAT WAR (1914–1915)

The subject of this article is the fate of the seminarians of the Przemyśl seminary during the battles for the Przemyśl fortress in 1914–15. In the face of the approaching Russian army, they decided to serve as orderlies in military hospitals. This service was very demanding, due to extremely difficult sanitary conditions, and shortages of food, medicines, dressing materials, and so on. Information about the life and work of future priests during successive sieges of the fortress was included in the Chronicle of the Przemyśl Seminary. Lay people who stayed in the fortress during the siege also wrote numerous memoirs and diaries describing the work of seminarians and priests. Thanks to these materials, it is possible to learn how the seminary trained Roman Catholic clergy for the war, the medical preparation that was offered by the standard seminary training program, and, finally, how the seminarians proved themselves in the hour of trial.

Mucoadhesive Polymers Enhance Ocular Drug Delivery: Proof of Concept Study with 0.5% Tropicamide in Dogs.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of 0.5% tropicamide applied after topical administration of 1.4% hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) or 1.2% hyaluronic acid (HA) at different time intervals. Methods: Eleven healthy Labrador retriever dogs were used. The study consisted of 7 trials in which pupil diameter (PD) was measured every 30 min for 7 h after drug administration. In trial 1, PD was measured after tropicamide application (control). In trials 2-7, PD was measured after treatment with tropicamide 10 s, 1 and 5 min after application of HEC or HA. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and post hoc Holm-Sidak tests. Results: Maximal PD (mean ± standard deviation) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in 5 of 6 experimental trials, with the greatest PD recorded when HEC was applied 1 min (12.2 ± 0.4 mm) and HA 10 s (12.3 ± 0.5 mm) before tropicamide, compared with 11.2 ± 0. 7 mm in control trial 1. PD >10 mm was maintained for 2.75-5 h in trials 2-7 and 2.25 h in trial 1 (P < 0.001). Area under the PD-time curve ranged from 61.9 to 71.3 ± 2.9 mm·hours in trials 2-7, significantly greater than 59.3 ± 1.8 mm·hours in control trial 1 (P ≤ 0.031). Conclusions: Tropicamide efficacy was enhanced by prior administration of a mucoadhesive polymer. Additional studies are needed to determine if HEC and HA of varying concentrations similarly extend and potentiate the effect of other topical ophthalmic drugs in canine eyes.

요한계시록 3:10의 한글 번역에 대한 제언 - Τηρήσω έκ를 중심으로 ―

In Revelation 3:10, Jesus says that he will keep the Philadelphian Christians, who have kept his word of endurance, from the hour of trial. This article suggests that the Greek clause κἀγώ σε τηρήσω ἐκ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ should be translated literally into Korean. The New Korean Revised Version translates this clause somewhat liberally as “I also will keep you exempt from the hour of trial.” In so doing, the New Korean Revised Version inserts exempt which does not appear in the Greek text. Instead, this article argues for a literal translation: “I also will keep you from the hour of trial,” which is faithful to the Greek text.<BR> The Greek preposition ἐκ may mean either source or separation in the Greek New Testament. When the ἐκ of Revelation 3:10 is taken to mean source, then Jesus promises to take the Philadelphian Christians out of the trial. But this reading is weakened by the fact that the meaning of τηρεῖν - to cause a state to continue - scarcely means out of, which presupposes a change of situation. When the ἐκ of Revelation 3:10 is taken to mean physical separation, then Jesus is promising to keep the Philadelphian Christians exempt from the hour of trial. This translation, however, is undermined by the fact that Revelation views the eschatological tribulation as something through which the followers of the Lamb must pass.<BR> The easiest and best translation is to construe the ἐκ of Revelation 3:10 as meaning spiritual separation or protection, in which case Jesus promises to keep the Philadelphian Christians from being negatively affected by the eschatological trial. The followers of the Lamb will have to pass through the trial but will come out victorious with his special help. This view is supported by the fact that Revelation encourages the readers to overcome the eschatological tribulation.<BR> The strength of the suggested literal translation of Revelation 3:10 lies in maintaining the ambiguity of the Greek, which can be taken to mean either that Jesus will keep the Philadelphian Christians from experiencing the trial, or that Jesus will protect them so that they can overcome the trial. In contrast, the liberal translation of the New Korean Revised Version fails to preserve this ambiguity, insofar as it excludes the second meaning. This study pays special attention to the possibility that the translation of the New Korean Revised Version is used as a proof text for dispensational premillennialism, especially the pre-tribulation rapture theory, though my suggested literal translation does not exclude the idea of pretribulational rapture advocated by dispensational premillennialists.

3-D Full-Wave High Frequency Common Mode Choke Modeling

As an integral part of many electromagnetic interference filters, modeling the common mode choke adequately is key to ensure an optimal filter design. Many parasitic effects are incorporated into circuit or behavioral models to account for the complex influence of the component on transfer functions. Investigation on the designable parameters has been performed, with difficulties in creating controlled setups attributed to parasitics in the test benches. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to overcome these difficulties while still ensuring a physics-based approach that allows virtual prototyping. The full-wave three-dimensional model is created, while incorporating the complex permeability of the core material. Eventually the effect of parameters on circuit/behavioral models can be derived using a multi/mixed-mode S-parameter investigation. Benefits include design optimization speedups from hours of trial and error to minutes, depending on simulation complexity.

Oviposition Deterrent Activity and Ovicidal Effect of Pometia pinnata Leaves Extract against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diftera: Culicidae)

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue fever that most commonly occurred in Indonesia. The application of botanical insecticides is being developed as an alternative vector control. Botanical components have been reported as the potential alternative to inhibit the process of oviposition and fecundity suppression. This study aims to determine the oviposition deterrent activity and ovicidal effects of ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves against Aedes aegypti. Oviposition deterrent assay was conducted on twenty bloodfed females in a cage (40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm). One treated oviposition trap and one control oviposition trap were placed in the opposite corner of the cage. Four replicates were performed for each concentration. The eggs were counted and analyzed after 72 hours of trial. Ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves have antioviposition effect on female mosquitoes Aedes aegypti at 400 ppm (effective repellency / ER = 56.38%; oviposition active index/OAI = -0.39) and 500 ppm (ER = 66.4%; OAI = -0.49). In the ovicidal assay, twentyfive eggs are used for determination ovicidal effect and five replicates were performed for each concentration. The hatched larvae were collected and counted daily. The ethanolic extract of Pometia pinnata leaves at 0.05%, 0,1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25% concentration have ovicidal activity of 11%, 28%, 87%, 94%, and 98% against Aedes aegypti eggs, respectively. This study revealed that the ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves could be a potential alternative in controlling the dengue vector.

Znaczenie terminu ὥρα („godzina”) w Apokalipsie Janowej

Sposób rozumienia terminu ὥρα w Ap jest zależny od kontekstu literackiego i teologicznego księgi. W pierwszym punkcie artykułu omówiono teksty z Listów do Kościołów. W kontekście przesłania Chrystusa do Kościołów „godzina” wiąże się z kondycją wspólnoty wierzących. W Liście do Kościoła w Sardach (3,3) brak czujności może spowodować, że nie będzie on zdolny rozpoznać czasu nadejścia swojego Pana. W Liście do Kościoła w Filadelfii (3,10) otrzymuje on od Chrystusa obietnicę zachowania w godzinie próby. W punkcie drugim omówiono pozostałe teksty znajdujące się w kontekście głównej części Ap 4,1-22,5. W Ap 17–18 odniesienia do „godziny” posiadają dwa różne znaczenia. W kontekście Ap 17,12 „jedna godzina” symbolizuje ograniczony okres władzy skierowanej przeciwko Bogu, Barankowi i Kościołowi. W pieśni żałobnej w Ap 18 „jedna godzina” stanowi stały element lamentu królów, kupców i właścicieli statków (18,10.17.19). Wyrażenie „jedna godzina” podkreśla nagły i szybki upadek Babilonu. W Ap 11,13 „godzina” to precyzyjny moment realizacji planu Boga (11,13). W Ap 9,15; 14,7.15 jest to dokładnie zaplanowany jest moment sądu Bożego. W punkcie trzecim omówiono znaczenie wyrażenia „pół godziny” W przypadku „półgodziny” w Ap 8,1 prawdopodobnie chodzi o bardzo krótki okres czasu. W kontekście Ap godzina może oznaczać zarówno konkretny moment historyczny, jak i bardzo krótki, ograniczony okres czasu. W jednym i drugim przypadku czas ten jest zaplanowany przez Boga.

«В годину тяжких испытаний»: духовная жизнь и социально-политическая проблематика в проповедях архимандрита Александра (Ловчего)

«В годину тяжких испытаний»: духовная жизнь и социально-политическая проблематика в проповедях архимандрита Александра (Ловчего)

«В годину тяжких испытаний»: духовная жизнь и социально-политическая проблематика в проповедях архимандрита Александра (Ловчего)

«В годину тяжких испытаний»: духовная жизнь и социально-политическая проблематика в проповедях архимандрита Александра (Ловчего)

DryLab® optimised two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography for differentiation of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine based methamphetamine samples

In-silico optimised two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatographic (2D-HPLC) separations of a model methamphetamine seizure sample are described, where an excellent match between simulated and real separations was observed. Targeted separation of model compounds was completed with significantly reduced method development time. This separation was completed in the heart-cutting mode of 2D-HPLC where C18 columns were used in both dimensions taking advantage of the selectivity difference of methanol and acetonitrile as the mobile phases. This method development protocol is most significant when optimising the separation of chemically similar chemical compounds as it eliminates potentially hours of trial and error injections to identify the optimised experimental conditions. After only four screening injections the gradient profile for both 2D-HPLC dimensions could be optimised via simulations, ensuring the baseline resolution of diastereomers (ephedrine and pseudoephedrine) in 9.7min. Depending on which diastereomer is present the potential synthetic pathway can be categorised.

Social Networking as an Indispensable Communication Media for the Young Generation: Indian Context

The absorption of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) during the last 10 years or so has revolutionized the world of relationship patterns among people in India, particularly when based on the communication media to stay connected. Owing to many challenges faced by them, people now stay connected more than they ever used to in the past. Thanks to the ‘Social Networking’ boom, social and professional connections are at an all-time high. The paper, based on primary research, presents the findings of a questionnaire based survey conducted on young boys and girls in the age group of 15–25 with an aim to highlight latest and ever expanding social networking reasons and trends among the young generation. Facebook, Orkut, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, and their likes have led to the metamorphosis of communication. The technology is simple to use, platform is hassle free. Even those with limited knowledge of computers and Information Technology (IT), with just a few hours of trial and error, can establish themselves. And to make matters better, with cell phone activity at its peak, people can stay connected even while on the move. People of all ages have got hooked to these sites, and among youngsters, the craze has assumed an alarming proportion. Parents are worried, psychologists alarmed, and behaviour scientists discussing. Like every other technology, there are the pros and there are the cons. The findings reaffirm the belief that social media is the young generation's mode of communication and expression. These findings are likely to be of value to marketers, who are looking at inexpensive, yet effective medium to reach out to their target customers, and behavior scientists, towards understanding the psychology of youngsters.

Muscular exercise in type I-diabetics. I. Different metabolic reactions during heavy muscular work in dependence on actual insulin availability.

The present study focussed on the impact of heavy muscular work upon metabolic homeostasis in insulin dependent (type I) diabetics in situations involving a certain degree of hyper- and hypoinsulinemia. 20 juvenile type I-diabetics were compared with 6 nondiabetic healthy subjects. The diabetics were studied in states of hypo-(trial A) and hyperinsulinemia (trial B) at the start of the exercise. Differences in insulin availability resulted from the different times that had elapsed from the last insulin injection (3 hours in trial A and 1 hour in trial B) before the ergometer test started at 7 a.m. Six diabetics out of 20 patients were studied in both trials A and B to establish the reproducibility of metabolic reactions to the exercise. Bicycle ergometer tests were carried out in the upright position at 5 graded steps of 50 W, 75 W, 100 W, 125 W and a load near to exhaustion. Rest periods of five minutes were allowed between these work periods for taking blood samples before and after each work load. Plasma glucose, FFA, glycerol, lactate, alanine, IRI and HCP concentrations were investigated. The blood pressure at rest and during exercise was measured, and the physical working capacity (PWC170) was calculated according to Wahlund on the basis of the heart rate response to exercise. The results of the exercise tests reflect clearly the different metabolic reactions to heavy muscular work despite the relatively slight differences in insulin availability at the start: --Exhausting muscular work during the hypoinsulinemic state resulted in hyperglycemia and exaggerated lipolysis. --Heavy muscular work in a hyperinsulinemic state resulted in a reduced blood glucose level and antilipolytic reactions in comparison to nondiabetics. These findings suggest the great necessity of an adequate insulin availability during heavy muscular work in juvenile type I-diabetics.

Effect of dietary fat and lighting programme on broiler skin strength and elasticity related to skin tearing

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary fat and light programmes during rearing on skin quality of a total of 7800 broilers to resist plucking stress. Experimental treatments were two light programmes of light:dark hours in trials 1 (24:0 and 16:8) and 2 (21:3 and 16:8), and two dietary fat sources of animal fat (AF) and soy bean oil (SBO) in trial 3. Within each trial the broilers were reared in separate pens of each replicate (n = 4) in two similar houses. The total frequency of skin tears and downgraded skin tears caused by the plucking process were registered by visual examination of 325 broilers from each replicate after plucking, and all carcasses were weighed individually. Broilers with intact skin and with skin tears were removed from the slaughter line and after air chilling, breast skin samples with dermis and hypodermis were cut and used for skin tensile strength and elasticity measurement. Light programmes with long dark periods during raising of broilers reduced skin tearing at the processing plant. The use of soy bean oil as dietary fat source in comparison with animal fat increased the skin tearing frequency (P = 0.066) and showed slightly reduced skin elasticity. Skin tears were more frequent among female broilers, and they had a lower skin tensile strength (P < 0.001) and elasticity (P < 0.01). An overall positive correlation between broiler weight and skin tears was found and a negative correlation between frequency of skin tears and breast skin elasticity was found for female broilers, whereas skin strength showed less connection to skin tear occurrence.

Appendix A: Statement by Catholicos Vazken I

The following statement was delivered by His Holiness Vazken I, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, over Yerevan State Television following the bloody confrontation on July 5-6, 1988, at Yerevan's International Airport in which Armenian activists and Soviet troops clashed. My beloved people, citizens of our mother country, at this hour of trial, I, Catholicos of All Armenians, address all of you from Holy Etchmiadzin. First, I must express my condolences to all those who suffered on July 5 this year during the events that took place near Zvartnots International Airport. I was told that one of [the activists] died. I pray for his soul, and grieve over his death together with his relatives. I also deeply regret that our soldiers were among the wounded.

Untersuchungen zum Stickstoffumsatz im Dickdarm von Wiederkäuern

Six heifers with a live weight of 215, 227 and 238 kg (experiment 1) and 220, 227 and 233 kg, resp. (experiment 2), were supplied with ileocaecal re-entrance cannulae, jugular venous catheters and bladder catheters. The ration consisted of 4 kg maize silage and 4 kg wheat straw pellets per animal per day. Up to 3.5 kg of the straw pellets, consisting of 73% wheat straw, 10% barley, 12% molasses, NPN salts and a mineral mixture, were consumed per animal per day. In a preliminary period 50% of the digesta flow was collected over 12 h/d on 5 consecutive days and stored in a deep-freeze. During the main trial the re-entrance cannula was disrupted and the flowing digesta were quantitatively collected at the end of the ileum; previously collected digesta were supplemented with 15N urea and every hour over 24 h infused into the caecal part of the re-entrance cannula. Between the 24th and 30th hours the digesta were infused without 15N urea supplement. In trial 2 the digesta were also supplemented with partly hydrolysed straw meal between the 1st and 30th hours (approximately 10% straw meal DM related to digesta DM). There were no differences between trials 1 and 2 with regard to the increase of atom-% 15N excess (15N') in the plasma urea. The 15N labelling decrease of the plasma urea N shows that the half-life is 7.9 h in trial 1 and 7.0 h in trial 2. The NH3 nitrogen in faeces was distinctly higher labelled in trial 2 after the supplement of straw meal than in trial 1. The total N in faeces was also twice as highly labelled as in trial 1. Atom-% 15N' in urine was significantly higher in trial 2 than in trial 1 between the 6th and 16th hours after the beginning of 15N urea supplementation. In the decrease curve of atom-% 15N' (after the 26th hour of trial) the values in trial 1 were generally higher than in trial 2. The higher bacterial protein synthesis in the large intestine in trial 2 (after the supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal) had the effect that 13.6% of the supplemented 15N' was excreted in faeces by the 30th hour of trial, in contrast to this only 4.7% in group 1. Up to the 4th day after the 15N urea infusion these values increased to 16.2 and 6.1%, resp., only.

Roots of the Sino-Vietnamese Conflict

In the course of the U.S. war of aggression against Vietnam, the people's resistance struggle was endowed with enormous symbolic value by sympathetic European and North American observers. Here was the quintessential expression of a just war of national liberation, of revolutionary heroism, and of the ethical superiority of socialism. China, also an Asian socialist country, was hailed in these same quarters as Vietnam's most steadfast supporter in its "hour of trial."This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Church and State in the New Testament

‘The dilemma how to serve the higher good when in the hour of trial has a poignant reality that words can never recapture nor outsiders ever really fathom, and those who stand at a safe distance are in no position to pass judgment. The Moscow Patriarchate, the Ail-Union Council of Baptists, and the Jewish Rabbinate, for example, have problably been no less heroic in shouldering the agony and burden of accommodation than Orthodox resisters, Baptist reformers, and spokesmen of the new voice of Soviet Jewry have been in their refusal to yield any ground to the totalitarian claims of the State’.1

Bretylium Tosylate

The effects of bretylium tosylate in managing acute myocardial infarction were studied in 16 patients within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms and were compared to those of lidocaine in a comparable group of 15 patients. Both drugs were equally effective in preventing cardiac arrhythmias during the 48 hours of trial. No deleterious hemodynamic effects were associated with lidocaine treatment. However, marked supine hypotension developed in seven patients treated with bretylium. No changes occurred simultaneously in heart rate, left ventricular ejection time, or central venous pressure. The occurrence of hypotension correlated with a poor initial hemodynamic state. The substantial and unpredictable circulatory effects of bretylium in acute myocardial infarction contraindicates its routine use in the prevention of infarction arrhythmias.

Soviet books on Israel

(see Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. VI, No. 3: October 1970, pp. 345–349). Rasskazy Izrail'skikh pisateley (Stories of Israeli writers), Moscow, Progress Press, 1965; 320 pp.; Iskatel'dzemchuga: novelly Izrail’ skikh pisateley (The pearl‐diver: stories of Israeli writers), Moscow, Nauka Press, 1966; 144 pp. K. Ivanov and Z. Sheynis, was Gosudarstvo Israil’, ego polodzeniye i politika (The State of Israel: its situation and politics), Moscow, The State Publishing House for Political Literature, 1958; 148 pp. G. S. Nikitina's Gosudarstvo Izrail‘ (osobennosti ekonomicheskogo i politicheskog orazvitii) (The State of Israel: the characteristics of its economic and political development), Moscow, The Institute of the Peoples of Asia in the Soviet Academy of Sciences—Nauka Press, 1968; 414 pp. P. Demchenko's Arabskiy Vostok v chas ispitaniy (The Arab East in the hour of trial), Moscow, the Publishing House for Political Literature, 1967; 80 pp. I. P. Blishchenko and V. D. Kudryavtsev's Agressiya Izrailya i medzdunarodnoe pravo (The Israeli aggression and international law), Moscow, International Relations Press, 1970; 80 pp. S. A. Andreyev visited Israel and reported on his visit in his Izrail’, zametki dzurnalista (Israel: travel‐notes of a journalist), Moscow, Oriental Literature Press, 1962; 120 pp. Ye. Yevseyev's Fashizm pod goluboy zvyozdoy (Fascism under the blue Star of David), Moscow Molodaya Gvardiya Press, 1971; 170 pp., Tadeusz Walichnowsky (which first appeared in Polish, and from whose third, 1968 edition, this Russian translation was prepared), called Izrail’ i FRG (Israel and Federal Germany), Moscow, Progress Press, 1971; 168 pp.

"The Hour of Trial" (Rev 3:10)

"The Hour of Trial" (Rev 3:10)

The Effect of an Incomplete Removal of Milk from the Udder on the Quantity and Composition of the Milk Produced during the Immediate Subsequent Milkings

The Effect of an Incomplete Removal of Milk from the Udder on the Quantity and Composition of the Milk Produced during the Immediate Subsequent Milkings