Hours Of Reaction Time Research Articles

1,5-Benzothiazepine Derivatives: Green Synthesis, In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation as Anticancer Agents.

Considering the importance of benzothiazepine pharmacophore, an attempt was carried out to synthesize novel 1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives using polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400)-mediated pathways. Initially, different chalcones were synthesized and then subjected to a cyclization step with benzothiazepine in the presence of bleaching clay and PEG-400. PEG-400-mediated synthesis resulted in a yield of more than 95% in less than an hour of reaction time. Synthesized compounds 2a–2j were investigated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity. Moreover, the same compounds were subjected to systematic in silico screening for the identification of target proteins such as human adenosine kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and human mitogen-activated protein kinase 1. The compounds showed promising results in cytotoxicity assays; among the tested compounds, 2c showed the most potent cytotoxic activity in the liver cancer cell line Hep G-2, with an IC50 of 3.29 ± 0.15 µM, whereas the standard drug IC50 was 4.68 ± 0.17 µM. In the prostate cancer cell line DU-145, the compounds displayed IC50 ranges of 15.42 ± 0.16 to 41.34 ± 0.12 µM, while the standard drug had an IC50 of 21.96 ± 0.15 µM. In terms of structural insights, the halogenated phenyl substitution on the second position of benzothiazepine was found to significantly improve the biological activity. This characteristic feature is supported by the binding patterns on the selected target proteins in docking simulations. In this study, 1,5-benzothiazepines have been identified as potential anticancer agents which can be further exploited for the development of more potent derivatives.

Catalytic Conversion of Glucose into 5-hydroxymethyl furfural over Spent Dry Batteries as Catalysts

Biomass is a popular renewable carbon source because it has a lot of potential as a substitute for scarce fossil fuels and has been used to make essential compounds like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). One of the main components of biomass, glucose, has been extensively studied as a precursor for the production of HMF. Several efforts have been made to find efficient and repeatable procedures for the synthesis of HMF, a chemical platform used in the manufacturing of fuels and other high-value compounds. Sulfonated graphite (SG) was produced from spent dry batteries and utilized as a catalyst to convert glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading were the variables studied. When dimethyl sulfoxide was utilized as the solvent at 180°C after 3 hours of reaction time, the greatest HMF yield, glucose conversion, and selectivity were attained, with 56.53 %, 97.5 %, and 57.979 %, respectively. This study demonstrates how to manufacture sulfonated graphite with increased catalytic activity for converting glucose to key biobased platform chemicals in a long-term sustainable manner.

Study on Kinetics and Reaction Parameters of Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil and Methanol Using Zinc Oxide Supported Calcium Oxide

This study investigated the effect of reaction parameter, reaction kinetics and mechanism of transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol by using CaO/ZnO heterogeneous catalyst. The influence of reaction time, molar ratio and catalyst amount and reaction temperature on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Hammett indicator method. The FAME contents were analyzed by gas chromatography using the EN 14103 standard method. The highest FAME yield of 82% was obtained at 9/1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 3 wt.% catalyst amount and 3 hours of reaction time at 65 °C of reaction temperature by using 20% CaO/ZnO catalyst. The reaction could be considered pseudo first order with respect to triglyceride (TG). The reaction model based on Eley-Rideal mechanism was proposed where adsorbed methanol reacted with TG before desorption of glycerin. The results showed that experimental reaction rates exhibited good agreement with calculated reaction rates.

Comparative catalytic activity of low-cost route prepared TiO2 and silver nanoparticle modified TiO2 for visible light assisted dye degradation and mechanism insights

Pure rutile phase of Titanium dioxide (r-TiO2) is prepared by nitric acid assisted hydrothermal process. XRD, Ft-IR, Raman spectroscopic techniques were utilized to confirms the formation of pure rutile phase for as prepared titania materials. SEM (scanning electron micrograph) images confirms the formation of Cauliflower like morphology for as prepared R-TiO2 with reduced particle size below 5 nm. Ag-TiO2 shows the hexagonal cubic shaped morphology with improved catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of as prepared R-TiO2 and silver modified TiO2 have analysed under visible light irradiation for dye degradation reaction. Dye degradation is occurred very effectively even at higher concentration of MB at reduced time intervals from 5 h to 3 hours of reaction time. Hence, the prepared pure Rutile titania and silver modified TiO2 are shown improved and effective activity in the presence of visible light irradiaiton for dye degradation and discoloration process.

A Facile Approach for the Synthesis of SrTiO3/g‐C3N4 Photo‐catalyst and its Efficacy in Biodiesel Production

AbstractVisible light active photocatalysts have attracted a lot of interest due to their simple chemical workup and recyclability. In this study, the role of Strontium Titanate/graphitic Carbon Nitride composite (SrTiO3/g‐C3N4) was investigated for the pretreatment of waste frying oil (WFO) to reduce high free fatty acids (FFAs) for biodiesel production. SrTiO3/g‐C3N4 photo‐catalyst was synthesized through the facile refluxing method and its activity was also compared with simple graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4). Experimental results revealed that SrTiO3/g‐C3N4 possesses higher efficiency as compared to g‐C3N4. Photo‐catalyst was characterized through SEM‐EDX, XRD and FT‐IR. Maximum conversion of FFAs (85 %) was achieved at 1 % catalyst dose, 800 rpm stirring speed, 3 : 1 methanol to oil ratio, and 4 hours of reaction time. Esterified WFO was converted to waste frying oil methyl esters (WFOME) by using CaO‐KOH heterogeneous catalyst. The maximum yield of WFOME was obtained at 1.25 % catalyst dose, 65 °C, 600 rpm, 2 h of reaction time, and 12 : 1 methanol to oil ratio. Physicochemical analysis of WFOME revealed that it is in accord with ASTM standards.

Preparation and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalyst from Gelam Wood (Melaleuca leucadendron) for Biodiesel Production

Recently, many researchers have explored the potential use of ash as a catalyst, due to the availability of various mineral elements in it. The ashes themselves can be obtained from various agricultural waste of biomass, including from the burning of woods. In this study, the ash that was used as a raw material for a heterogeneous catalyst was obtained from the burning of gelam wood (Melaleuca leucadendron). After the burning, the ash was sieved to have particles of homogenous size. The ash was then activated with a solution of 1 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M KOH, consecutively. Potassium was then impregnated onto the activated ash using 30% and 60% (w/w) KOH solution, followed by calcination at 800°C for 3 hours. The impregnated catalysts were then characterized with FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The catalyst was tested for its ability in the transesterification reaction of palm oil by varying the methanol to oil mole ratio, the amount of catalyst used, and the reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production using this catalyst include a 12:1 methanol to oil mole ratio, 10.0% weight ratio of the catalyst (catalyst weight to the oil volume), 6 hours of reaction time at 65°C and stirring speed of 600 rpm. By using this catalyst, the biodiesel production reached up to 99.0% in conversion rate, with a product that satisfactorily meets the ASTM D-6751 standards in terms of its density, kinematic viscosity, and acid number.

Chemical and Structural Changes of Ozonated Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) in a Ribbon-Mixer Reactor

Agricultural wastes especially empty fruit bunch (EFB) are abundantly available to be utilized as a feedstock for biochemical synthesis or biofuel production. The components of the waste include lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Cellulose, the polymer of glucose, is the active component for producing bio-based chemicals. However, it is difficult to isolate cellulose since lignin, the most outer layer in the waste is recalcitrant. Therefore, the agricultural wastes need to be pre-treated prior to downstream processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ozone pretreatment on lignin degradation and total reducing sugar (TRS) yield. EFB was pre-treated using ozone gas in a ribbon-mixer reactor. The chemical and structural changes of ozonated EFB were analysed. The highest delignification obtained were 95.7 wt.% and TRS yield was enhanced to 84.9% at a moisture content of 40 wt.% with 60 g/m3 ozone concentration within one hour of reaction time. Both NMR and FTIR spectra conferred major peaks inferring higher lignin degradation could be achieved using ozonolysis. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Effect of Reaction Time on the rGO-CoS Composite Structural Properties

In this research, the rGO-CoS composites were successfully synthesized from GO and the Cobalt and Sulfur precursors via solvothermal reaction. The GO material was obtained by Hummer method reaction synthesis. In term of rGO synthesis, reaction time is one of important factors that determine the reduction process and the resulting material properties. Therefore, we studied the influence of reaction time to the chemical properties of the obtained composites by varying i.e 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of reaction time. The characterizations were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Morphological observation of rGo-CoS shows that rGO-CoS are has many thin layers, rougher, and wider surface. From the XRD result, GO shows shift of peak diffractogram to 2θ 9.56 ° with interplanar space 9.24 Á and rGO-CoS 36 shows several peaks at 2θ 30.84, 35.47, 47.54, 54.94°. The GO spectrum pattern shows specific functional group, OH groups (hydroxyl), carboxyl stretching vibration C=O (-COOH), C=C of unoxidized graphite consisting aromatic rings, and epoxy group vibration C-O(-C), while rGO and rGO-CoS shows decrease in intensity of these bands. It concluded that the rGO-CoS 36 (hours) is considered as the most optimum reduction reaction time.

Conversion Enhancement of Vinyl Acetate Monomer to Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion through Emulsion Polymerization Method

Synthesis of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) through the conversion of Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) was carried out by emulsion polymerization method assisted by thermal initiator Ammonium persulfate (APS) under reaction temperature was kept at 70 °C – 80 °C with 5 hours of reaction time and agitation speed at 300 rpm. The polymerization reaction was running used batch process technique where is all components were mixed all together simultaneously. A set of polymerization reactions was conducted when the absence of surfactant and cationic and amphoteric surfactant presence. The monomer chain's double bond was found at 1645 cm-1 was measured by FTIR Spectrophotometer did not disappear after polymerization reaction was utterly done. The spectrum FTIR of Polyvinyl acetate did not explicitly found at 1644 cm-1. During the reaction, characterization was conducted by measuring the solid content value where the maximum solid content was achieved was 6,1 % when using Amphoteric surfactant while the lowest solid content was obtained when the absence of surfactant. Other parameters were conducted to observe the acidity value by pH Meter.

Kinetics of Gliserolysis Reaction of Silkworm Pupae Oil on Synthese Surfactant Biodegradable

Continuing previous research entitled “The Innovation of Making MAG-DAG Biodegradable Surfactants Based on Silkworm Waste: Raw Material for Animal Oil”. So this study aims to determine the kinetics of the reaction. Determining the order of the reaction can only be done experimentally, the second-order reaction is not always bimolecular, but the bimolecular reaction must be of second order. The reaction is carried out at various temperature variations namely 65°C, 75°C, and 85°C at 1 atm pressure. Each interval of one hour, samples were taken from the process up to 4 hours of reaction time, to then be analyzed the residual content of triglycerides in each sample. The results showed that the higher the reaction temperature, the faster the reaction. Further analysis showed that the reaction that occurred was an alternating second-order reaction, the deviation was respectively 8.84% and 16.71%, with the values of k1 and k2 : The general equation for the reaction speed of pupa oil glycerolysis is r = k1 (CA) (CB) – k2 (CC) (CD)

Evaluation of Consortium Enzyme towards Kojic Acid Synthesis

Consortium enzyme is a new approach in enzymatic esterification reaction to solve Kojic acid esters' low production. Combining a non-specific enzyme (Novozym 435) and a specific enzyme (Lipozyme RM IM) led to an improvement of enzymatic activity in the enzymatic routes. The findings proved that a significant percentage conversion of ester (29.2 %) was successfully achieved at the enzyme ratio (1:1) of Lipozyme RMIM and Novozym 435, the temperature at 50 ?C, amount of enzyme 0.12 g and 8 hours of reaction time. Moreover, the enzyme showed high stability against heat at 500C and can be used repeatedly up to the 5th cycle, as demonstrated by the high percentage conversion of kojic acid ester. This finding confirmed that consortium enzymes have significantly improved the reaction performance by promoting better catalytic efficiency due to the synergistic effect between combined enzymes.

THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANT AND PROTECTIVE COLLOID ON POLYVINYL ACETATE EMULSION SYNTHESIZED BY EMULSION POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUE

A series of experiments have been carried out and reported. This report describes the stages of the polymerization reaction during emulsion Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) synthesis. PVAc was synthesized from the Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) with Ammonium Peroxydisulphate (APS) as an inorganic thermal initiator in the aqueous media under reaction temperature was keep at 65 until 75oCs by agitation speed was 300 rpm respectively during 4 hours of reaction time. The protective colloid agents and several types of surfactants were added to improve the obtained emulsion PVAc performance. The polymerization reaction was carried out without the addition of a protective colloid agent. The surfactants were produced the emulsion PVAc with the properties of solid content 0.89%, density 1.02 g/ml, viscosity 0.0033 Poise, pH 2.8, conductivity 12 ms, respectively. While the polymerization reaction involved protective colloid agents by using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) was obtained properties of emulsion PVAc with Solid Content 4.36%, density 1.17 g/ml, viscosity 0.0216 Poise, pH 2.8, and conductivity 10 ms respectively. The same thing was shown when the surfactant was present in the polymerization reaction. The emulsion PVAc was synthesized with nonionic surfactant has solid content 8.20%, density 1.17 g/ml, viscosity 0.0099 Poise, pH 2.8, and conductivity 7 ms, the result is better rather than synthesized with anionic surfactant has solid content 2.65%, density 1.13 g/ml, viscosity 0.0068 Poise, pH 2.8, and conductivity 11 ms. According to the preliminary observations obtained, emulsion PVAc’s appearance is better when the protective colloid agents and the surfactant is present rather than without additional those substances. The physical properties of emulsion were depended on the addition of protective colloid agents and surfactants. In addition, the complete reaction indicated by solid content value was obtained from emulsion when the additional substances were present. All the testing parameters were observed using Viscometer Ostwald, Pycnometer, pH Meter, FTIR Spectrophotometer, Conductometer, and another supporting testing to explain the polymerization reaction stage of synthesis emulsion PVAc.

Evaluation of Consortium Enzyme towards Kojic Acid Synthesis

Consortium enzyme is a new approach in enzymatic esterification reaction to solve Kojic acid esters' low production. Combining a non-specific enzyme (Novozym 435) and a specific enzyme (Lipozyme RM IM) led to an improvement of enzymatic activity in the enzymatic routes. The findings proved that a significant percentage conversion of ester (29.2 %) was successfully achieved at the enzyme ratio (1:1) of Lipozyme RMIM and Novozym 435, the temperature at 50 ?C, amount of enzyme 0.12 g and 8 hours of reaction time. Moreover, the enzyme showed high stability against heat at 500C and can be used repeatedly up to the 5th cycle, as demonstrated by the high percentage conversion of kojic acid ester. This finding confirmed that consortium enzymes have significantly improved the reaction performance by promoting better catalytic efficiency due to the synergistic effect between combined enzymes.

A Comparison of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Esterification using Sulphated Alumina versus Sulphuric Acid Catalyst

The selection of raw materials is the cost-wise strategy for biodiesel to compete with diesel. The raw material used in the second generation of biodiesel production is non-edible oil which contains high free fatty acids (FFA). Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD); the by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) industry has a high potential as the amount is abundant in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to compare the catalytic activity of esterification reaction using self-synthesized sulphated alumina and a sulphuric acid catalyst against the reduction of FFA. The reaction was carried out in a three-necked flask, at a temperature of 60°C, 7 hours of reaction time and rotation speed of 400 rpm. The results showed that the maximum FFA conversion of PFAD esterification reactions over sulphated alumina was 84%, achieved at methanol to oil ratio of 1.7 (v/v), catalyst to PFAD ratio of 12 % (w/w) and reaction time of 7 hours. Meanwhile, the optimum conditions for PFAD esterification usingsulphuric acid catalyst are methanol to oil volume ratio of 1.5; catalyst to PFAD ratio of 7.4 wt.% and 3 hours of reaction time. 99.34% of FFA conversion was achieved with the homogeneous catalyst.

Performance assessment of alum as coagulant for degradation of disperse dyes from aqueous medium

ABSTRACT Textile wastewater effluents carry synthetic dyes resulting in potential hazards to the environment; hence such dyes need to be removed from the water bodies. In present research work, disperse dyes were degraded through coagulation using alum (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) as a coagulant. Four dyes namely coralene navy blue EMRD, coralene red 6B, coralene orange 3R and coralene scarlet RR were used in the present research work and their removal from the wastewater was determined. The effects of initial pH, coagulant dose, initial dye concentration, temperature and time of reaction were tested to maximise decolourisation yield. Results of the experiments showed that the optimum pH for coagulation was 9 for each dye with up to 99% colour removal. By increasing the dose of alum Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, dye decolourisation was increased and maximum dye removal was observed when 1000 ppm of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O was used. When 100 ppm synthetic dye solution was prepared, up to 99% colour removal was achieved at optimal conditions i.e pH = 9, 1000 ppm of coagulant at 100°C with 50 min reaction time. Coralene navy blue EMRD presented nearly 70% colour removal with lowest dose of alum (200ppm) at 40°C. About 80% dye degradation was observed for coralene orange 3R within 10 min of reaction time. Thus Al2(SO4)3.18H2O was found to be efficient coagulant for the treatment of wastewater containing disperse dyes with about 50% reduction in conductivity and upto 75% removal in TDS of wastewater. Sludge volume settled after 1 hour of reaction time was 140 mL/500 mL. On the basis of obtained results, it was concluded that the wastewater can be treated using Al2(SO4)3.18H2O as coagulant.

Adsorption of Inorganic As(III) from Aqueous Solutions by Iron-Manganese Oxide

Arsenic contamination in water is well noted public health issue in Nepal and elsewhere. Adsorbents are important chemical means to purify the arsenic contaminated water. In this study the adsorption of As(III) on iron manganese oxide has been investigated as a function of different parameters. Herein, two iron based adsorbents, iron-manganese oxide-1 (Fe-Mn oxide-1) and iron-manganese oxide-2 (Fe-Mn oxide-2) were prepared by oxidation and co-precipitation methods. Adsorbents were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Within 4 hours of reaction time, 90% of the arsenic was removed by both Fe-Mn oxides and removal efficiency of the Fe-Mn oxide-1 was obtained higher than that of Fe-Mn oxide-2. Pseudo-second order model was well fitted to describe adsorption kinetic (R2 =0.99) for both adsorbents. Removal efficiency of the absorbents decreased with increase in the pH value and increased with increase in the concentration of adsorbent in the suspension. Based on the result, the synthesized Fe-Mn oxides have significant potential applications in the inorganic arsenic treatment in the water.

Catalyst Reusability and Kinetic Modeling of Biodiesel Produced from Rubber Seed Oil

ABSTRACT Determination of stability and reusability of catalyst in biodiesel production will help in producing commercially, a cost-effective final product. Reusability of calcined eggshells, a solid waste material as heterogeneous catalyst, in the production of biodiesel from rubber seed oil (RSO) has been studied in this work. After transesterification process at the optimum operating conditions of 12:1 methanol: oil (molar ratio), 4 wt% catalyst, 3 hours of reaction time, reusability of catalyst for subsequent transesterification runs is studied at the same operating conditions. 99.6% conversion of RSO to biodiesel was observed initially before catalyst regeneration and it dropped to 86.4% after the 7th regeneration run. Kinetic modeling of the biodiesel production process was also made to establish the order of the reaction and estimate the reaction rate constant. The data fits well with pseudo first order reaction kinetics with a rate constant, k, of value 0.0128 min−1.

Development of an integrated continuous PEGylation and purification Process for granulocyte colony stimulating factor

PEGylation of therapeutic proteins has long been recognized as a safe and effective approach to enhance pharmacokinetic properties of proteins by increasing the in-vivo half-life and thereby the bioavailability. Despite all the benefits linked to PEGylation, high cost of PEGylated products has hindered accessibility of these products to patients. Continuous processing offers a solution to this predicament with its proven capability to improve economics without sacrificing product quality. In this study, we report the development of an integrated continuous PEGylation and purification process for a therapeutic protein, PEG-GCSF. The methodology to achieve this consisted of developing the batch PEGylation and purification protocols followed by their conversion into an integrated continuous process. A batch process involving rapid and highly productive PEGylation (reaction completion within one hour of reaction time) followed by cation exchange chromatography was developed. Enabling technologies like coiled flow inversion reactor, inline concentrator and counter-current chromatography, were utilized for the successful conversion of the batch process to continuous mode. The final integrated continuous process consisted of continuous PEGylation in a coiled flow inverter reactor followed by four column continuous counter-current cation exchange chromatography. Continuous chromatography was performed in a novel displacement mode, wherein all the multi-PEGylated impurities were removed in the loading flow-through and the pure mono-PEGylated protein was obtained in a single step salt elution. In combination with our previously established GCSF manufacturing train, the end-to-end continuous manufacturing process starting from inclusion bodies to unformulated PEG-GCSF drug substance was successfully run for 12 h. All attributes were found to be consistent over the period of operation with product purity > 99 % and high molecular weight impurities < 0.5 %. We hope that the current study will lay the foundation for implementation of continuous processing as a method to improve manufacturability of PEGylated therapeutic proteins.

Solketal Production by Glycerol Acetalization Using Amberlyst-15 Catalyst

Glycerol, as a by-product of biodiesel production, has recently increased due to the rapid growth of the biodiesel industry. Glycerol utilization is needed to increase the added value of glycerol. Glycerol can be converted to solketal, which can be used as a green fuel additive to enhance an octane or cetane number. Conversion of glycerol to solketal was conducted via acetalization reaction with acetone using amberlyst-15 as the catalyst. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of some operation conditions on glycerol conversion. Furthermore, it also aimed to develop a kinetic model of solketal synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor, equipped with cooling water, thermometer, stirrer, and a water bath. The variables that have been investigated in the present work were reaction temperature, reactants molar ratio, catalyst loading, and stirrer speed for 3 hours of reaction time. Temperatures, reactants molar ratio, and stirrer speed appeared to have a significant impact on glycerol conversion, where the higher values led to higher conversion. On the other hand, in the presence of catalyst, the increase of catalyst loading has a less significant impact on glycerol conversion. The results showed that the highest glycerol conversion was 68.75%, which was obtained at 333 K, the reactant’s molar ratio was 4, the amount of catalyst was 1 wt%, and stirrer speed of 500 rpm. Based on the pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model, the resulting kinetic model suitable for this glycerol capitalization. The value of parameters k and Ea were 1.6135 108 min-1 and 62.226 kJ mol-1,respectively. The simulation model generally fits the experimental data reasonably well in the temperature range of 313-333 K.

Response surface optimization and process design for glycidol synthesis using potassium modified rice husk silica

Glycerol, an inexpensive by-product from biodiesel production can be converted into many useful products notably glycidol, which has a wide range of uses. In this study, glycidol synthesis has been done using a biowaste mediated catalyst in a single step process. Silica and potassium incorporated silica were synthesized from biowaste rice husk. These catalysts were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. Basic sites in the catalysts were estimated using temperature-programmed desorption study. Four operational parameters were optimized using Box Behnken Design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Potassium incorporated rice husk was found to be one of the best catalysts for glycidol production with 60.8% glycerol conversion and 62.9% selectivity within one hour of reaction time.