Hot Nodes Research Articles

Hot node limitations and impact of taxonomic resolution on phylogenetic divergence patterns: A case study on Ecuadorian ethnomedicinal flora

SummarySocietal Impact StatementNovel phylogenetic approaches have emerged in recent years to study traditional medicinal plants, aiming to identify potential sources of new drugs. This line of research holds considerable promise yet remains in its early stages. Here, we examine the prevalent methods employed in the field, revealing the impact of methodological choices that have often been made arbitrarily. We also highlight a widespread misconception regarding ‘hot node analysis’, a tool gaining popularity for identifying plants with high bioactive potential. Our findings should advance future research aimed at guiding the selection of promising candidates for bioprospection.Summary Advances in phylogenetics offer a ground‐breaking approach to analysing ethnobotanical data. This line of research typically involves calculating the degree of phylogenetic clustering (i.e. phylogenetic divergence) of a set of medicinal plants and identifying clades with a significant overabundance of these plants, known as hot nodes, which are purportedly responsible for the clustering patterns. However, despite showing great promise, the adequacy of this procedure remains to be tested, and the results have so far been inconclusive and, at times, contradictory. Here, we examine two key elements through a case study of Ecuadorian medicinal flora: the impact of taxonomic resolution (species‐ and genus‐level data) on phylogenetic divergence metrics (Mean Pairwise Distance; MPD, and Mean Nearest Taxon Distance; MNTD), and the efficacy of the hot node analysis in identifying clades that significantly influence these metrics. To identify clades with a significant impact on MPD and MNTD, we implemented a jackknifing procedure and compared outcomes with the hot nodes. Phylogenetic divergence was strongly dependent on the taxonomic resolution, with clustering mainly revealed by MPD at the genus level. Further, the hot nodes incompletely matched those with significant influence on MPD and MNTD according to the jackknifing analysis. We highlight the impact of taxonomic resolution on commonly used phylogenetic divergence metrics and the limitations of hot nodes in identifying influential clades, stressing the potential of alternative jackknifing techniques. We recommend the use of the most resolved tree possible and combining jackknifing with hot node analyses as complementary sources to pinpoint clades for bioprospection.

Intraoperative Nodal Palpation is a Mandatory Component of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer

Background: In the era of Z-0011, it is mandatory to decrease not only the false negative rate (FNR) of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy but also the risk of residual metastatic nodes after SLN biopsy. Method: SLN biopsy with intraoperative nodal palpation (INP) was performed in patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) breast cancer. All identified blue and hot nodes were removed as blue/hot SLNs, and any suspicious palpable nodes were removed as palpable SLNs. Nodes that were incidentally removed with neighboring the blue/hot SLNs were classified as para-SLNs. Patients with positive SLNs on frozen section underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) except for patients who met the Z-0011 and AMAROS criteria for exemption. Results: Palpable SLNs and para-SLNs were identified in 202 patients. Of 200 patients, excluding 2 patients only with palpable SLNs, 46 patients had involvements of blue/hot SLNs, and 14 had palpable and para-SLNs harboring additional metastasis. When false negative rate (FNR) was calculated based on blue/hot SLNs and palpable SLNs, the additional use of INP resulted in a FNR of 45.2%. Subsequently, ALND was performed in 43 patients with positive blue/hot or palpable SLNs. Residual nodal involvement was found in 28 (65%) of 43 patients after removing blue/hot SLNs. However, after removing palpable SLNs, the rate of residual nodal metastases significantly decreased from 65% (28/43) to 36% (13/36) (p=0.0133). Conclusion: INP decreased both the FNR of SLN biopsy and the risk of residual metastatic nodes after SLN biopsy.

The Dark Side of Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-δ Syndrome 2: A Story Rewritten through FDG-PET.

Background: Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ syndrome 2 (APDS2) is characterized by lymphoproliferation and increased risk of malignancy. FDG-PET/CT may represent a helpful diagnostic tool for differentiating these clinical features and correctly diagnosing inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Case report: We present the case of a female patient diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma at 19 years of age, although atypical imaging aspects emerged: baseline FDG-PET/CT revealed several hot lymph nodes with a symmetrical distribution, and increased tracer uptake in spleen, axial, and appendicular bone marrow. Imaging repeated after chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation showed persistent increased FDG uptake at multiple supradiaphragmatic nodes and in bone marrow. After the diagnosis of APDS2 and rapamycin treatment, FDG-PET/CT confirmed complete metabolic normalization of all sites. Conclusions: In the IEI scenario, FDG-PET/CT plays an effective role in differentiating malignant proliferation and immune dysregulation phenotypes. Atypical patterns at FDG-PET/CT should be interpreted as a red flag for the need of an early immunological evaluation.

An Adaptive Metadata Management Scheme Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Large-Scale Distributed File Systems

A major challenge confronting today’s distributed metadata management schemes is how to meet the dynamic requirements of various applications through effectively mapping and migrating metadata nodes to different metadata servers (MDS’s). Most of the existing works dynamically reallocate nodes to different servers adopting history-based coarse-grained methods, failing to make a timely and efficient update on the distribution of nodes. In this paper, we present the first deep reinforcement learning-leveraged distributed metadata management scheme, AdaM, to address the aforementioned dilemma. AdaM is an adaptive fine-grained metadata management scheme that trains an actor-critic network to migrate “hot” metadata nodes to different MDS’s based on its observations of the current “states” (i.e., access pattern, the structure of namespace tree and current distribution of nodes on MDS’s). Adaptive to varying access patterns, AdaM can automatically migrate hot metadata nodes among servers to keep load balancing while maintaining metadata locality. Besides, we propose a self-adaptive metadata cache policy, which dynamically combines the two strategies of managing caches on the server side and the client side to gain better query performance. Last but not least, we design a distributed metadata processing 2PC Protocol called MST-based 2PC to ensure data consistency. Experiments on a real-world dataset demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method over other schemes.

Evolutionary clustering in Neotropical biocultural heritage: the Huastec Mayan useful plants

Abstract Biodiversity in the Neotropics includes an extraordinary diversity of plant variation produced by evolution that is useful for human well-being. Traditional knowledge of the Tenek, a Huastec Mayan culture, represents an important biocultural heritage for this realm. Here, we used the information about their useful plants to explore evolutionary biocultural patterns occurring in Neotropics. Our goal was to analyse the phylogenetic distribution of usage guilds, their degree of evolutionary clustering, significant associations, and phylogenetic overlap between guilds to test the hypothesis that Tenek selection of plants is not random but phylogenetically clustered. We found significant phylogenetic clustering in all usage guilds except ceremonial and medicine. Tenek people use a variety of relatively deep plant lineages providing specific services that biocultural processes have promoted in the ecosystems they inhabit. The lineages Asterales, Caryophyllales, Fabales, Lamiales, Malpighiales, and Malvales in eudicots and Poales and Asparagales in monocots concentrated most of the Huastec Mayan useful plants. Multi-functional hot nodes, including Asterales, Fabales, Lamiales, Malvales, Poaceae Sapindales, and Solanales, with phylogenetic overlap between usage guilds, should be major priority targets in conservation planning.

Wild and cultivated comestible plant species in the Gulf of Mexico: phylogenetic patterns and convergence of type of use.

Cross-cultural research on edible plants might include ecological and evolutionary perspectives to understand processes behind species selection and management. With a database of approximately 500 comestible plants of the Province of the Gulf of Mexico in Mesoamerica, phylogenetic analyses are conducted to identify convergence and phylogenetic signal of type of use and significant clustering in the resulting phylogenetic trees. Analyses considered type of management (wild/managed vs. cultivated), type of use (edible, condiment, for wrapping food) and organ utilized. Elevated phylogenetic diversity and signal are expected for wild comestible taxa, indicating that people are using lineages across the angiosperm tree for food, resulting in broadness in diet and use of their regional resources. Main results are: (i) condiment species were identified in groups with an elevated phylogenetic signal; (ii) hot nodes for lineages utilized for wrapping food were found in many monocot groups as well as in epiphytes of cloud forests with leathery leaves; (iii) edible taxa were identified with the highest significant clustering restricted to certain branches in the phylogeny; (iv) wild and cultivated edible plants belong to identical lineages with replacement of species, implying that same plant groups known for their comestible benefits are substituted by species distributed in the Province and (v) wild versus cultivated lineages for condiment are different. Most food species in the Province belong to four families, namely Fabaceae, Cactaceae, Solanaceae and Asparagaceae. Analyses discovered underutilized wild species in identical clades to managed/cultivated taxa that can be studied further to identify cultivation practices. Results suggest that people are utilizing different lineages in the angiosperm tree available locally, for particular uses, like condiment or for wrapping food. Evidence can be used to study further undervalued edible species closely related to the most common food taxa as well as for bioprospection of their nutritional content.

THE COMPARISON OF RADIOCOLLOID, BLUE DYE AND A COMBINED METHOD FOR SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY IN EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER

This study aims to compare the performance of radiocolloid, blue dye and a combined method for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast carcinoma. One hundred seventy-two clinically node-negative, early-stage breast cancer patients who underwent combined method sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with 99mTc-nanocolloid and blue dye were recruited. The peri-areolar injection is the method used in both techniques. The hot node contained only radiocolloid, the blue node contained only blue dye, and the hot-blue node contained both tracers. The detection, metastatic, and failure rate of the combined, radiocolloid, and blue dye methods were determined by analysing the number of hot and blue nodes in all patients, all excised nodes, and metastatic nodes. The association between clinicopathological factors and the detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) was analysed. The overall SLN detection rate was 98.2% (169/172) for radiocolloid, 95.9% (165/172) for blue dye, and 99.4% (171/172) for the combined method. The metastatic rate was 19.2% (33/172). Among the 33 metastatic-node cases, the combined, radiocolloid and blue dye method failed to identify 1, 1 and 4 cases, respectively. Therefore, the failure rate of the combined, radiocolloid, and blue dye method was 3.0% (1/33), 3.0% (1/33) and 12.1% (4/33), respectively. No significant association between clinicopathological factors and SLN detection was observed. The combined method of SLNB yielded the highest detection rate when compared to the radiocolloid-alone and blue-dye-alone methods. The radiocolloid method detected more SLN than the blue dye method. Therefore, incorporating the radiocolloid method in the blue dye method will improve the SLN identification rate and reduce the failure rate of metastatic detection.

Single-incision endoscope-assisted breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy: prospective SINA-BCS cohort study.

The current consensus on surgical treatment for early breast cancer is to ensure oncological safety during surgery while preserving functions and aesthetics1–3. Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery has become widely used in modern surgery4–6. Endoscope-assisted surgery allows incision concealment and scar minimization, thereby optimizing aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction7–10. The shortcomings of endoscope-assisted surgery are, however, also prominent, including limited working space, increased surgical difficulty11, prolonged operating time, need for additional laparoscopic instruments, and increased costs9,10,12. This study describes single-incision, non-lipolytic, endoscope-assisted breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), the SINA-BCS technique, and compares its perioperative outcomes and cosmetic properties with those of conventional BCS and SLNB (C-BCS). This single-centre prospective cohort study evaluated the efficacy and benefits of SINA-BCS in patients with breast cancer. The study was approved by ChiECRCT (ChiECRCT20200410) and registered at Chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2100043403). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Women aged 20–80 years with pathologically diagnosed cTis–2 N0 breast cancer, who were treated at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from July 2020 to September 2022, were included. The decision to perform either SINA-BCS or C-BCS was made jointly by the patients and surgeons. Lumpectomy procedures were the same for SINA-BCS and C-BCS. Dual tracers with radioisotope and blue dye were used for SNLB. The operating space of the axilla was established using a non-liposuction method. A subcutaneous tunnel was gradually created through the lumpectomy incision, and expanded by subcutaneous dissociation of the breast tissue toward the axilla. SLNB of SINA-BCS was performed by means of polar diathermy scissors and ultrasonic scalpels, using the working space established through the subcutaneous tunnel and a specifically designed retractor system (Fig. 1). The radionucleotide probe was also inserted through the same incision to detect hot nodes. For C-BCS, an additional 3–4cm axillary incision was made for SLNB (Fig. S1).

Is the use of blue dye really necessary in axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy in staging of breast cancer?

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard of care for staging the clinically node-negative axilla in early breast cancer. Evidence guiding current practice describes dual localization technique using Patent blue dye and radioisotope (99mTc). Adverse effects of blue dye include 1:1000 risk of anaphylaxis, skin staining and loss of plane visibility, which may increase operative time and reduce resectional accuracy. The risk to a patient posed by anaphylaxis may be greater when operating in a unit without on-site ITU support - a situation more common with recent restructuring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim is to quantify the benefit of blue dye above radioisotope alone in identifying nodal disease. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected sentinel node data including all consecutive sentinel node biopsies in a single center during the period 2016-2019.In terms of results, 760 sentinel nodes were taken in 435 patients. 59 nodes (7.8%) were detected by blue dye alone; 120 (15.8%) 'hot' only, 581 (76.5%) hot and blue. 4 of the blue only nodes contained macrometastases but 3 of these patients had further hot nodes excised that also contained macrometastases. 1 out of 435 patients (0.2%) had macro metastatic disease identified as a result of blue dye alone which would have been missed had it not been used. In conclusion, the use of blue dye carries risk and offers little benefit in terms of staging in SLNB and its use may be unnecessary in the hands of the skilled surgeon. This study supports the omission of blue dye, which may be advisable if operating in units without ITU support. If larger studies support these figures, it may become as outdated.

Fault tolerance in fog-based Social Internet of Things

The Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is a glimpse into the future for self-establishment of inter-things social relationships that guarantee object-to-object transactions. This scenario adopted an intelligent strategy by the trust characteristics and typology of leveraging objects to eradicate the interference of defective nodes. In addition, SIoT networks are error-prone due to heterogeneity and potential resource constraints on the devices, which necessitates the inclusion of a mechanism to enhance the lifetime and dependability of devices. Therefore, fault tolerance mechanisms are indispensable to ensure optimal performance through fault detection and recovery. Although fog architecture and SIoT are two stand-alone paradigms, we extend fog competence into SIoT to empower resource-poor objects for handling intensive tasks. Hence a fault-tolerant model based on a clustering algorithm for fault detection and retrieval is presented. In the proposed scheme, the Markov chains model all faults diagnosed by the fog node. In the recovery stage, the status of the nodes is determined based on the type of faults and the assigned threshold to make a substitution by hot standby nodes. The four performance criteria, namely the reliability, availability, probability density function, the average time to failure, and their mathematical equations were developed on the Markov model. Furthermore, the achievements were demonstrated through either theoretical analysis or simulation results. Then, the proposed scheme increases the number of live nodes, improves the detection accuracy in forwarded requests, lowers the number of invalid requests, and enhances availability and reliability compared to networks with analogous properties.

Abstract B042: Sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer: Comparison of blue dye and filtered Technetium 99m sulphur colloid radiotracer injection

Abstract Aim: This prospective study was performed to compare the identification rate, sensitivity and specificity of blue dye and filtered Technetium 99m labelled sulphur colloid (Tc99m SC), individually and in combination for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in clinically node negative early-stage breast cancer. Materials and methods: Thirty-two women with biopsy-proven breast cancer (cT1N0M0-T2N0M0) were included in this prospective study over a period of 18 months (2019-2020). Four peri-areolar intradermal injections of filtered Tc99m SC were administered 2-3 hours before surgery. Sequential dynamic anterior images of the chest were acquired on a gamma camera, followed by anterior and anterior oblique static images and hybrid single photon emission computed tomography / computed tomography (SPECT/CT) of the affected breast and ipsilateral axilla. Pre-operatively, the sites of detected sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were marked on the skin surface using a hand-held gamma probe. SLNs were then identified intra-operatively after peri-tumoral methylene blue injection (blue nodes) and with the gamma probe (hot nodes). These SLNs were removed and sent for frozen section histopathology separately, labelled as hot only, blue only and hot and blue. All patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The final histopathology of all lymph nodes excised during ALND and SLN biopsy were analysed. Identification rate, sensitivity and specificity of both the methods for SLN detection individually and in combination were compared. Results: SLN data of 32 female patients aged 54.7±10.6 years with cT1N0M0-T2N0M0 was analysed. In 87.5% of patients (n=28) the same lymph node was identified by blue dye and filtered Tc99m SC and discordance was seen in 12.5% (n=3) patients. No SLN was detected by any method in one patient. Identification rate of filtered Tc99m SC alone, blue dye alone and combination techniques was 96.9% (n=31), 93.8% (n=30) and 96.9% (n=31) respectively. Of total 593 dissected lymph nodes including 78 SLNs (average 2.4±1.7 per patient), metastasis was found in 198 lymph nodes (12/32 patients). The sensitivity and specificity of the procedure considering only filtered Tc99m SC, blue dye alone and combination of the two tracers was found to be 83.3% (95% CI of 51.6-97.9) and 100% (95% CI of 82.4-100), 75% (95% CI of 42.8- 94.5) and 100% (95% CI of 81.5 -100) and 83.3% (95% CI of 51.6-97.9) and 100% (95% CI of 82.4-100) respectively. Conclusion: SLNB with filtered Tc99m SC using the intra operative gamma probe has better identification rate and sensitivity than blue dye in detecting SLN, while preoperative SPECT/CT helped the surgeon to locate the SLN during surgery. Blue dye has a complementary role in identifying the SLN due to ease of visualisation while operating. Citation Format: Anish Bhattacharya, Yamini Mathur, Ishita Laroiya, Amanjeet Bal, Sarika Sharma, Bhagwant R. Mittal. Sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer: Comparison of blue dye and filtered Technetium 99m sulphur colloid radiotracer injection [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Metastasis; 2022 Nov 14-17; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B042.

Triple mapping for axillary staging after neoadjuvant therapy: Axillary reverse mapping with indocyanine green and dual agent sentinel lymph node biopsy

Axillary staging is 1 of the major issues of current breast cancer management after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST). Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an option for clinically node negative patients. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) was introduced to identify and preserve the lymphatic drainage from the arm. The aim of the presented study is to employ triple mapping (radiocolloid, blue dye and indocyanine green [ICG]) to assess the crossover rate and metastatic involvement of ARM nodes after NST. Clinically node positive patients before NST who were converted to N0 and scheduled for targeted axillary dissection were included. sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping was performed via dual agent mapping. ICG was used for ARM procedure. Blue, hot and fluorescent nodes and lymphatics were visualized in the axilla using infrared camera system and dual opto-nuclear probe (Euoroprobe3). Fifty-two patients underwent targeted axillary dissection and ARM procedures 12 out of whom had axillary node dissection. 45 of the 52 patients had at least 1 hot or blue SLN identified intraoperatively. Of these, 61.5% cases had hot SLNs, 42.3% had hot and blue, 15.4% had hot/blue/fluorescent, 7.7% had blue/fluorescent, 6 11.5% had hot/fluorescent and 7 13.5% had only clipped nodes. The overall identification rate of ARM-nodes by means of ICG technique was 86.5%. Overall crossover of ARM nodes with SLNs was determined in 36.5%. The ICG intensity was found to be higher in both hot and blue SLNS (8 out of 18 ICG positive cases, 44.4%). In 3 of 52 patients (5.7%) metastatic SLNs were hot or blue but fluorescent which predicts metastatic involvement of the ARM-nodes. More than 1-third of the patients revealed a crossover between arm and breast draining nodes. The higher observed rate of overlap might partially explain why more patients develop clinically significant lymphedema after NST even after sentinel lymph node biopsy alone. The triple mapping provides valuable data regarding the competency of lymphatic drainage and would have the potential to serve selecting patients for lymphovenous by-pass procedures at the index procedure. NST reduces the metastatic involvement of the ARM nodes. However, conservative axillary staging with sparing ARM nodes after NST necessitates further studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Specific Nucleotide Substitutions and Stressors Erode Highly Conserved Genomic Regions in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Background: "Leukemia stressors” refer to extrinsic factors that may facilitate clonal progression. We previously reported that smoking initiates unique leukemogenic signatures in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) characterized by a higher proportion of C>A and G>A single base substitutions (SBS) [Hoang. ASH. 2021]. These G>A SBS are known to be particularly prevalent in CpG islands due to cytosine methylation. However, toxic smoking metabolites could potentially induce specific genomic signatures in patients with AML that resemble COSMIC SBS4 in lung cancer [i.e. enrichment in C>A transversion], and spontaneous C>T SBS1 signatures within specific genomic clusters or nodes. In this study, we investigate how these SBS1/SBS4 signatures distribute within hot-spot regions and evaluate whether G>A mutations (mut), commonly observed in methylated CpG islands, are differentially expressed in AML patients who are older and/or are smokers. In our study, these hot-spot regions or nodes were referenced as a genomic pool 1 (GP1). Methods: After IRB approval, the incidence of specific SBS densities were investigated in vulnerable hot-spot regions affected by exogenous [SBS4] and endogenous [SBS1] mutagenesis. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was used in patients to obtain data regarding specific mutation types and locations. In known gene exons, we examined genomic coordinates corresponding to individual mut. COSMIC browser allowed genomic coordinate examination to "aggregate” mut within putative "vulnerable exon neighborhoods". "Hot-spot neighborhoods” were described as genomic pool 1 (GP1). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data, which was obtained from a single institution. Results: 80 patients (pt) diagnosed with hematopoietic malignancies with available next generation sequencing (NGS) were selected for analysis. 73/80 (91%) were AML pt. The median age was 63 years (y) (range, 22-88). 42% and 64% of pt were smokers and older than 63 y, respectively. With respect to specific hot spots or nodes, AML pt showed increased G>A mutagenicity in GP1 cluster 1 (Fig 1). Specifically, for G>A, smoking increased the rate from 18.4% to 37.5% (p=0.01) (Fig 1 A and B). Age > 63 y led to an increased mutagenicity rate of 17.1% to 30.5% (p=0.03) (Fig 1 C and D). A synergistic effect in mutagenicity was observed when combining age > 63 y plus smoking (10.3% to 41.9%, p=0.01) (Fig 1. E and F). In regards to hotspots in specific genes, smoking has the ability to increase NRAS (G>A), P53 (G>A) and SRSF2 (C>A) frequencies within GP1. Interestingly, smoking increased C>A mutagenicity in the SRSF2 gene in GP1 from 50% vs 82%. Conclusions: Our data suggests that aging and smoking globally and locally erode the AML genome by potentially accelerating cytosine methylation and thus G>A mutagenicity, most likely in CpG islands within genes like NRAS and P53. These genes likely contain hot spots aggregated in GP1 that, when mutated, can de-stabilize the genome and increase the risk of AML. Importantly, we observed similar COSMIC SBS4 substitutions seen in lung cancer associated with C>A transversions in older AML pt who had a history of smoking, which is specifically found in the SRSF2 gene. Overall, our data advances our understanding on how risk factors for AML affect the human AML genome. These have strong implications for AML prevention, pathogenesis and therapy. Future studies should be aimed at identifying other intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for AML seeking to explore their specific mutational patterns and locations within the human genome. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

News Hotspot Event Diffusion Mechanism Based on Complex Network

The wide range of social hot news events on the Internet has made the Internet have a great impact on the public. However, there are few studies on Internet information. In order to improve the efficiency of user network information dissemination of Internet information based on complex network theory and model simulation, this paper makes a more in-depth study on information dissemination on the Internet, constructs a complex network of Internet information dissemination, and analyzes the static topology and dynamic evolution process of the network. Using the attention relationship between Internet users, the Internet information dissemination network, degree, and path were used to select multiple indicators. The static topology of the network is analyzed by using the complex network theory. The study found that the complex network of Internet information is different from other complex networks. The influencing factors of network dynamic evolution are studied from three aspects: overall structure, local structure, and time constraints. The evolution trend of different forms and overall network nodes in the evolution process was explored, and the network dynamic evolution process model was constructed. Practice shows that the model can better describe the evolution process of network information dissemination in complex networks. The degree values of the two networks are positively correlated with the corresponding average clustering coefficients, and the networks have a significant hierarchy. The correlation between news hot events and network nodes is not as good as users’ attention to the network.

Identification of Working Trucks and Critical Path Nodes for Construction Waste Transportation Based on Electric Waybills: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China

Due to the large amount of waste generated by urban construction, the transportation of construction waste has a significant impact on urban traffic. Understanding the transportation trajectory of garbage trucks can improve the management of transportation routes and reduce traffic accidents. This study analyzes electric waybill and state data of garbage trucks to identify hot nodes of construction waste transportation, where the volume of garbage trucks is relatively high. Management should strengthen the hot nodes to reduce traffic accidents. First, several machine learning methods are used to improve the prediction accuracy of electric waybill generation, where the garbage truck recorded on the electric waybill is regarded as a working truck. Second, the transportation trajectory of working trucks is extracted, and its spatiotemporal characteristics are further analyzed. Hot nodes are found based on density clustering. Finally, a case study is conducted based on the Shenzhen construction waste transportation system. The results show that the XGBoost model can improve the accuracy of the generation of waybill to 90.5% compared with the decision tree model, random forest, and GBDT. Moreover, the density clustering model can discover the hot nodes of construction waste transportation. Considering the minimum number of samples and the neighborhood radius, the clustering number is determined as 100. The ratio of noise points is determined as 0.79. The results can provide decision support for the management of electronic waybill and garbage truck transportation.

A Two-Layered Shared Tree Multicast Routing Algorithm for Software Defined Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Communication Networks

Dynamic routing and congestion control are two major problems in software-defined hybrid satellite-terrestrial multicast networks research. Due to terrestrial users being allowed to join or leave the multicast group at any time and the differences between the satellite and the terrestrial networks, many multicast routing algorithms reroute rapidly and thus increase the rerouting overheads. Meanwhile, the congestion ratio is increased by some hot nodes of satellite-terrestrial link transmission paths. This paper focuses on rerouting overheads and congestion problems in satellite-terrestrial multicast networks. We present a satellite-terrestrial network architecture with the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) features to offer dynamic multicast services for terrestrial users. A Two-Layered Shared Tree Multicast (TSTM) routing algorithm is proposed to achieve efficient dynamic multicast group management, address the trade-off between bandwidth consumption and rerouting overheads. The algorithm also implements congestion control by using a load factor to reflect on the global network bandwidth usage in routing calculations. This algorithm balances the rerouting frequencies of satellite and terrestrial networks to decrease the rerouting overheads and also reduces the network congestion ratio. The simulation shows TSTM decreases rerouting cost, user time delay, and node congestion ratio compared with the locality-aware multicast approach (LAMA).

Accessory breast cancer in the inframammary region: a case report and review of the literature

BackgroundAlthough a few cases of accessory breast cancer (ABC) have been reported, most were in the axillary region. We encountered an extremely rare case of ABC in the inframammary region (IMR).Case presentationThe patient was a 68-year-old postmenopausal woman who had noticed a congenital accessory nipple in her left IMR with slight, occasional discharge 20 years ago. Recently, she noticed a mass under the accessory nipple and visited a nearby clinic; fine-needle aspiration cytology of the mass revealed that it was malignant. She presented to our department 2 weeks after she had noticed the mass. Physical and imaging examinations showed an irregular tumor mass 1.7 × 1.4 × 1.0 cm in size connected to the accessory nipple beneath the left normal breast. Neither distant metastasis nor lymph node swelling was observed. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy revealed the mass to be invasive ductal carcinoma. We diagnosed her tumor as ABC in the left IMR; cT1cN0M0: stage IA. Curative wide resection with sentinel node biopsy was performed. Intraoperative evaluation of the frozen section revealed a hot and green ipsilateral axillary lymph node that was free from carcinoma; therefore, nodal dissection was avoided. Histopathological examination including immunochemical staining revealed that the tumor was invasive ductal carcinoma arising from the accessory breast tissue, scirrhous type, 1.7 × 1.4 × 1.0 cm in size, with a solid intraductal component. There was no lymphovascular infiltration, and the surgical margin was 1.5 cm or more. The tumor was estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive, Her2/neu-negative, and had a Ki-67 labeling index of 20%. There was no involvement of the three hot and/or green nodes. The final classification was pT1cN0(sn)M0: stage IA. Letrozole 2.5 mg/day will be administered for 5 years as adjuvant hormonal therapy.ConclusionsA cutaneous and/or subcutaneous lesion except for proper breast tissue on the milk line, or mammary ridge from axilla to groin may be an accessory breast tissue. Its serial abnormalities must be worried malignant potential to ductal carcinoma which needs some imaging and pathological examinations for definitive diagnosis and appropriate treatment according to the usual orthotopic breast cancer without delay.

Predicting potential medicinal plants with phylogenetic topology: Inspiration from the research of traditional Chinese medicine

Ethnopharmacological relevancePlants are a dominant source of pharmacological drugs for the treatment and cure of different disorders and diseases. However, selecting the most biologically active plant species for further screening is still challenging. Phylogeny has strong explanatory powers and provides predictive perspectives that are not available in traditional plant classifications. China, which is endowed with a diverse set of therapeutic cures from Mother Nature, represents an ideal environment for the phylogenetic analysis of potential medicinal plants. Materials and methodsHerein, we prepared a database of 7,451 traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plants, including species with therapeutic effects grouped in 14 categories. To limit our exploration of novel therapeutic species, we plotted the medicinal effects on the phylogenetic tree of almost 30,000 species of China to find hot nodes of therapeutic effects. We used the net relatedness index (NRI) and the nearest taxon index (NTI) to identify clustering and overdispersion of the phylogenetic distribution of TCM plants. ResultsThe NRI and NTI analyses highlighted 3,392 hot node species with single therapeutic effects within 507 genera and 89 families on the phylogenetic tree and about 70% of the 14 medicinal categories clusters identified. The general pattern of the hot nodes on the phylogenetic tree indicates that basal angiosperms and basal eudicots radiated for therapeutic effects. ConclusionsOur study may provide a more targeted way to discover phylogeny-guided drugs in the early screening stage, which may lead to a higher discovery efficiency of new drugs with meaningful biological activities. Phylogenetic studies of plants that are richer in bioactive compounds can set the ground for the identification and discovery of alternative drugs.

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) images of sentinel node distribution in oral cancer

This audit describes the lymphatic flow from oral tumours seen on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) to help sentinel node (SN) identification. A total of 95 consecutive sentinel node biopsies (SNB) were taken between 2010 and 2019. Eligibility criteria for SNB were patients over 18 years of age with a T1-T2 oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and an N0 neck. SNs collect at high-frequency sites irrespective of the primary tumour (22.7% level Ib; 64.8% levels II/III; and 7.6% level IV), but with individual variation. Radiotracer activity did not influence the number of nodes identified, and metastatic deposits were found in the hottest nodes. SNs occur at the same high-frequency locations in the neck, so familiarity with anatomical detail may reduce false-negative results.

Feasibility of Sentinel Lymph Node Sampling in Early-Stage Carcinoma Endometrium: Single-Institution Experience.

Accurate surgical staging is an essential component in the management of carcinoma endometrium to assess the stage of disease and to tailor adjuvant treatment. Sentinel node technique was introduced as an alternative for extensive lymphadenectomy in early stages to avoid complications associated with lymphadenectomy. To assess the detection rate and diagnostic accuracy of SLN mapping in patients with early-stage carcinoma endometrium. Prospective validation study involving 30 patients diagnosed to have early-stage carcinoma endometrium. Sentinel nodes were detected by combined methods of radio colloid dye and isosulphan blue dye injection. Sentinel lymph node was detected in 19 patients (63.4%). 11 patients had no sentinel nodes. Total number of sentinel nodes isolated was 68 with a mean of 2.26 per patient (range 0-4). Ten (33.33%) patients had single sentinel node location, while 9 (30%) had more than 1 sentinel lymph nodes. Twelve patients had bilateral sentinel nodes, and the most frequent location of sentinel node was obturator, 19 (63.3%) especially on right hemi-pelvis. One patient had a hot para-aortic node, while none had blue para-aortic sentinel node. Average number of lymph nodes obtained by lymphadenectomy was 13 per patient (range 7-22). All patients with sentinel node had negative frozen report as well as in histopathology. Two patients in whom no sentinel nodes were detected by either techniques had metastatic nodes in histopathology report. Detection rate was maximum with radiocolloid dye, and it is better to utilize the technique for less graded tumours and endometrioid variants.