Hot Weather Conditions Research Articles

Analysis of the Health and Safety Challenges Faced by Construction Workers in Extreme Hot Weather Conditions

The increasing number of extremely hot days globally has made outdoor workers more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses such as heat syncope, heat exhaustion, heat edema, and heat stress. The objective of this article is to identify and analyze the challenges experienced by construction workers who work in extremely hot weather conditions for extended periods of time. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was developed and distributed through the online platform QuestionPro. The 100 responses that were collected were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and analyses were performed based on physiological indicators such as heart rate and blood pressure and personal indicators such as climate acclimatization and clothing comfort. The results of the analyses revealed that challenges such as physical fatigue, dehydration, excessive sweating, inability to concentrate, and frequent mood fluctuations were unique to individuals based on their acclimatization level, heart rate, and blood pressure. Optimized work-rest hours, the provision of adequate time for workers to acclimate to extreme conditions, and adoption of technologies such as cooling vests and continuous monitoring of workers’ physical parameters are some of the strategies that can be used to protect workers from heat-related health hazards. The article also briefly discusses the practices and regulations that are currently in effect to protect construction workers who are exposed to prolonged hot weather conditions. The findings presented in this article will help professionals in the construction sector effectively manage and safeguard workers’ health in extreme hot weather conditions.

Influence of retarder admixtures on the hydration, rheology, and compressive strength of white Portland cements under different temperatures

White cement is characterized by higher tricalcium aluminate (C3A) contents than conventional Portland cement; thus, it can present a reduced setting time, especially under hot weather conditions, limiting the material's application period. An approach to delay these materials' setting time is using retarder admixtures (RA). Nevertheless, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of RA on the rheological properties of white cement. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two types of RA on the mini-slump, rheological parameters, hydration kinetics, and compressive strength of two white cements. Furthermore, the effect of temperatures of 25 and 40 ⁰C on the performance of the admixtures was also assessed. Both RA showed a dispersing effect, reducing cement pastes' dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity. Moreover, the admixtures extended the induction period of cement hydration by up to 15.4 h without significantly affecting the 72-h cumulative heat at a temperature of 25 ⁰C. At 40 ⁰C, both RA exhibited a lower dispersing and retarding effect. Although RA delayed the initial hydration reactions of the WC, it enhanced the mechanical performance of the mortars after three days of hydration.

Raw milk quality in large-scale farms under hot weather conditions: Learnings from one-year quality control data

A study on the quality control data from a large-scale dairy farm located under hot weather conditions was conducted. Physicochemical properties, microbial count data, and environmental variables (i.e., mean temperature and relative humidity) were examined. The analyses performed were Spearman’s rank correlation, principal components analysis (PCA), and partial least squares regression (PLS). The correlation analysis revealed individual correlations between similar variables but weak between physicochemical properties and microbial counts. PCA identified low structure within the dataset but interestingly some seasonal patterns. The predictive modelling approach performed through PLS aimed to predict microbial counts, fat, and protein content using the physicochemical and environmental variables. Microbial counts were not well predicted, while the PLS model satisfactorily predicted fat and protein contents. These two physicochemical properties are associated with delivery payments for raw milk. This study characterized and identified relationships between the properties of raw milk. The utility of the statistical tools was demonstrated in understanding the quality control data. The results highlighted the need to consider data beyond the values regularly monitored in raw milk quality. Ultimately, these results can aid decision-making to improve raw milk quality.

Personal Cooling Garments: A Review.

Thermal comfort is of critical importance to people during hot weather or harsh working conditions to reduce heat stress. Therefore, personal cooling garments (PCGs) is a promising technology that provides a sustainable solution to provide direct thermal regulation on the human body, while at the same time, effectively reduces energy consumption on whole-building cooling. This paper summarizes the current status of PCGs, and depending on the requirement of electric power supply, we divide the PCGs into two categories with systematic instruction on the cooling materials, working principles, and state-of-the-art research progress. Additionally, the application fields of different cooling strategies are presented. Current problems hindering the improvement of PCGs, and further development recommendations are highlighted, in the hope of fostering and widening the prospect of PCGs.

Rutting Prediction of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Modified by Nano silica and Subjected to Aging Process

High-volume traffic with ultra-heavy axle loads combined with extremely hot weather conditions increases the propagation of rutting in flexible pavement road networks. Several studies suggested using nanomaterials in asphalt modification to delay the deterioration of asphalt pavement. The current work aims to improve the resistance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) to rutting by incorporating Nano Silica (NS) in specific concentrations. NS was blended into asphalt mixtures in concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% by weight of the binder. The behavior of asphalt mixtures subjected to aging was investigated at different stages (short-term and long-term aging). The performance characteristics of the asphalt mixtures were evaluated using the Marshall stability, flow, and wheel tracking tests. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was utilized to understand the microstructure changes of modified asphalt and estimate the dispersion of NS within the asphalt. The results revealed that using NS–asphalt mixtures as a surface layer in paving construction improved pavement performance by increasing stability, volumetric characteristics, and rutting resistance before and after aging. The FESEM images showed adequate dispersion of NS particles in the mixture. Results indicated that adding 4% of NS to asphalt mixtures effectively enhanced the pavement’s performance and rutting resistance. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-01 Full Text: PDF

Thermal Comfort Improvement with Passive Design Strategies in Child Development Centers in Thailand

Child Development Centers (CDCs) in Thailand are developed from the same national standard building plan across the country. Due to hot weather conditions, low-cost building materials, and a failure to consider the specific surrounding conditions of each case, thermal discomfort results. This study focuses on an improvement in the thermal comfort of a pilot CDC building in Maha Sarakham province, Thailand. Three CIBSE TM52 model criteria were applied to assess the level of overheating in the CDC building. The IESVE simulation tool was employed to assess the improvement from using passive design strategies (such as orientation, solar protection, thermal insulation, and ventilation). The results showed that passive design strategies could improve the overall thermal comfort of the CDC building. Thermal insulation, especially roof insulation, was the key element in reducing overheating in the building. A fully insulated building with shading devices and a night-time only window-opening pattern could meet the three targeted overheating criteria. Although the limitations of using the CIBSE TM52 model in hot and humid regions have been identified, these findings can be used as an exemplar of passive design strategy integration for other CDC buildings across the country.

Simulation analysis of lightweight buildings Integrated with PCM in exterior building walls in hot climatic conditions

Nowadays the energy usage in the building sectors in the construction industry has been increased for increasing the cooling and heating loads of buildings. The renewable energy generation and incorporation of PCMs in building sectors attains around the world for energy savings. A passive cooling method with PCM integration in the building system is to decrease the energy demand of buildings. This process involves storing cool and heat energy and discharging it as needed. In this work, the ENERGYPLUS simulation has been carried for the PCMs incorporated in the constructed building wall in hot climatic weather conditions in India for considering the passive cooling method. It reduce the daily indoor temperature variation in PCM building throughout the year through absorption of cool energy in PCM during early morning hours without using mechanical energy devices.

Numerical Modeling of Seawater Intrusion in Wadi Al-Jizi Coastal Aquifer in the Sultanate of Oman

The Sultanate of Oman is an arid country in the Arabian Peninsula suffering from insufficient freshwater supplies and extremely hot weather conditions. The only source of recharge is rainfall, which is scarce and varies with space and time, for the aquifers being overexploited for the last few decades. This has led to depleting groundwater levels and seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers. In the present study, Ground Modeling System (GMS) was employed in Wadi Al-Jizi, which is one of the important aquifers in the Al Batinah coastal plain that caters to the needs of the country’s 70% agriculture. MODFLOW and MT3DMS were used to simulate the groundwater levels and solute transport, respectively. These models were calibrated under steady and transient conditions using observed data from twenty monitoring wells for a period of seventeen years (year 2000–2016). After validation, the model was utilized to predict the salinity intrusion due to changes in groundwater abstraction rates and sea level rise owing to climatic change. These predictions show that, by the year 2040, salinity intrusion (TDS > 12,800 mg/L) will transgress by 0.80 km inland if the current abstraction rates are allowed to be maintained. Further deterioration of groundwater quality is anticipated in the following years due to the increased pumping rates. The models and the results from the present study may be utilized for the effective management of groundwater resources in the Wadi Al-Jizi aquifer.

Assessment of LULC change dynamics and its relationship with LST and spectral indices in a rural area of Bengaluru district, Karnataka India

In recent decades, rural areas in the surroundings of metropolitan cities have undergone substantial development in India. This has resulted in changes in land use and land cover (LULC) patterns having a significant impact on hydrological processes and climate change. Therefore, comprehending such modifications is critical for the decision-making process, and the development of a sustainable environment. The current study focused on comprehending the spatio-temporal dynamics of LULC changes and their repercussions on variations in Land Surface Temperature (LST) profiles over a two-decade period in the Dodballapur Taluk, Bengaluru Rural District of Karnataka State in India. The study also investigates the relationship between LULC changes, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and spectral indicators such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Landsat 7 ETM + satellite images acquired in the years, 2001, 2010, and 2019 were used in the study. The Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) technique was adopted to classify images and assess spatio-temporal LULC changes and analyse transformations of several LULC classes viz. barren land (BL), built-up land (BUL), crop land (CL), pasture (P), uncultivated land (UCL), shrub land (SL), and water bodies (WB). The accuracy assessment ensured the veracity of the image classification. The results showed that a) built-up, crop, and shrub land have been increased by 75.54%, 38.18%, and 52.57% respectively, b) barren, pasture, and uncultivated land have been increased by 22.94%, 4.89%, and 50.62% respectively; and c) the area covered with surface water bodies has been significantly reduced by 635.58%. The analysis of LST changes revealed a 2.09 °C increase in mean LST with a variance of 2.75 °C, showing considerable fluctuations in cold and hot weather conditions. The regression study of scatterplots for LST-NDVI revealed triangular space (R2 = −0.234), LST-NDBI revealed right-angled triangle space (R2 = 0.567), and LST-NDWI also exhibited right-angled triangular space (R2 = −0.533). Intriguingly, the relationship between NDVI and NDBI exhibited a crescent shaped scatterplot with R2 value of −0.448. The findings of the study can assist policymakers and decision-makers in developing and implementing policies for sustainable rural development and water resource management.

Galernas: A history of coastally trapped disturbances (2003−2020) with hidden frontogenesis in the Bay of Biscay

Galerna is the term accepted for an abrupt westerly change that affects the north coast of Spain. The wind surge travels from the mid-north coast of Spain to France, generally reaching their maximum intensity at the Basque Coast, and cuts off a period of hot weather, clear skies, and calm conditions at sea. The galernas have a large history of shipwrecks and fishermen deaths. They have been characterized as coastally trapped disturbances (CTD) and their propagation, enhanced with the local formation of a micro-front, was documented to behave like a density current. Alternatively, synoptic fronts have also been reported to cause galernas, considered to be more intense than those generated by a local micro-front. In this article we have generated the first climatology (2003–2020) of these events based on an objective identification methodology. The developed Event Identification Software (EIS), based on both 10-min surface station data and hourly ERA5 reanalysis fields, together with a new Front Identification Scheme (FIS) have enabled a deeper study into the origin and development of these micro-fronts, and a more comprehensive exploration of the interaction of the oceanic fronts entering the Bay of Biscay. Our results show that the area receives an average of four to five relatively intense galernas (Vmax > 50 km h−1) per year. Their number shows a great interannual variability (from one to seven) and a marked seasonality: May and June concentrate the largest fraction (almost one episode each year) and practically no episodes in winter. They occur more frequently between noon and the late afternoon, where the most intense wind records concentrate. Very strong galernas (Vmax > 72 km h−1) have occurred in all 18 years, can happen in any month from February to November, and their monthly distribution does not show the mentioned seasonality. On the contrary, the highest rates of temperature decrease across the galerna front in the coastal stations (−∆T/0.5 h > 4 °C) do have a stronger seasonality, with May and June concentrating a relatively large number of cases with a more abrupt temperature drop. The FIS shows that most of the galernas (83.5%) have a local origin inside the Bay of Biscay, and only a few ones (16.5%) are caused by oceanic fronts initiated out of the region. The local frontogenesis is more frequently initiated by the relatively cold marine southwesterly pre-frontals preceding a parent oceanic front and blowing against the warm continentals inside the Bay of Biscay, after being ducted along the north and northwestern coast of Spain. This hidden local frontogenesis, first revealed by the FIS, seems to be enhanced by the observed lee troughing, which could have both a thermal and dynamic origin, acting simultaneously after the intense Foehn at the coastal strip, preceding the formation of the galerna front. The local front enhancement appears to be the reason for the apparent jump of the primary front, which may eventually weaken, and even disappear, as the galerna front sharpens. Even during the more occasional frontal galernas, directly caused by the westerlies or north-westerlies behind the oceanic front, their eastward propagation is more rapid over the coastal area. The front deforms in shape and may cause its characteristic unexpected/abrupt irruption. All the EIS detected galernas, even the frontal ones, are wind reversals caused by a coastally trapped marine boundary layer. The upper-level ridge over Europe, observed in all of them, seems to be a synoptic ingredient for their development, preventing the eastward propagation of Atlantic depressions and enhancing at the same time the temperature and pressure gradients between the marine and continental air masses.

Passive cooling of highly-concentrator triple-junction solar cell using a straight-finned heat sink: An experimental investigation

Herein, an experimental setup in Saudi Arabia's hot weather conditions is used to assess the electrical and thermal performance of concentrator photovoltaic triple junction (CPV TJ) cells fed through various Fresnel lenses with concentration ratios (CRs) ranging from 30.5 to 109 suns. The thermal characteristics of triple junction solar cells are investigated in passive cooling utilizing two straight-finned heat sinks with dimensions 40 × 40 mm (HS-A) and 40× 100 mm (HS–B). Results show that the temperature and power production of the cells increases with the solar concentration ratio, whereas its efficiency decreases. It is found that using a heat sink, reduces the cell's temperature and improves heat uniformity. The larger heat sink (HS–B) performs better since it maintains the cell operating temperature at 44.7, 46.8, and 52.5 °C for the CRs of 68, 80, and 109 suns, respectively, compared to 46.5, 55.4, and 66.4 °C for the smaller one (HS-A) under the same operating conditions. Furthermore, at a CR of 68 suns, the TJ cell with the aluminium finned heat sink generates an electric output of 2.32 W/cm2 using HS-B and 2.29 W/cm2 using (HS-A), compared to 2.22 W/cm2 produced by the uncooled cell without heat sink under the same conditions.

How Thermal Perceptual Schema Mediates Landscape Quality Evaluation and Activity Willingness.

The use of outdoor space is closely related to local microclimate conditions. Some studies have shown that people form perceptual schemata based on their perceptual experience of microclimate conditions, which leads to perceptual bias, so it is necessary to further investigate how the thermal schemata formed by the accumulation of thermal experience affect the willingness to engage in activities, which will be beneficial to improve the use of urban space. Studies have not explored the relationship between the thermal perceptual schema (TPS), landscape quality evaluation (LQE), and activity willingness. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate how thermal schemas formed by the accumulation of thermal experience affect activity willingness. A total of 3435 volunteers were surveyed online and divided into two groups, the first group for comfortable weather (N = 1773) and the second group for hot weather (N = 1662), and voted for each of the four dimensions of the five scenarios according to the TPS. This study found that socioeconomic status (SES) and age were the main factors contributing to TPS bias when perceiving the same destination according to TPS, and this difference was consistent in both groups, which affects the willingness to be active at the destination. The study also found that LQE may be a major factor in residents’ willingness to be active in more pleasant weather, while TPS plays a more important role in hot weather conditions. In addition, we investigated the relationship between TPS and residents’ activity willingness mediated by different landscape features and parameter configurations. These results indicate that the TPS formed by thermal experience accumulation affects people’s LQE and activity willingness, and that landscape configuration parameters play an important role.

Effect of shading determined by photovoltaic panels installed above the vines on the performance of cv. Corvina (Vitis vinifera L.)

Agrivoltaic (AV) is a new concept integrating both the production of agricultural crops and electric power on the same land area through the installation of photovoltaic panels some meters above the soil surface and the crop canopy. In the present situation of energy demand from renewable sources, agrivoltaic systems with vines and/or fruit trees under the photovoltaic panels has still received poor attention. On the basis of this lack, the present 3-year study (2017–2019) aimed to investigate the effects of photovoltaic panels on grapevines of variety Corvina (Vitis vinifera L.). In particular, the experiment was carried out in a vineyard located in Northern Italy, Veneto region, with the Corvina (Vitis vinifera L.) grape variety and the effects of shading by the panels on both physiological activities and vine performances were analyzed. Photovoltaic panels reduced both air and soil maximum temperature by 1–2 °C. Vine transpiration on early morning was 0.83–0.90 in AV vs. 1.03–1.21 mmol H2O m−2s−1 in full sun (FS) vines, whereas at midday values were significantly higher in AV vines (0.56–0.65) with respect to FS vines (0.38–0.44 mmol H2O m−2s−1). Photosynthesis followed the same pattern with values significantly higher in the FS vines at morning (9.34–11.03 μmol CO2m−2s−1) with respect to AV vines (5.24–6–84 CO2m−2s−1), and the opposite was detected at midday, with 1.57–3.05 μmol CO2m−2s−1 in AV vines and 0.58–2.05 μmol CO2m−2s−1 in FS vines. The stem water potential was significantly reduced (less negative) by shading of the panels both at morning and at midday of values around 1–6 MPa thus indicating less stressful conditions for AV vines. The photovoltaic panels affected the microclimate of the vineyard (lower air and soil temperature, higher soil matric potential) in the three seasons. Vine productivity parameters (yield, cluster number and weight) were influenced to a limited extent; anthocyanins, TSS and polyphenols were reduced in grape must from AV vines. These findings show that the panels affect the vines microclimate and physiology and that yield reductions under AV are observed, but under hot and dry weather conditions results could be very interesting either for energy or fruit production. Further experiments need to be conducted in such environmental conditions also in the perspectives of the climate change.

Semi-Transparent Water-Based Trombe Walls for Passive Air and Water Heating

Trombe walls provide a passive source of heating and ventilation for buildings. However, Trombe walls can also cause overheating during hot and sunny weather conditions. In this work, we investigate the potential of a multifunctional Trombe wall design, comprising a tinted acrylic sheet submerged in a water wall that functions as a thermal storage medium. The tinted acrylic sheet absorbs incident light, which is then converted to heat and absorbed by the water. The proposed Trombe wall can function as a tinted semi-transparent window to add aesthetic value. Furthermore, heated water rises to the top of the Trombe wall where it can be removed, which provides the dual benefit of preventing overheating and providing a source of preheated water for applications within the building. Experimental results performed on a laboratory-scale Trombe wall prototype showed that the percentage of solar-simulated light energy incident onto the Trombe wall prototype, over a period of five hours, that was stored as thermal energy in the water increased from 60.3% to 83.2% when tinted glass was inserted in the water storage wall. Furthermore, the temperature of the water at the top of the Trombe wall reached ~56 °C, which is suitable to be used as pre-heated water in building applications.

Effects of biochar and ligneous soil amendments on greenhouse gas exchange during extremely dry growing season in a Finnish cropland

Organic soil amendments such as manure, biochar and compost are among the most efficient and widely used methods to increase soil carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. Even though their benefits are well known, many wood-derived materials are not yet utilized in Nordic agriculture due to a lack of incentives and knowledge of their effects in the local climate. We studied greenhouse gas exchange, plant growth and soil properties of a clay soil cultivated with oat in southern Finland in an extremely dry year. Two years earlier, the field was treated with three ligneous soil amendments—lime-stabilized fiber from the pulp industry, willow biochar and spruce biochar—which we compared against fertilized and non-fertilized controls. We found that the soil amendments increased porosity and the mean soil water holding capacity, which was most noticeable in plots amended with spruce biochar. There was a trend indicating that the mean yield and overall biomass production were larger in plots with soil amendments; however, the difference to unamended control was seldom significant due to the high variance among replicates. Manual chamber measurements revealed that carbon dioxide and methane exchange rates were reduced most probably by the exceptionally hot and dry weather conditions, but no differences could be found between the amended and unamended treatments. The nitrous oxide emissions were significantly smaller from the vegetated soil amended with willow biochar compared with the unamended control. Emissions from non-vegetated soil, representing heterotrophic respiration, were similar but without significant differences between treatments. Overall, the studied soil amendments indicated positive climatic impact two years after their application, but further research is needed to conclusively characterize the specific effects of organic soil amendments on processes affecting greenhouse gas exchange and plant growth.

USES, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLERS

the benefits and advantages of an evaporative cooler, also known as swamp cooler, air cooler, or desert cooler include inexpensive price and lower energy consumption, as well as easier and inexpensive installation and maintenance, when compared to traditional air conditioners; and suitability for use in dry and arid climates, especially during hot and dry weather conditions. On the other hand, the disadvantages of an evaporative cooler center primarily on the negative impacts of too much humidification. These disadvantages translate further to more specific limitations and drawbacks. For example, using an evaporative cooler for prolonged period of time or under a hot and humid weather increase healthrelated risks such as respiratory distress, as well as the susceptibility of wood-based, paper-based, and electronic products. Evaporative cooling has both advantages and disadvantages, and the choice rests with the individual Homeowner. Therefore, the consumers should investigate all the alternatives and then make the right decision based on technical specifications, cost preference, lifestyle and individual priorities.

Rhizoctonia Aerial Blight of Soybean, its Prevalence and Epidemiology: A Review

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is high value oilseed crop grown throughout the world as well as in few soybean growing pockets in India. The hot and humid weather conditions during the soybean cropping season favours the attack by various fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, thereby lowering the crop productivity. Rhizoctonia aerial blight or web blight disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani is considered one of the most economically important disease of soybean in India. It causes yields losses ranging from 35-60% which might reach a devastating level of 80% under favourable environmental conditions. In India, the disease has been reported from most of the soybean growing states of Uttrakhand, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Assam. Epidemiological studies prove to be very important in managing the disease as the disease severity highly depends on the weather variables prevailing in the growing season. The present review has attempted to compile findings on this devastating disease of soybean crops, its prevalence in the country, epidemiological studies and strategies on integrated disease management.

Thermal Analysis and Prediction Methods for Temperature Distribution of Slab Track Using Meteorological Data

The structural temperature distribution, especially temperature difference caused by solar radiation, has a great impact on the deformation and curvature of the concrete slab tracks of high-speed railways. Previous studies mainly focused on the temperature prediction of slab tracks, while how the temperature distribution is affected by environmental conditions has been rarely investigated. Based on the integral transformation method, this work presents an analytical method to determine and decompose the temperature distribution of the concrete slab track. A field temperature test of a half-scaled specimen of concrete slab track was conducted to validate the developed methodology. In the proposed method, we decompose the temperature distribution of the slab track into an initial temperature component and a boundary temperature component. Then, the boundary temperature components caused by solar radiation and atmospheric temperature are investigated, respectively. The results show that the solar radiation plays a significant role in the nonlinear temperature distribution, while the atmospheric temperature has little effect. By contrast, the temperature change in the slab surface resulting from the atmospheric temperature accounts on average for only 5% in the hot weather condition. The proposed method establishes a relation between the structural temperature and meteorological parameters (i.e., the solar radiation and atmospheric temperature). Consequently, the temperature distribution of the concrete slab track is predicted via the meteorological parameters.

Delimitation of Urban Hot Spots and Rural Cold Air Formation Areas for Nocturnal Ventilation Studies Using Urban Climate Simulations

Due to global warming, the conservation or enhancement of urban ventilation during synoptically calm and hot weather conditions is receiving increasing attention in climate resilient urban and regional planning. The transport of cool air from rural surroundings into the city by local winds during nighttime is important for the alleviation of the urban heat island intensity and heat load in particular. A simple statistical method, which objectively identifies urban thermal hot spots and areas of rural cold air formation from thermodynamic urban climate model simulations is described and applied to Aschaffenburg, a medium-sized town located in hilly terrain in south-central Germany. The delimitated hot spots and nocturnal cold air formation areas are influenced by local land cover, and also by the surrounding landscape heterogeneity, surface energy exchange and atmospheric mixing processes. The results illustrate limitations of hot spot or cool spot estimation methods based purely on the analysis of classified land cover data. Nocturnal backward airflow trajectories from thermal hot spots in the city and forward trajectories from rural areas with substantial cold air formation are calculated to determine which cold air formation areas are contributing to ventilation and advective cooling of thermal hot spots. It is found that nocturnal ventilation mechanisms are not bound to municipal boundaries, which highlights the need for regional cooperation in urban climate adaptation. The described method provides guidance to urban and regional planners in order to protect important cold air formation areas, e.g., from urban sprawl, and it can be applied to study impacts of planning scenarios. Options for improvement or extension of the method are discussed.

PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF COWS OF DIFFERENT GENOTIPIV AND THEIR ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO HOT WEATHER

Goal. To study the influence of breed affiliation on milk productivity, milk quality indicators and adaptability of animals of different genotypes to the action of hot weather conditions. Methods. Zootechnical, physical and biometric analyzes. Results. According to research results, the highest hopes for 305 days of three lactations are in purebred cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed with the appropriate indicators: for the first lactation – 5029.1 kg, for the second lactation – 5268.5 kg, for the third lactation – 5386.4 kg, which is more than local cows obtained from crossing cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed with bulls of Swiss breed, in terms of lactation, from 93.8 kg to 146.6 kg. For the above-mentioned lactations, local animals have an advantage in fat content of 0.19–0.26% and protein content by 0.14–0.19% and are superior to purebred animals in milk fat yield by 3.0–9.5 kg and protein by 2.6–6.4 kg.
 One of the indicators of milk productivity in breeding work with dairy cattle is the index of constancy of lactation, which is determined as a percentage and the closer it is to 100, the more stable will be lactation. According to the index of lactation stability, local animals have a slight advantage, which is 3.6% over purebred peers, with a significant difference (td = 2.11).
 Studies on the effect of elevated temperatures on the adaptability of cows of different genotypes were conducted in the period from May to September, when the temperature was 28–37 degrees Celsius. As a result of our research, we found that the change in air temperature from +18°C in the morning to +32–35°C in the afternoon (the second, third decade of July 2021) differently affected the clinical and physiological parameters in cows of different genotypes. The increase in daytime air temperature was accompanied by an increase in the number of respiratory movements in purebred and domestic animals, respectively, by 13.7 ± 0.96 (P < 0.05), and 9.9 ± 0.91, (P < 0.01) breath .movement / min. than in the morning The increase in rectal temperature in purebred and local cows occurred by 0.9 ± 0.09 (P < 0.001) and 0.5 ± 0.13°C (P < 0.001), respectively. The body of local cows was more resistant to the action of elevated ambient temperature, which was manifested in smaller fluctuations in their clinical indicators. At the same time, purebred animals outnumbered local cows by 7.3 breaths / min, respectively, in terms of the increase in the number of respiratory movements and the increase in body temperature. (P < 0.001) and 0.30°C (P < 0.01). The research results show that the coefficient of thermal vulnerability (according to AF Dmitriev) in domestic cows is lower than in purebred animals by 0.12 (P < 0.01). The heat resistance index in domestic cows was higher than in purebred animals by 8.1 (P < 0.01).
 We also studied the adaptive abilities of animals to environmental conditions in different periods. For this purpose, during periods of temperature stress (28–37°С), general clinical indicators were determined: internal body temperature and respiratory rate. Based on these data, we calculated the coefficient of thermal sensitivity of cows according to the formula M. V. Benezra (1954). The obtained data show that in all studied periods purebred animals are characterized by greater thermal sensitivity than domestic animals.It should be noted that the most sensitive animals of different genotypes were exposed to hot weather conditions at a temperature of 32–37°C. The coefficient of thermal sensitivity in different study periods in domestic cows was lower compared to purebred animals by 0.11–0.39 (P < 0.001).
 According to the results of the research, the dependence of heat resistance of cows on their genotype was established. Local cows have the best adaptive abilities to hot weather conditions, as they have more balanced heat resistance. Conclusions. Comparative analysis of milk productivity shows that the highest hopes for 305 days of the three considered lactations are in purebred cows, which are dominated by local cows, in terms of lactation, from 93.8 to 146.6 kg of milk. At the same time, for the above-mentioned lactations, local animals have an advantage in terms of fat content by 0.19–0.26%, and protein content by 0.14–0.19%, and in terms of milk fat yield, respectively, by 3.0–9.5 kg and protein by 2.6–6.4 kg. At the same time, higher adaptive abilities of local cows to the action of hot weather conditions have been established, as they have more balanced indicators of heat resistance.