Hot Water Research Articles

Outcomes of burn patients presenting with hypotension within 48 hrs of admission to a level 1 Burn Centre

IntroductionBurns is one of the important presentations in trauma surgery in both first and third-world countries. Hypotension is often seen in the clinical presentation of a burn injury. Hypotension is the strongest independent predictor of an adverse outcome, according to a study done on emergency departments’ hospital outcomes; the lower the systolic, the worse the outcome. No direct study shows that presenting with or developing hypotension within 48hrs of admission and burn injury will have a worse outcome in our low-middle income setting. ObjectivesTo determine the outcomes of burn patients who developed hypotension within 48hrs of arrival at a Burn Centre in Johannesburg. In a singled time event. MethodsA retrospective descriptive study was conducted at a Level 1 Trauma Centre Burn unit in Johannesburg from 01 Jan 2019 – 31 Dec 2020. Patients who had a hypotensive episode at any point during the 48 h period were recruited. Hypotension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of less than 90mmhg. The patients were then divided into two groups: those who presented with or developed hypotension within 48hrs and those who did not. After that, the in-hospital mortality of both groups was to be determined. The study included all the patients who presented to the Burn Centre. Those younger than 18, or requiring readmission in the same study or delayed admissions of more than 24 h were excluded. Demographics, burn information, resuscitation data, outcomes and disposition status were evaluated. The STATA Statistics/Data Analysis version 16.0 was used to analyse the data. The level of significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (medical) of the University of the Witwatersrand with the clearance number: M220132. ResultsOf the 132 patients seen, only 105 met the study inclusion criteria. Most patients were male: 91/105 (86.6 %). Flame burns accounted for the majority of the burns, 64/105 (60.95 %), followed by electrical burns, 26/105 (24.76 %). Hot water and chemical burns only accounted for 11/105 (10.48 %) and 4 (3.81 %) cases. Hypotension within 48hrs was noted in 37/105(35 %) of the cases. Hypotensive patients had an increased burn depth (p = 0.03), higher inhalation rate component (p = <0.001), greater lactate levels(p = 0.00001), higher baux score(p = 0.00001) and more likelihood of being placed on the ventilator (p = <0.00001) or dialysis (p = 0.008). Mortality was noted in 16 (43 %) of the patients who developed hypotension compared to 5 (7.4 %) patients of non-hypotensive patients (p < 0.001). The mortality of patients who presented with or developed hypotension was 9.59 times (95 % CI 3.1–29.4; p = 0.00001) higher than those who did not develop hypotension. Age and TBSA affected by burn, were found to have significant predictive value for mortality (p < 0.0001), respectively. Propensity matching was limited due to sample size. TBSA and the development of hypotension were matched, and the odds ratio of developing mortality was still increased. ConclusionHypotension was seen among burn injury patients admitted to a specialized intensive care unit. Hypotension was associated with higher TBSA % and increased age. In terms of characteristics, increased used of organ support was more likely with hypotensive patients with ventilation, inotropes, and dialysis. Length of stay was decreased in hypotensive patients. The odds of mortality were much higher in hypotensive patients, with age and TBSA being significant variables.

Thermoeconomic modeling of new energy system based on biogas upgrading to multigenerational purpose

The following article outlines an integrated approach toward the valorization of biogas for energy, chilled water, hot water, freshwater, and liquid carbon dioxide production. The suggested system includes a biogas upgrading unit with a biomethane-fueled burner, a Kalian cycle, an LNG regasification process, and a multi-effect desalination unit that can provide CO2, electricity, cooling, and heating. The new ideas in the proposed system include a cryogenic biogas upgrading process that can be used in many industrial settings, the production of liquid carbon dioxide through biogas upgrading, and the use of biomethane in the integrated combustion process. Furthermore, the grey wolf optimization technique is applied in various multi-objective optimization contexts to achieve optimal operating conditions and preferred performance outcomes. In this simulation, the generation of electricity reaches a value of 755 kW. Attached to it is a cooling load of about 5102 kW, with a heating load of 4725 kW, freshwater capacity about 1.33 kg/s, production rate of liquid CO2 at 0.58 kg/s, and natural gas at 3.1 kg/s. Thermodynamic results reveal that the proposed multigeneration performance scheme providently enhances energy and exergy efficiencies up to 59.82 % and 5.74 %, respectively, compared to the condition of a single product. The performed exergy analysis shows that the overall irreversibility of the suggested configuration is equal to 18,047 kW while about 42.6 % of this value is contributed from the heat exchanger E-104. Moreover, the CO2 emission intensity of the process can be kept as 0.35 kg/kWh. Cryogenic separation can obtain about 88 % of CO2 in biogas and turn it into its liquid phase. The performed economic assessment has resulted in the following total cost rate as well as cost per unit exergy: 321.38 $/h and 83.06 $/GJ, respectively. Under optimal conditions, an exergy efficiency of 13.40 % and a net power output of 2034.39 kW are attained.

Preparation and structural characteristics of polysaccharides from loquat peel waste, and their preliminary bioactivities.

Loquat peel, often as food waste, is a valuable source of bioactive polysaccharides. However, study of such polysaccharides is insufficient, leaving a significant gap in understanding their preparation, structure and bioactivities. In this study, three types of loquat peel polysaccharides (LPWP, LPHP and LPNP) were sequentially extracted using hot water, HCl and NaOH solutions, respectively. Among them, LPWP was the purest, with a yield of 3.4% and molecular weight of 470.6 kDa, and it differed from LPHP and LPNP in structure, as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, which demonstrated that LPWP consisted of more arabinose (Ara) but less galacturonic acid, rhamnose and galactose, with molar percentages of 71.3%, 23.3%, 3.5% and 1.9%, respectively. Besides, LPWP also exhibited superior antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities in vitro, particularly in inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirmed that LPWP was a methyl-esterified pectic polysaccharide rich in branched arabinan, as evidenced by the notable proportion of α-Ara residues, including T-α-Araf, 1,5-α-Araf and 1,2,3,5-α-Araf, with molar percentages of 27.1%, 23.1% and 10.2%, respectively. AFM imaging further revealed its branched-chain morphology and aggregation behavior. This study highlights the potential of loquat peel polysaccharides as a bioactive ingredient with significant antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties, particularly LPWP, which was found as a methyl-esterified pectic polysaccharide with abundant-branched arabinan. Our work provides valuable insights into the application of loquat peel polysaccharides in functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Implementation of a mixed-methods heat acclimation programme in a professional soccer referee before the 2022 FIFA world cup in Qatar: a case study

ObjectivesThis case study reports the real-world practicalities of implementing a mixed-methods heat acclimation (HA) programme before the 2022 FIFA World Cup.MethodsOne male English soccer referee (age: 44 years; height: 1.82...

Application of PVT Coupled Solar Heat Pump System in the Renovation of Existing Campus Buildings

A photovoltaic thermal panel (PV/T) is an integrated module that harnesses both photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies to convert solar energy into electricity and heat, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency. This paper aims to explore the suitability of PV/T solar heat pump systems across various climate zones and assess their potential for widespread application. By analyzing the operating principles of an indirect expansion PV/T solar heat pump system in conjunction with the climate characteristics of different regions, MATLAB R2019b/Simulink software was employed to evaluate the photoelectric performance of PV and PV/T systems in representative cities across five distinct climate zones in China during typical winter days. Key metrics, such as power generation, hot water storage tank temperature, indoor temperature, and system COP, were chosen to assess the heating performance of the PV/T solar heat pump system. The findings indicate that the winter ambient temperature significantly affects the photoelectric efficiency of both the PV and PV/T systems. While higher latitudes with lower ambient temperatures yield greater photoelectric efficiency, the southern regions exhibit higher power generation during winter. The winter heating effectiveness of the PV/T solar heat pump system is mainly influenced by indoor and water tank temperatures, with Harbin’s system performing the poorest and failing to meet heating demands, whereas Nanjing’s system shows the best results.

Revolutionizing nutrition: Exploring the transformative impact of amaranth integration on composite millet flakes

This study focuses on the development and comparative analysis of multi-millet flakes comprising amaranth, finger millet, and foxtail millet. Two drying methods, baking and dehydration, were employed to produce the flakes. Physicochemical, structural, and thermal properties were evaluated, along with changes observed during soaking in various media. Baked flakes exhibited larger dimensions and a more porous internal structure compared to dried flakes. Baking induced gelatinization and protein denaturation, enhancing water holding capacity and resulting in lower water activity (0.24) conducive to long-term storage. Dehydrated flakes had slightly higher water activity (0.41) and exhibited higher color values with a glossy outer surface. Flakes soaked in hot milk, milk, and water displayed distinct structural properties, crystallinity shifts, and thermal degradation patterns. The nutritional analysis revealed a significant carbohydrate content (55 %), moderate protein (11 %), and notable levels of fat (4.4 %) and total dietary fiber (6.88 %). Fatty acid profiling indicated low levels of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, with no trans-fat or cholesterol. Sensory evaluation favored baked flakes, indicating higher acceptability. This research underscores the potential of multi-millet flakes as a nutritious and palatable food option.

Rupture behaviors of the southern Xianshuihe fault and seismicity around Mt. Gongga: Insights from the 2022 MW 6.6 Luding (China) earthquake sequence

The 2022 MW 6.6 Luding earthquake occurred on the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe fault at the southeast margin of Tibetan Plateau, China. To assess the seismic potential of the Moxi segment, we examine the rupture process of the mainshock and aftershock sequence, along with historical seismicity. Our preferred slip model inverted from teleseismic body waves and regional GNSS static displacements shows a dominant southeastward rupture consisting of two distinct, prominent slip patches along strike extending by ∼15 km, with a peak slip of ∼2.8 m, approximately balancing the slip deficit since the last major earthquake in 1786. The northern section of the Moxi segment experienced minor coseismic slip, which, together with the significant slip deficits and positive Coulomb failure stress change induced by the 2022 mainshock indicates a high seismic potential. Several aftershock clusters are distributed along or near the Moxi segment, with strike-slip focal mechanisms around the downdip edge of the coseismic slip area at ∼8‐12 km. At the eastern flank of Mt. Gongga, another cluster of normal faulting aftershocks is located at shallower depths of ∼3‐7 km, with high seismicity rate over ∼9 months including two other M5 sequences in January and February 2023. Similar intense shallow normal faulting activity had occurred after the impoundment of the nearby Dagangshan reservoir in 2015. We speculate that some NW-SE trending normal faults were initially developed by the gravitational collapse of Mt. Gongga underneath the eastern flank, further weakened by fluid flow, as supported by the existence of hot springs and water impoundment, and reactivated by the tensional stress change induced by the 2022 mainshock. These results have important implications for assessing the seismic hazard in and around the Moxi segment, and the potential interplay between strike-slip fault and nearby mountain areas.

The Influence of Washing of Rice Straw Lignin Isolation on Polyurethane Synthesis for Coating in Biomedical Application

This study examined the effectiveness of different washing methods in improving the quality and functionality of rice straw lignin for its application in the synthesis of polyurethane as a coating material for biomedical pulp. The findings demonstrated that lignin subjected to triple washing (LW3) displayed the highest level of purity, as evidenced by elevated values of ph-OH and total phenolic content. LW3 exhibited the lowest syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, however, it had the highest mean molecular weight. Moreover, the LW3 was employed as a precursor for the production of polyurethane. Kidney trays coated with polyurethane demonstrated prolonged resistance to hot and cold water for over 4 hours. This coating effectively adhered to the fibers of the tray and sealed the pores, resulting in enhanced water resistance. This study offers valuable insights into the advancement of sustainable biobased materials for the purpose of utilizing agricultural byproducts in the synthesis of polymers for various high-value applications.

Enhanced characteristic equation method for single stage absorption heat pumps

The method of characteristic equations aims to describe the part-load behavior of sorption heat pumps and chillers as well as heat transformers as simply as possible but yet still accurately. Based on an approach by T. Furukawa for heat transformers, the method was further developed by F. Ziegler and others for absorption heat pumps and generalized for application in multistage processes. Clever simplifications were made, to represent the cooling capacity Q˙E of absorption chillers with a characteristic temperature difference ΔΔt as a simple linear equation Q˙E=sE·(ΔΔt−ΔΔtmin,E). In ΔΔt, the average hot, cooling, and chilled water temperatures are combined, and the slope and loss parameters, sE and ΔΔtmin,E are constant. However, in practical applications of this established method, inconsistencies arise. For example, the calculated slope parameter sE does not match the slope when plotting simulated or measured cooling capacities against ΔΔt. Furthermore, the loss parameter ΔΔtmin,E is actually not constant.In this work a more precise formulation of the characteristic equation is derived which takes into account that the solution entering the absorber and desorber is generally superheated or subcooled. By means of a domain-wise heat transfer calculation, these effects can be implemented into the method and explain the above mentioned inconsistencies. The new formulation allows for explicit consideration of different heat exchanger designs and cooling water configurations. No iterations or regression analyses are required. Thus, the calculation method can be easily implemented in industrial controllers e.g. for the model predictive control of absorption chillers and heat pumps.

Effects of wheat germ treated with different stabilization methods on dough characteristics and steamed bread quality

In this study, different stabilization methods (hot air, microwave, high-pressure, water bath, atmospheric pressure, ultraviolet, and microwave coupled with high-pressure) were applied to wheat germ to explore their impacts on the dough characteristics and quality of the steamed bread end-product. The stabilized lipase activity for all treatment schemes ranged from 14.05-7.24 mg/g, with the ultraviolet treatment (14.05 mg/g) being the least effective and high-pressure treatment (7.24 mg/g) being the most effective. However, the addition of high-pressure treatment increased the β-sheets content of wheat germ in the dough to 27.74%, increased dough hardness, and decreased the specific volume of the steamed bread to 1.61 mL/g. Hot air treatment improved the structural stability of the wheat germ dough, and the α-helix content and disulfide bond content increased to 29.06% and 23.10 μmol/mg, respectively, with good fermentation characteristics. This study reveals the impact of stabilized wheat germ on the dough's processing characteristics and the bread's quality, providing solutions for wheat germ stabilization methods in industrial production.

A meta-analysis of the schematic design process of deep retrofit projects

Deep retrofits of the existing building stock will be necessary to meet global emissions reductions targets. One building archetype, low-rise MURBs have been neglected in terms of research and funding for deep retrofits. A meta-analysis was conducted that compares and contrasts the schematic design approach taken for six such buildings in British Columbia which are scheduled to undergo deep retrofits with the goal of reducing GHG emissions by 80%. The analysis showed that design teams had converged toward common solutions for each building while achieving the GHG reduction target. The recommended measures include electrification of space and domestic hot water heating, adding insulation through overcladding, air sealing, ventilators for each unit, and double pane windows. A life cycle cost analysis showed that the economic viability of deep retrofits were dependent on energy price forecasts, capital cost reductions through market forces and transformation, or incentives cover the non-monetizable co-benefits of deep retrofits such as improved resiliency to climate-change or reducing overheating and air quality risks. The meta-analysis can help to streamline the early-stage and schematic design process for such buildings, which is critical to increasing the retrofit rate. This process could be replicated for other building types and construction archetypes.

Influence of supply temperature and booster technology on the energetic performance and levelized cost of heat of a district heating network with central heat pump

The development of new low-temperature district heating networks in existing urban areas can accelerate the replacement of fossil-fuel-based heating systems by collective heating using electricity or renewable heat sources. Buildings can either be connected to the network in their current, non-refurbished state for rapid deployment or be refurbished before connection to achieve maximum energy efficiency. To assess the difference between these two strategies, this paper examines eight low-temperature district heating concepts with central heat pump, comparing their energy use and levelized cost of heat. The study includes four scenarios for each strategy, considering supply temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 75 °C. Heat pumps or electric heaters are used as booster technology when the network supply temperature is too low for space heating or domestic hot water purposes. The use of booster heat pumps shows the highest seasonal coefficient of performance for both refurbished (4.61) and non-refurbished buildings (3.43). However, booster technologies result in the highest levelized cost of heat, driven mainly by the high investment cost of the network and booster units. Lowest levelized cost of heat of 213 €/MWhth is obtained for non-refurbished buildings at 75 °C and 297 €/MWhth for refurbished buildings at 55 °C without boosters.

دراسة عملية لاداء سخان ماء شمسي ذو الدوران الطبيعي المتصل على التوالي

This research paper presents an experimental study on the performance of a natural circulation solar water heater system with two typical collectors connected in series. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the system's thermal performance under different load conditions, including no-load, intermittent, and continuous load. Mean storage tank, solar collector means plate (the left) temperature and thermosyphon flow rate in a vertical tank were measured. Results showed that there was variation in solar water tank and collector plate temperature under load and no-load conditions. Analysis of thermal performance of the system was conducted for each condition. The highest plate temperature (100 ˚C or even more) with no circulation of both collector and load conditions, indicate the high quality of the solar collectors even during the cold season. The collector’s arrangement in series connection is of highest gain in energy and higher storage tank mean water temperature. Several characteristic equations obtained to represent the performance of the present natural circulation system under collector connection arrangement in series. In fact, when large amount of hot water was required for a certain purpose (Industrial sector for example - MSF plant or central heating), multiple collectors are to be deployed in series and in parallel to produce the required amount (quantity) and desired temperature (quality) at the same time. Key words: Thermosyphon solar water heater, storage tank profile temperature, Solar Water Heaters (SWHs), instantaneous efficiency, collector flow factor, collector efficiency factor, collector heat removal factor

Kjellmaniella crassifolia Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Caco-2 Cells and Ameliorates Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice.

Gastrointestinal disorders are widespread globally, with inflammatory diseases being particularly prominent. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Kjellmaniella crassifolia hot water extract (KCH) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells and loperamide-induced constipation in BALB/c mice. The study's findings revealed that KCH dose-dependently increased the cell viability and reduced the NO production by decreasing the iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Also, KCH downregulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) by regulating the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells. In addition, KCH increased the expression levels of tight junction proteins, occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in vivo study outcomes demonstrated that KCH improved intestinal transit, increased fecal moisture content, and reduced fecal impaction in constipated mice. KCH decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), thereby increasing the expression levels of intestinal tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1) in the small intestine tissues of the experimental mice. These proteins may help regulate intestinal motility and improve stool passage, thus reducing constipation. These findings suggest that KCH could be a promising functional food ingredient for managing intestinal inflammation, inflammation-related disorders, constipation, and the pathophysiology of constipation.

Improving a shell-tube latent heat thermal energy storage unit for building hot water demand using metal foam inserts at a constant pumping power

The phase transition heat transfer during the melting and solidification processes of phase change materials (PCMs) was modeled in a shell-tube thermal energy storage unit. For the first time, special attention was dedicated to the heat transfer enhancement on the heat transfer fluid (HTF) side by placing metal foam (MF) inserts in the HTF tube. The MF inserts on the HTF side were placed next to the fin bases to produce the maximum heat transfer enhancement. A two-temperature local thermal non-equilibrium model was applied to accurately model the transient heat transfer in the MF domains. To perform a fair heat transfer analysis and consider the hydrodynamic aspects of heat transfer, the pumping power for driving the HTF fluid was kept fixed. The finite element method with automatic time-step control was used to integrate the model equations. Results show that the insertion of the MF in the HTF tube enhances conduction heat transfer but reduces flow for a constant pump power. Using a small amount of MF provides a good flow rate and a convective heat transfer while using a large amount of MF provides good conduction heat transfer but a poor flow rate and convection. A moderate amount of MF inserts results in poor conduction and a poor flow rate, notably increasing the phase transition time. A 5 % MF insert could provide about a 13 % shorter solidification time compared to a 25 % MF insert. Thus, a well-designed and engineered MF insert configuration on the HTF side can reduce the phase transition time and improve the energy storage power.

A comparative study of pulsed electric field, ultrasound, milling and soaking as pre-treatments for assistance in the extraction of polyphenols from willow bark (Salix alba)

White willow (Salix alba) has a long history of use as an herbal remedy for treating common pain and inflammation. Pre-treatment is a crucial step that assists the subsequent extraction process and may affect the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from plant materials. The objective of this work was to study the impact of pre-treatment methods on the hot water extraction of polyphenols from willow bark. Pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasound (US) pre-treatments were compared to commonly used pre-treatment methods, milling and soaking. All pre-treatments significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) in willow extracts. At a similar energy level, PEF with 400 pulses yielded a higher TPC (44.33mg GAE/g d.w.) and antioxidant activity (DPPH of 74.58mg AAE/g and FRAP of 186.41mmol TE/g) than US pre-treated samples, but a small increase in ultrasonic energy resulted in the highest TPC (46.20mg GAE/g d.w.) and antioxidant activity (DPPH of 76.18mg AAE/g and FRAP of 220.20mmol TE/g) of all the pre-treatments. Compared with PEF and US, milling (42.69mg GAE/g d.w.) and soaking (40.29mg GAE/g d.w.) were less effective in recovering polyphenols but they were comparable with PEF and US when employed at low energy levels. Overall results indicate emerging technologies PEF and US can be alternatives to milling to enhance the extractability of polyphenols and to reduce energy consumption. The obtained willow extracts were a rich source of polyphenols that could be used for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Thermal request optimization of a smart district heating system

This paper proposes a solution approach to manage the heating plans of tenants served by a district heating plant located in Sweden. To do that, the daily temperature request of each household in the associated pilot region is obtained, and the daily temperature profile of each household is optimized with the help of the proposed decision support system and smart valves. The hot water inflow rates of radiators are remotely controlled via smart valves at each flat to minimize the total energy consumption, carbon emission and cost associated with the energy consumption of the district heating plant. We aim to shave the peak demands while fully satisfying the temperature requests of households without violating their thermal comfort. Peak demand shaving is achieved by generating preheating schedules via mathematical optimization and using the thermal storage potential of the insulated flats. The resulting mathematical optimization model presents significant computational challenges that cannot be efficiently solved using optimization solvers within a reasonable time limit. To this end, we develop three genetic algorithm approaches that are computationally scalable for realistically-sized instances and verified to yield near-optimal solutions for the test instances. Extensive numerical analyses show the effectiveness of the proposed approach and the genetic algorithm since we yield significant carbon emission reduction and cost savings compared with the method that the experts of the utility company propose.

MiPrime: A Model for the Microbially Mediated Impacts of Organic Amendments on Measurable Soil Organic Carbon Fractions and Associated Priming Effects

Priming effects can influence the efficiency with which organic amendments sequester carbon in the soil. Yet few soil models currently include priming effects. Those models that do are often based on operationally defined soil pools and implicitly allow only for positive priming effects. This limits the verification of model processes with experimental data and hinders the optimization of our carbon sequestration strategies. To address these shortcomings, we developed MiPrime, which offers a framework for the mechanistic modelling of organic amendment impacts on microbially mediated transformation of carbon fractions that are quantifiable through parsimonious soil extraction methods. MiPrime allows for assessment of organic amendment impacts on soil carbon dynamics, including priming effects, by simulating changes in mineralized, microbial biomass, dissolvable, hot water extractable and insoluble carbon fractions in soil exogenous (i.e. organic amendment-derived) and endogenous (i.e. soil) pools. After calibration of model parameters using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to incubation data of three types of isotopically labelled roadside grasses (a fresh grass product, a compost thereof, and a Bokashi-fermented product thereof), MiPrime was able to simulate changes in carbon fractions of the soil with a good degree of accuracy for five compositionally complex organic amendments, namely the three types of roadside grasses, as well as non-isotopically labelled wood chips and water weeds and reeds. Validation of the model results with experimental data demonstrates that changes in total carbon were very well predicted but that there is room for improvement in predicting mineralization rates and changes in dissolvable, hot water extractable and insoluble carbon fractions in the soil endogenous pool. MiPrime thus offers an initial step towards the mechanistic modelling of organic amendment impacts on measurable soil carbon fractions and can operate as a new tool for designing effective carbon sequestration strategies and understanding organic amendment impacts.

Validation of an Enhanced Drinking Water Temperature Model during Distribution

Drinking water temperatures are expected to increase in the Netherlands due to climate change and the installation of district heating networks as part of the energy transition. To determine effective measures to prevent undesirable temperature increases in drinking water, a model was developed. This model describes the temperature in the drinking water distribution network as a result of the transfer of heat from the climate and above and underground heat sources through the soil. The model consists of two coupled applications. The extended soil temperature model (STM+) describes the soil temperatures using a two-dimensional finite element method that includes a drinking water pipe and two hot water pipes coupled with a micrometeorology model. The extended water temperature model (WTM+) describes the drinking water temperature as a function of the surrounding soil temperature (the boundary temperature resulting from the STM+), the thermal sphere of influence where the drinking water temperature influences the soil temperature, and the hydraulics in the drinking water network. Both models are validated with field measurements. This study describes the WTM+. Previous models did not consider the cooling effect of the drinking water on the surrounding soil, which led to an overestimation of the boundary temperature and how quickly the drinking water temperature reaches this boundary temperature. The field measurements show the improved accuracy of the WTM+ when considering one to two times the radius of the drinking water pipe as the thermal sphere of influence around the pipe.

490 - Effect of hot water foot bath on the venous haemodynamics in lower extremities - a feasibility study

490 - Effect of hot water foot bath on the venous haemodynamics in lower extremities - a feasibility study