Hot Water Treatment Research Articles

Disorder of Cutting of Chrysanthemum ‘Jimba’ after Hot Water Treatment and Action of Light Irradiation

Disorder of Cutting of Chrysanthemum ‘Jimba’ after Hot Water Treatment and Action of Light Irradiation

Impact of pre-harvest fruit bagging and improved postharvest practices in reducing losses and managing quality of mango in the value chain system

Pre-harvest fruit bagging and improved postharvest management practices (IPMP) were integrated in the mango value chain of Bangladesh to reduce losses and to manage fruit quality along the value chain. A popular and commercial mango cultivar 'Khirsapat' was used in this experiment. Fruit bagging, improved mango harvester, desapping tray and hot water treatment (HWT) plant were integrated in the IPMP. Traditional postharvest management practices (TPMP) existed in the value chain was used as control. Pre-harvest fruit bagging along with IPMP showed the best performance in respect of decay control, attractive skin colour development, good keeping quality and marketability of mangoes for ten days at retail outlets. Decay incidence caused by stem end rot and anthracnose reduced by 86.7% in bagged mangoes handled with IPMP compared to traditionally handled non-bagged mangoes. The integration of fruit bagging and IPMP resulted in 70% reduction of postharvest losses of mango in the value chain. Total soluble solids of mango was not affected due to bagging followed by IPMP, while titratable acidity and ascorbic acid contents slightly decreased at ripe stage compared to non-bagged control fruits. Pre-harvest fruit bagging along with or without IPMT did not affect the overall sensory qualities of mangoes cv. Khirsapat.

Modified crossing (SMUASB) method for artificial hybridization in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and Little millet (Panicum sumatrense)

Proso millet and Little millet belong to group of small millets and family poaceae. Flower opening in these crops are chasmogamous type, in which pollination takes place prior to opening of flowers. Hence, self pollination predominates. So, to create variability, hybridization is prerequisite. Because of self pollination and non availability of male sterility, emasculation is necessary for crossing. There are many emasculation and crossing methods like contact method, hot water treatment, hand emasculation and USSR method which are used in these crops. But the disadvantage in these methods is damage to stigma this reduces the success rate of obtaining true F1’s. To overcome all these problems of earlier methods, in our present study, we proposed the modified crossing (SMUASB) method. In this method, cold water of 5–8°C is sprayed on the panicle as a mechanical stimulator for opening of florets in male and female panicles. For emasculation, female panicle is gently washed in cold water. This will not affect stigma and its receptivity. All florets which are already fertilized and not opened immature florets are removed before pollination. Hence, success rate of obtaining true F1s is more and less land and resources are required for evaluation of F1’s. Using SMUASB method, we attempted crosses in Little millet and Proso millet and the success rate observed was 56% and 60% respectively.

Breaking seed dormancy in Cleome viscosa L. for improving seed germination

A total 30 accession of Cleome viscosa L. were conserved at Indian National Genebank, ICAR-NBPGR. Poor seed germination was observed at the time of testing for viability during processing of germplasm for long-term conservation. To improve germination, seeds collected from different sources (provenances) were treated with various concentration of H2SO4, scarification, hot water treatment and co-application of GA3. Treatments with 100% H2SO4 for 20 min. significantly enhanced (P <0.001) percent seed germination, irrespective of provenance. Co-application of GA3 was found ineffective in improving per cent seed germination.

Control of black rot disease in cabbage by integration of mulching, pruning and hot water treatment of seeds

Control of black rot disease in cabbage by integration of mulching, pruning and hot water treatment of seeds

Thermotherapy of Sunflower Seeds Controlling Charcoal-Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

Various fungi were isolated from sunflower seed samples collected from two fields in Ismailia and Beni-Suef governorates. Fifteen fungal species belonging to 10 genera were isolated from Beni-Suef fields and thirteen fungal species belonging to 8 genera were isolated from Ismailia field. Alternaria alternata recorded the highest frequency from sunflower seed samples collected from the two locations followed by Aspergillius flavus and A. niger. Macrophomina phaseolina was the main seed-borne pathogen isolated from sunflower seeds collected from the two locations followed by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium spp. Applying thermo-treatments through microwave radiation in five exposing periods (15, 30 sec, 1, 2 and 4 min.) and hot water treatment at five soaking periods (30 sec, 1, 2, 4 and 8 min.) gave significant impacts on the occurrence of seed-borne pathogen M. phaseolina in sunflower seeds as well as seed germination. Moreover, increasing the exposure time of microwave radiation or soaking in hot water led to enhancing their effects. Soaking in hot water negatively affected thefrequency of M. phaseolina than microwave radiation treatment. Generally, the obtained results clearly show that microwave radiations and hot water treatments significantly decreased the incidence of pre- and post-emergence damping-off. Moreover, sunflower seeds exposed to either treatment then planted under greenhouse conditions in infested and non-infested soil with M. phaseolina or under open field conditions, naturally infested, led to increase of sunflower seed yield. In this respect, the highest impact was obtained when sunflower seeds were soaked in hot water at 2 min followed by soaking in hotwater for 1 min and exposure to microwave radiation for 1 min. Data also proved that the efficiency of some thermal treatments was approximately close to efficiency of fungicide in reducing damping-off and charcoal rot diseases during 2017 and 2018 trail seasons, where soaking in hot water for 2 min. was the closest one.

온탕침지와 황토유황합제의 유기농 수박종자 소독효과 검정

온탕침지와 황토유황합제의 유기농 수박종자 소독효과 검정

Effects of neem leaf extract and hot water treatments on shelf life and quality of banana

A huge loss of banana occurs due to its shorter shelf life and inappropriate postharvest handling. There is a scarce of effective postharvest practices to combat this situation in Bangladesh. In this context, the current experiment was conducted to assess the effects of hot water (45°C for 2 or 5 minutes) and neem leaf extract (20% or 40%) on quality and shelf life of banana (cv. Sabri). The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with three replications. Data on physico-chemical properties of banana were collected during storage in ambient conditions for two weeks. After two weeks of storage, the banana treated with 40% neem leaf extract showed longest shelf life (8.33 days), minimum change in color (score 4.88), minimum disease incidence (33.33%) and severity (score 2.23), lower reduction of titratable acidity (0.12%) and lower level of total soluble solid (6.90%). While the banana were treated with hot water at 45°C for 2 min, the treated banana also showed lower color change (score 4.53), longer shelf life (8.33 days), minimum loss of firmness (score 4.67), minimum change in vitamin C content (2.17mg/100g) and lower reduction in titratable acidity (0.11%). Among the combined treatments, the banana treated with the combination of hot water (at 45°C for 5 minutes)and 40% neem leaf extract also exhibited considerably longer shelf life (8.17 days), lower change in color (score 5.00), lower disease incidence (46.67%) and lower reduction in titratable acidity (0.15%). From the study it could be concluded that the fruit treated with 40% neem leaf extract retained the majority of the quality parameters for considerably longer period and thereby it could be recommended for practical use to ensure better and longer storage of banana (cv. Sabri)&#x0D; J.Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 351–356, December 2018

Effect of hot water treatments and storage period on the quality attributes of banana (Musa sp.) fruit

Abstract The current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of hot water treatments and storage period on quality attributes of banana in the laboratory of Farm Structures, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan during 2017. Green matured Basari banana fruit free from defects was collected from local fruit market. The samples of banana fruit were dipped for 10 minutes in four different water treatments i.e. control (T1), 40°C (T2), 50°C (T3) and 60°C (T4). The quality attributes of stored banana fruits was observed at initial time of storage and at an interval of five days. The results demonstrated a significant (p≤0.05) effect of hot water treatments and storage period on banana’s quality parameters. Highest values for moisture content (%), pulp firmness (N), pulp to peel ratio, titratable acidity (%) and ash content (%) were observed under T3 followed by T2, T1 and T4, whereas least values for total soluble solids (% brix), pulp pH, total sugar content (%), decay incidence (%) and weight loss (%) were observed for T3 followed by T2, T1 and T4. It was also observed that all quality attributes except moisture content, pulp firmness, titratable acidity and ash content increased with increasing storage period. The conducted study concluded that treatment T3 provided better results, maintaining better quality with minimum losses. Keywords: Basari; Banana; Hot water treatments; Quality attributes; Storage period http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700195

Optimization of the radio frequency power, time and cooling water temperature for pasteurization of Salmonella Typhimurium in shell eggs

Radio frequency (RF) power, treatment time and cooling water temperature affect inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in shell eggs and internal quality. Eggs were processed using 40.68 MHz RF at 30–45 W, 2.5–8 min and 30–38 °C, followed by hot water (HW) treatment at 56.7 °C for 15 min. Five conditions achieved >5 log reduction of Salmonella without observable quality change. Analyses of the longest (8 min at 30 W and 30 °C) and shortest (4.5 min at 35 W and 38 °C) treatments indicated that combined RF/HW treatments significantly (P < 0.05) preserved quality better than HW pasteurization (56.7 °C for 60 min). No significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference in egg quality was observed between the longest and shortest treatment, except that the shortest resulted in greater albumen turbidity. As the longest treatment required 78% more time and 47% more energy than the shortest, industry may wish to use the shortest RF treatment time.

Hydrothermal stability and permeation properties of TiO2-ZrO2 (5/5) nanofiltration membranes at high temperatures

The hydrothermal stability of TiO2-ZrO2 nanofiltration (NF) membranes fired at 200, 400, and 550 °C was examined at 90 °C for 4–100 h, followed by an evaluation of the NF performance at 25 °C. After hot-water treatment, the water permeability (Lp) of a membrane fired at 200 °C had slightly increased, while that of membranes fired at 400 and 550 °C had drastically decreased. Meanwhile, the values for molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) were decreased for all membranes. The Lp and MWCO changed during the initial 20 h and remained constant for as long as 100 h, confirming the stability in an aqueous solution at 90 °C. The permeation properties of water and neutral solutes were evaluated for temperatures that ranged from 25 to 85 °C. The water permeability and permeate flux increased with an increase in temperature, while the rejection of solutes decreased. Based on analysis using the Spiegler-Kedem equations, the reflection coefficient was constant irrespective of permeation temperature, while both water and solute permeability were increased with an increase in the permeation temperature, which revealed that the permeation mechanism of water and neutral solutes is an activated process. In addition, the activation energies of solute permeability were found to be higher than those of water permeability.

Physicochemical Traits of Seedless Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits Stored Under Refrigeration as Affected by Heat and Calcium Chloride Treatments

Abstract The loss of chemical characteristics and quality of the fresh seedless barberry fruit during storage and qualitative losses of its dried fruit are the most important postharvest challenges in barberry industry and its exports. The fresh harvested fruit samples were dried using an electrical drier at 50°C to 50% moisture content. Thereafter, the effects of hot water alone (65°C for 45 sec), and hot water + 2% calcium chloride were carried out on the quality maintenance and chemicals during the cold storage of seedless barberry. The results showed that the samples treated with calcium chloride stored at 2°C had the highest TSS over time, whereas the titratable acidity of barberry fruits was not significantly affected by postharvest treatments. Hot water alone or in combination with calcium chloride treatment increased redness and chroma values result in better appearance quality than control. In addition, the treatments reduced the variable L* and thereby enhanced fruit lightness. The highest antioxidant content (% 77.92) was observed in hot water treated samples and the lowest (% 54.28) was obtained on control. Also, the highest amount of anthocyanins and antioxidants were obtained from samples treated with hot water. Only calcium chloride treatment had a significant effect on Ca content of the samples. The results revealed that postharvest application of hot water and calcium chloride treatments improved the appearance quality and nutritional values of fresh seedless barberry fruit, as well as extend the cold storage life, likely due to reduced pathogen contamination.

Effect of hot water treatment on chilling injury incidence and antioxidative responses of mature green mume (Prunus mume) fruit during low temperature storage

Mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) fruit are harvested and consumed at the mature green stage and have a short storage life at ambient temperature. The current handling and storage temperatures, below 6 °C, extend the storage life to a week, but chilling injury (CI) occurs after a longer storage. A pre-storage hot water treatment, dipping ‘Nankou’ fruit in 45 °C water for 5 min, substantially reduced susceptibility of fruit to CI at 6 °C storage, and extended storage life for three-fold. This research was conducted to reveal the antioxidantive responses of fruit to pre-heat treatment and chilling storage. Hot water treatment inhibited the increases in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, and delayed the decreases in ascorbate contents and total antioxidant capacity levels compared with the control fruit during storage. The activities of antioxidant-related enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase were higher in hot water treated fruit than in the control fruit during cold storage. These results indicate that the alleviation of CI in mature green fruit by hot water treatment might be due to the protection and enhancement of the antioxidant system by increased activity of related enzymes.

Combined effects of food additives and heat treatment on fruit rot disease and quality of harvested dragon fruit

The effects of food additives (sodium carbonate, SC and potassium sorbate, PS) at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% weight per volume on fungal spore germination of dragon fruit rot diseases, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. capsici and Fusarium sp. were investigated on media. PS at all concentrations showed complete inhibition of spore germination in the three fungi. SC 2% inhibited the germination of C. gloeosporioides by 100% while SC 3% completely inhibited the germination of C. capsici and Fusarium sp. PS solution was selected to study its combined effects with hot water treatment on fruit rot disease and quality of dragon fruit artificially inoculated with C. gloeosporioides. The fruit samples were treated in a heated (55 °C) solution of 1% PS for 5 min and then cooled in tap water at 10 °C (PS-55 °C + cold H2O). Non-treated fruit and fruit treated with the fungicide carbendazim were used as controls. All samples were assessed after being kept at 13 °C for 15 d. The treatment of PS-55 °C + cold H2O reduced the severity of diseases and helped to delay chlorophyll degradation in the dragon fruit bracts, had little impact on the respiration rate, delayed ethylene production and maintained the total ascorbic acid content. However, PS-55 °C + cold H2O treatment, while having little initial effect, did reduce fruit firmness after 15 d of storage. The PS-55 °C + cold H2O treatment did not affect weight loss or the total soluble solids concentration. These findings showed that the PS-55 °C + cold H2O treatment could act as a safe alternative method for suppressing fruit rot disease while maintaining the quality of dragon fruit during cold storage.

Physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities of polysaccharides from longan pulp based on different extraction techniques

Longan pulp polysaccharides were extracted with hot water (LP-H), superfine grinding (LP-S) and superfine grinding-assisted enzymatic treatments (LP-SE). The yields, physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities of polysaccharides were investigated. Compared with LP-H and LP-S, the yield, sugar content, solubility, arabinose and mannose percentage of LP-SE increased while its apparent viscosity, particle size, Mw and glucose percentage declined. Three LPs contained similar glycosidic linkage of →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→ and α-l-Rhap(l→, while they each contained specific glycosidic linkage of →4)-β-d-Glcp(l→, →4)-β-d-Galp-(1→ and →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→ in LP-H, LP-S and LP-SE, respectively. Moreover, LP-SE exhibited stronger stimulation than LP-H and LP-S on the proliferation of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus fermentum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The results indicated three extraction methods had some effect on chemical composition and structure of polysaccharide. LP-SE extracted by superfine grinding-assisted enzymatic treatment exhibited the highest prebiotic activities, which have a great potential in applying in functional food and medical industry.

Colonization of vines by Petri disease fungi, susceptibility of rootstocks to Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and their disinfection

ABSTRACT: Petri disease is complex, attacks young vine plants and it is difficult to be controlled. The fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Phc) has been identified as the main causative agent of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalent colonization of the Petri disease fungi in different portions of vine plants; to assess the susceptibility of grapevine rootstocks to the fungus P. chlamydospora; to assess the effect of solarization and biofumigation, followed by hot-water treatment (HWT), on the disinfection of cuttings of the rootstock IAC 766 infected with P. chlamydospora, and assess the effect of solarization and biofumigation, followed by HWT, on the rooting of cuttings of the rootstock IAC 766. For the prevalent colonization test, the fungus species detected and identified in ‘Niagara Rosada’ grafted on two rootstocks different were Phc and Phialemoniopsis ocularis. This is the first report of P. ocularis in a young vineyard in Brazil. Both fungi, in particular Phc, colonized only the plant’s basal part, drawing attention to the rootstock as target for control measures. Measurement of the dark streaks in the vascular system revealed that Golia was the least susceptible rootstock, and IAC 572 was the most susceptible to Phc. Moreover, biofumigation or temperature of 37°C applied for 7 and 14 days, both followed by HWT, suppressed Phc in cuttings of the rootstock IAC 766 without hampering their rooting. Meanwhile, new studies are needed to validate the efficiency of these disinfection techniques.

Fluorocarbon-Free Dual-Action Textile Finishes Based on Covalently Attached Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Brush Coatings.

We present fluorocarbon-free block copolymer brushes as potential systems for dual-action, i.e., soil-repellent and soil-releasing textile finishes. Polymer brushes were prepared by employing specifically engineered triblock copolymers consisting of a hydrophobic, a hydrophilic, and either a central or a terminal anchor block bearing several anchoring groups for sustainable immobilization using the "grafting to" approach on both flat Si wafers and rough cotton fabrics. The switching characteristics of both types of block copolymer brushes were investigated by exposing the brushes to conditions and stimuli that are similar to those applied during laundering in a washing machine and drying in a laundry dryer, respectively. Contact angle measurements were performed to evaluate the polarity and wettability of the block copolymer brushes after treatment in hot water and in air, or in a vacuum at elevated temperatures simulating the washing and the drying procedure of a textile fabric. While the block copolymer brush with the terminal anchor showed only minor changes in terms of the wetting characteristics and the brush morphology upon the applied stimuli, the block copolymer brush with the central anchoring block exhibited a significant change from a hydrophilic (soil-releasing) to a hydrophobic (stain-repellent) surface. This switching behavior was reversible and could be achieved on both, flat Si wafers, and much more pronounced on rough cotton fabrics. Atomic force microscopy and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations further indicated a complete rearrangement of the brush morphology. Accordingly, we regard this type of block copolymer brushes as a system that fully meets the basic requirements for an application as a dual-action textile finish, which can be reversibly switched with respect to water repulsion.

Novel reactivation allows effective reuse of Nafion® super-acid nano-catalyst

An alternative clean regeneration method to calcination on special grade resins, i.e. Nafion, is introduced. The reactivation strategy makes use of advanced oxidation processes (Fenton and non-Fenton) to remove the organic deposits generated from sequential catalytic cycles. Hot water treatment was considered as a control case to evaluate the extraction capacity of water itself at the oxidative conditions. Advanced oxidation processes were effective in reactivating the Nafion SAC-13 resin, which also rendered a cleaner and more sustainable reactivation process. Beta zeolite was studied as model fouled system prior to the Nafion SAC-13. Even though zeolites are considered to be thermally stable, this approach can be used when a full preservation of the acid sites is required. As far as resin Nafion SAC-13 is concerned, organic species deposition was found to be responsible of a selective poisoning of the sulfonic groups in Nafion, with a consequent drop in catalytic activity of the octanoic acid esterification with methanol. The Nafion resin was reactivated either with H2O2 or with Fenton chemistry; the resin remained stable under these oxidative conditions, which is the benefit of the presented non­thermal methodologies as compared to calcination. The optimal method showed full recovery of the initial activity and 90% of the final conversion. This methodology seems attractive for a whole-range of organic catalytic reactions, including those related to biomass valorization, that require the use of highly acidic catalysts, such as acidic resins, in liquid phase reactions.

Multi-stage air gap membrane distillation reversal for hot impaired quality water treatment: Concept and simulation study

The major challenge of membrane distillation (MD) is the low gain output ratio (GOR) resulting from the high thermal energy requirement and the low water production. Here, the use of hot streams such as geothermal groundwater or produced water that are suitable to be treated by MD without the need for thermal energy input is discussed. Hot groundwater from the Northwest of Himalaya, India, is used as a case study. In this paper, we propose a novel multi stage air gap MD reversal design coupled with natural/forced cooling system. A 1-D rigorous simulation model is developed to estimate the performance of the proposed system. Water production capacity and GOR of various scenarios were estimated and reported. Based on our results, the increase in temperature difference between feed and brine discharge cooled down temperature can have a positive effect to improve both water production capacity and GOR. The increase of inlet feed flow rate increases the water production but not the GOR. The influence of increasing module width on water production and GOR is negligibly small. Results showed that the maximum GOR was about 3.89 without natural (passive) cooling system. Meanwhile, when natural (90%)/forced (10%) combined cooling system was applied, a GOR as high as 24.4 could be achieved.

Use of hot water, combination of hot water and phosphite, and 1-MCP as post-harvest treatments for passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) reduces anthracnose and does not alter fruit quality

This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hot water (43–53 °C · 5 min−1; 47 °C · 2–6 min−1), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 50–300 nL L−1 and a combination of hot water (47/49 °C · 5 min−1) and phosphite (40% P2O5 + 20% K2O; 40% P2O5 + 10% Zn) in anthracnose control and the effect on fruit quality [fresh weight loss (FWL—%); pH, total soluble solids (TSS—°Brix), and titratable acidity (TA = % citric acid (CA)] of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) at the post-harvest stage. When the fruits were in the stage of 0% dehydration and fully yellow peels, they were disinfested and inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. They were then subjected to the above mentioned treatments; this was followed by incubation for 120 h. The diameter of the disease lesions was monitored daily. After the incubation, a physico-chemical analysis was performed. Hot-water treatment resulted in disease reduction at 47 and 49 °C for 4 and 5 min. The combination of hot-water treatment at 47 °C (4 or 5 min) and application of the phosphite of K or Zn significantly reduced disease severity in fruits. The 1-MCP treatment reduced anthracnose severity in passion fruit mainly at 200 nL L−1 · 24 h−1. None of the treatments significantly changed the physico-chemical characteristics of the fruit [FWL (2.6–4.1%); pH (3.2–3.5), TSS (8.9–10.9 °Brix), and TA (1.8–2.5% CA)].