Hot Water Pool Research Articles

Kristallenmiş Çiçek Balının Sıvılaşma Hızının Artırılmasının Deneysel İncelenmesi

After the honey is harvested from the bee colony, it is removed from the honeycomb with mechanization and stored as a liquid in cans or barrels. Honey crystallizes depending on the chemical structure, type of its, and impurity or ambient temperature. In Turkey, liquid (wax) honey is generally not consumed as crystallized. For this reason, honey is liquefied and packaged again. When the honey crystallizes, which is stored in tin cans, an air oven or hot water pool is usually used as a liquefaction medium. The liquefaction time of honey depends on the type of its, melting medium, the ambient temperature, and the geometry of the honey container. As the ambient temperature and melting time increase, both chemical and color-taste changes occur in honey. In this experimental study, crystallized honey stored in tin cans (18 dm3) was liquefied in an air-type oven at 50oC using two different methods (conventional and mechanical vibratory). During liquefaction, time-dependent temperature changes were determined in honey’s x and y axes. Moisture, diastase, proline, and HMF (Hidroksimetilfurfural) changes in the heat-treated honey were measured. As a result of the obtained data, it was determined that the mechanical vibration liquefaction time was 35% shorter than the conventional liquefaction time. At the end of the heat treatment with both methods, the change of chemical values in honey was found to be in accordance with the Turkish Food Code.

Development of Waterfalls and Penikit Hot Springs Tourism Objects in Belok Sidan Village

The attraction of Penikit Waterfall is unique, which is known as a hot and cold waterfall. However, the development of Penikit Waterfall tourism has not sufficiently affected the economy of the local community. The lack of visitors and the lack of information in the wider community about the place is one of the weaknesses of this tourist attraction. In addition, the infrastructure at this tourist attraction is still lacking. For this reason, it is necessary to hold a PKM for the development of Penikit Waterfalls and Hot Springs in Belok Sidan Village, Petang District, Badung Regency. The target partner in this PKM is the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) Wana Giri, totaling 33 people. The PKM activities carried out are, repairing toilets (structural work and finishing work), installing clean water for toilets, parking lot cleaning, hardening and cementing hot water pools, making WEB, training on using WEB and simple bookkeeping. The results of the PKM program on the Penikit Waterfall and Hot Springs help increase the economic potential that supports development in the Penikit area in particular, namely: there are business opportunities, there is an increase in income, and there is labor absorption.

IDENTIFIKASI DAERAH PROSPEK PANAS BUMI BERDASARKAN SEBARAN TEMPERATUR DAN STRESS VEGETASI MENGGUNAKAN CITRA LANDSAT 8 DI DAERAH GUNUNG TAMPUSU

Mount Tampusu is a mountain located in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Mount Tampusu is a mountain flanked by two lakes resulting from volcanic activity, namely Lake Linow and Lake Tondano, also around Mount Tampusu, there are geothermal manifestations such as hot water pools and steamy soils. The surface temperature around Mount Tampusu has changed from year to year. Whether the changes occur significantly or only slightly, surely it affects the vegetation around the mountain. The purpose of this study was to determine the surface temperature and vegetation stress in the area of ​​geothermal manifestation around Mount Tampusu based on the Remote Sensing Method. In this study, the analysis uses Landsat 8 satellite imagery in 2020. The value of surface temperature is obtained from the thermal band processing of Landsat 8 satellite imagery which is then correlated with the vegetation index value obtained from NIR and Red band processing using the correlation method. The results showed that the high vegetation index was in the manifestation area with a value of 0.58. The value of the influence of surface temperature on vegetation -0.70596. A negative value (-) means that the vegetation and surface temperature are inversely correlated. The higher the vegetation, the lower the surface temperature value and vice versa, the higher the surface temperature, the lower the vegetation index.

APLIKASI METODE GEOLISTRIK RESISTIVITAS KONFIGURASI WENNER- SCHLUMBERGER UNTUK MENGIDENTIFIKASI LITOLOGI BATUAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN DAN FLUIDA PANAS BUMI WAY RATAI DI AREA MANIFESTASI PADOK DI KECAMATAN PADANG CERMIN KABUPATEN PESAWARAN PROVINSI LAMPUNG

Research area is located in Padang Cermin Sun-District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province. Manifestation in research area is hot water pool with surface temperatures reach 900C. Data acquisition has been done by Wenner-Schlumberger configuration with 5 acquisition line. Line 1, line 4 and line 5 have 280 meters length. Line 2 have 240 meters length and line 3 have 320 meters length with a spacing of each electrodes in each lines is every 5 meters. The objective of this research are (1)examining the geochemical contaminant and fluid types, (2)identifies the geothermal fluid based on 2D and 3D resistivity data analysis, also (3)identifies the layer of rock in Padok manifestation area based on 2D and 3D subsurface resistivity section. Subsurface lithology in research area generally divides into 4 parts. Which is hot water fluid with mean resistivity value between 1 Ωm into 3 Ωm and based on geochemistry data the fluid type is chloride water; surface sediment with resistivity value between 6 Ωm into 50 Ωm and identified as swamp sediment and alluvium sediment divides into gravels, pebbles, sands, clay and peat; Gravels, pebbles, sands, clay and peat with resistivity value between 50 Ωm into 100 Ωm; and igneous rock (andesite-basalt) with resistivity value more than 100 Ωm.

STUDI IDENTIFIKASI KUALITAS AIR DAN JENIS IKAN AIR TAWAR DI SUMBER AIR PANAS DESA NYELANDING KABUPATEN BANGKA SELATAN SEBAGAI DASAR PENGELOLAAN POTENSI KAWASAN AIR PANAS UNTUK KEGIATAN PERIKANAN DAN WISATA

Hot springs in Nyelanding Village, South Bangka Regency, have the potential of geothermal resources that can be used as a potential energy source, moreover found several types of freshwater fish that utilize these hot springs as their natural habitat. The objectives of this study are to identify the water quality and diversity of freshwater fish species in the hot spring area of Nyelanding Village, South Bangka Regency; analyze the feasibility of water quality for fisheries and tourism activities; and analyzing fish growth patterns found at these locations. The results showed that there were two types of fish found in the hot springs of Nyelanding Village, which were Gabus Fish (Channa striata) and Sepat Fish (Trichogaster trichopterus). There are 6 hot water quality parameters Village Nyelanding included in standard class II PP 82 of 2001 include pH, COD, TSS, TDS, Nitrate and Total fospat, two parameters are not required (depth and ammonia), one parameter (temperature ) not in normal natural waters. The growth pattern of Gabus Fish in the hot water of Nyelanding Village is negative allometric with a growth coefficient of 2.076. In general, based on the analysis of water quality parameters, the Nyelanding Village hot water is suitable for biota life as well as aquaculture activities and tourist areas. For aquaculture, the recommended type of fish is eurythermal. However, their habit of draining the hot water pool Village Nyelanding made towards development of the area is less recommended for fishing activity, but preferably as a tourist area.

Resistivity model of hallow subsurface to find the path of geothermal manifestation in Bora Village of Sigi Regency of Central Sulawesi

Bora geothermal is one of the manifestations that appear at the meeting of two fault zones namely Palu-Koro Fault and Palolo Fault. This geothermal is classified as non-volcanic. Existing tectonic activity, presumably leading to the formation of a depressive zone that triggers a rock intrusion process that conducts heat conductively. To find out the sub-surface structure, we apply the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method. The data collection technique we use is 2-D imaging with Wenner configuration, where the number of electrodes is 21 pieces at 6 m intervals. Shallow depths Penetration targeted about 20 m below ground surface (m.bgs. The resistivity values obtained are in the range < 0.15 Ohm.m to > 56.6 Ohm.m which indicates the subsurface layer is strongly influenced by the fluid. However, the interesting thing here is that the hot water pool formed on the surface of about 6 m dimension is passed through the path of ERT measurement around the electrode number 11 and 12, illustrated in the resistivty section to ± 10 m.bgs depth and turning toward the electrode number 4 up to 7 as the lowest anomaly source at depth > 15 m.bgs. This configuration of low resistivity anomaly is what we interpret as a shallow ground pathway with local high temperatures as the source of the emergence of Bora geothermal manifestations.

Efficacy of balneotherapy, peloidotherapy and group exercises in the management of Ankylosing Spondylitis

The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of balneological treatment consisting of hydrotherapy and peloidotherapy and group exercise therapy in the management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). 40 AS patients fromthe Department of Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology Istanbul Faculty of Medicinewere randomized into two groups. In group1 patients prescribed 15 sessions of hot water pool hydrotherapy and peloidotherapy with local mud pack application for 3 weeks duration at the Balneological Treatment Outpatient Unit of the Department. At the last session, they had given home based exercise program instructions and brochure for ankylosing spondylitis. In Group 2 patients attended15 sessions of group exercise therapy supervised by a physiotherapist at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Exercise Unit, for 3 weeks duration. At the last session, they had given the same home-based exercise program and brochure for ankylosing spondylitis. The patients were examined before therapy, after completing the all treatment sessions and 3th and 6th months afterwards. Outcome measures were pain intensity (visual analog scale, VAS), patient's general evaluation (VAS), physician's general evaluation (VAS), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Lumbar Schober index (cm), finger-floor distance(cm), occiput-wall distance(cm) and chest expansion (cm). Statistically significant improvement on pain-VAS scores was seen in Group 1, in all assessments. In Group 2, statistically significant decrease in pain-VAS was only seen after the therapy. But decrease in pain at 3rd and 4th measurement weren't significant.In group comparisons, metrological indexes were found statistically significant in exercise group patients except chest expansion outcomes which were seen significant in both groups, in all short-term and long-term assessments. Besides improving pain ambulatory balneological treatment and exercise therapy seem to improve inspiratory function and mobility in AS patients. This type of treatment may be added in the overall treatment program as an effective nonpharmacological modality considering the beneficial effects on respiratory system and spine mobility as well as on pain and function in AS patients.

Investigation of free level fluctuations in a simulated model of a sodium cooled Fast Breeder Reactor using pulsating conductance monitoring device

A high resolution measurement technique for rapid and accurate monitoring of water level using an in-house built pulsating conductance monitoring device is presented. The technique has the capability of online monitoring of any sudden shift in water level in a reservoir which is subjected to rapid fluctuations due to any external factor. We have deployed this novel technique for real time monitoring of water level fluctuations in a specially designed ¼ scale model of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam, India. The water level measurements in various locations of the simulated test facility were carried out in different experimental campaigns with and without inclusion of thermal baffles to it in specific operating conditions as required by the reactor designers. The amplitudes and the frequencies of fluctuations with required statistical parameters in hot water pool of the simulated model were evaluated from the online time versus water level plot in more convenient way using system software package. From experimental results it is computed that the maximum free level fluctuation in the hot pool of PFBR with baffle plates provided on the inner vessel is 30 mm which is considerably less than the value (∼82 mm) obtained without having any baffle plates. The present work provided useful information for assessment of appropriate design which would be adopted in the PFBR for safe operation of the reactor.

The early hydration and strength development of high-strength precast concrete with cement/metakaolin systems

To study the relationship between material composition, curing conditions and strength development, the study simulated high-strength precast concrete pile production, and a high-strength mortar up to 90 MPa was designed and a hot-water pool was built for concrete curing. The major point of the study was to achieve a high early strength by using cement/metakaolin systems without autoclave curing with high-pressure steam. By means of XRD and thermal analysis, the progress of the hydration of the cement pastes blended with metakaolin was characterized. The main results indicate that high strength can be obtained at early age by the use of metakaolin and thermal treatment (hot-water curing). The improvement in strength of mortars with metakaolin can be explained by an increase in the amount of C-S-H and C-S-A-H hydrated phases and a decrease in the amount of calcium hydration(CH). Further more, a decrease in Ca/Si ratio of the matrix was observed from the results of EDX analysis, which also leaded to an improvement of the compressive strength. These results are of great importance for the high-strength precast concrete manufacturing industry.

THE PHYSICAL AND CLIMATIC DIMENSIONS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN HAMMĀMS

This paper attempts to explore the different experiences inside case study hammāms in a number of Mediterranean countries. It investigates the physical, climatic, bioclimatic, psychological as well as bathing and ritual aspects. The hammāms are located in six Mediterranean cities : Fez, Constantine, Cairo, Damascus, Tripoli and Ankara. Two main analyses are carried out of the two zones composing the hammāms : the passive ones with their specifi c devices and the active ones with different thermo-dynamic systems. General statements can be made from the climatic point of view : the hammām design is different and specific from one country to another ; all hammāms of the same city are designed in the same standards despite the fact that they were built at different historic periods. This allows us to point out the importance of the impact of the climate on the hammām design in order to achieve human comfort. Hence it is necessary to assess the passive energy areas directly linked to the outside urban context (i.e. spaces paths, souks and streets). There is also the need to assess the climate influence on the design of active areas, as this is the case in Cairo where the hot water pools have been developed possibly in order to prevent dehydratation caused by the hot arid climate.

Direct-Contact Evaporation Rate on Individual Bubbles in the Heat Transfer Field with a Continuous Liquid-Liquid Interface

Heat transfer characteristics were experimentally examined in the field where a volatile liquid pool of per-fluorocarbon PF5050 (boiling point 306 K) was directly in contact with an immiscible hot water pool. Heat was supplied to a horizontal continuous liquid-liquid (LL) interface by downward hot water jet flow. Bubble incipience occurred with a thin PF5050 liquid film atop growing bubbles. Characteristics of bubble departure from the droplets were discussed based on comparison with Mersmann's formula. On heat transfer, curvature of the liquid-liquid interface controlling the bubble departure sizes had a predominant effect in both droplet and LL cases. Heat transfer characteristics could be explained based on this result, by using Weber number and buoyancy-interfacial tension ratio.

The July 10, 2003 and the January 14, 2004 Ash Emissions from a Hot Water Pool of the Nakadake Crater, Aso Volcano, Japan

The July 10, 2003 and the January 14, 2004 Ash Emissions from a Hot Water Pool of the Nakadake Crater, Aso Volcano, Japan

Chemical and isotopic compositions of minerals and waters from the Campi Flegrei volcanic system, Naples, Italy

Based on their δ 34 S signature, sulfate minerals and native sulfur around fumaroles and hot water pools from the Campi Flegrei volcanic area derive from supergenic oxidation of volcanic H 2S. Their mean δ 34 S value (−0.2±1.7‰) matches with that of fumarolic H 2S at Solfatara (−0.3±0.3‰), as well as with the δ 34 S of +1.4‰ obtained for total sulfur in fresh trachyte from the area. All δ 34 S values indicate a mostly deep-seated origin for sulfur. Thermal waters were analysed for major and minor chemistry and for oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotope compositions. Pools at Pisciarelli are filled with evaporated meteoric water heated by rising (magmatic) gases. The water δ 18 O (+3.8±1.3‰) and δ 2 H (+6.5±2.2‰) values in these steam-heated waters are controlled by mixing and evaporation effects, and the δ 34 S value of dissolved sulfate (−1.3±0.3‰) basically agrees with supergenic oxidation of deep-seated H 2S as the major source of sulfur. Instead, water from thermal springs and wells elsewhere in the Campi Flegrei appears to be a mixture between dilute meteoric and saline marine components. The latter may be local seawater from the bay of Pozzuoli. The δ 18 O and δ 2 H values of waters sampled during 1993–1994 range from −5.6 to +0.3‰ and from −33 to −3.4‰, respectively. The δ 34 S values of dissolved sulfate range between −0.1 and +19.5‰. In general, sulfate is probably derived essentially from two sources, both within the volcanic cover, i.e., oxidation/dissolution of pyrite and anhydrite, and marine water. An occasional source of water and sulfate is represented by (magmatic) gases, which directly interact with shallow meteoric water as in the case of the Hotel Tennis well yielding steam-heated water with δ 18 O =−1.5±0.2‰, δ 2 H =−17±1‰ and δ 34 S =−0.1‰.

Extensive scalds following accidental immersion in hot water pools

The scalds produced by immersion in hot water pools were extensive, usually of superficial depth on the upper parts of the body and deep dermal or full thickness skin loss on the lower parts. Blisters appeared rather slowly, within 2 days post-burn and often dispersed spontaneously. The estimated burned area on admission may thus be smaller than found subsequently. This study showed that the volume of fluid required for adequate resuscitation during the first post-burn day may be only 1–5 ml/kg/% BSA burned. Deep dermal burns were treated preferably by early tangential excision and grafting. The full thickness skin loss was treated by escharectomy and skin grafts.

Improvement of respiratory resistance by hot water immersing exercise in adult asthmatic patients

Acute effect of hot water immersing exercise on respiratory resistance (RR) was investigated in 12 adult asthmatics and six healthy males. They underwent mild exercise with comparable heart rates (HR = 120) in a hot water pool (water temp. 38°C) for 10 minutes. RRs were measured before and until 40 minutes after the exercise. Mean RRs of the patients before exercise (0.36 Kpa/l/s) reduced to less than 0.32 during 15 to 30 minutes after exercise (p&lt;0.05). RRs of healthy subjects (0.19 Kpa/l/s) did not decrease significantly. Analysis of humoral factors relating to exercise metabolism and autonomic nervous system function of the patients suggested that the influence of sympathetic nervous activation persisted until 20 minutes after exercise. This physiotherapy had a specific feasibility for adult asthmatics in preventing exercise-induced wheezing.

振動病の治療に関する研究

For the last 10 years satisfactory treatments of vibration disease have not been devised. The authors have treated 60 patients with vibration diseases and their symptons have been improved. The purpose of this paper is to present our methods of treatment and the results.The subjects were 50 chain saw operators working in the forest and 10 jack hammer operators on the rock. The average age was 47.4 years (range 33-67) in the former and 51.6 (range 37-60) in the later. Their average periods of work were 9.8 years in chain saw operators and 5.8 years in jack hammer operators.The treatments consisted of physical, pharmaceutical and psychological therapies. The physical therapy aimed at the enhancement of blood circulation and nervous reflex. Its feature was gymnastic exercise employing a wooden pole or a ball. It also included swimming in a hot water pool, body massage and paraffin bath. In the drug therapy, we used a vasodilator drug (kallikrein or ergot alkaloid) and an agent accelerating nerve metabolism (adenosine triphosphate). 200 mg of ATP were given intravenously by drip for a week. This therapy with ATP was employed every other week. There were no side effects in these therapies.One course of these therapies lasted for 6 weeks. Before and after the course laboratory examinations including EEG were performed.A specific therapy differing from the above was also given, that is, administration of soporifics, blocking of the stellate ganglion by procaine or cervical tractions.The regimen during hospitalization was to keep body warm and not to smoke.By the above-mentioned therapies, 30 of 60 patients hospitalized was discharged within the second course, having improved their subjective symptoms and the abnormality of EEG.In conclusion, collective therapies including physical, drug and psychological ones, would lead to produce effective and satisfactory results for the reason that this disease is a systemic one.Patients in the first course should be treated as a group for encouragement to receive the treatment.

Hotel Intercontinental, en Ginebra (Suiza)

This is one of the largest hotels in Switzerland, having 400 bedrooms and a capacity for 800 guests, distributed in 15 storeys. There are also 3 restaurants, 3 bars, a dancing hall, a general hall, with installations for simultaneous translations, cinema shows, etc., with accommodation for 400 people, four lecture rooms, a number of luxurious shops, hairdressers and beauty salon, travelling agency, hot water pool, and other ameneties. Its main merit is the right choice of materials, and the simple, elegant style of its outer shape and interior decoration.