Hot Water Extraction Research Articles

Evaluation of the Combination Effects of Extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis and Adansonia digitata on Clinical Fungal Isolates

Introduction: The proliferation of fake drugs and the multiple resistance seen in conventional fungicidal drugs has led to the use of medicinal plants to treat fungal infections. There are claims that Jatropha tanjorensis and Adansonia digitata have fungicidal potentials, hence this study. Aim: To evaluate the combination effects of the extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis and Adansonia digitata on clinical fungal isolates. Study Design: Randomized sampling of the plants was done by harvesting the plants from different farm in Nsukka Enugu State. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Enugu State, South East of Nigeria, from November 2023 to March 2024. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was done on the two plants. The methanolic and aqueous (cold and hot) extracts of these plants bark and stem were assessed for their antifungal activities against six fungal isolates using agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were done according to standard methods. Results: The plants contain alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, glycoside and phenol. The hot water extracts of J. tanjorensis stem gave higher zones of inhibition diameter (IZD) than the methanolic extracts and the methanolic extracts of A. digitata bark gave higher IZD than the aqueous extracts. The combination of these two potent extracts showed greatest inhibition on Aspergillus niger, Candida albican and then least inhibition on Trichophyton shoenleinii, this was found to be statistically significant at (P<.05), the P value was (P=0.001). The lowest (MIC) and (MFC) were recorded in A. niger and Candida albican at (1.5625mg/ml) while the highest (MIC) and (MFC) were recorded in T. shoenleinii, at (25mg/ml). Conclusion: This study revealed that the combined plant extracts were more effective against opportunistic fungi than the dermatophytes.

Protective Effects of Hot Water Extract from Shrimp By-Product Using Different Extraction Temperature and Times on Oxidative Stress-Induced C2C12 Myoblasts

Protective Effects of Hot Water Extract from Shrimp By-Product Using Different Extraction Temperature and Times on Oxidative Stress-Induced C2C12 Myoblasts

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on the Structural and Functional Properties of Soluble Dietary Fibre from Sweet Potatoes.

In this study, hot water treatment (WT), ultrasonic treatment (UT), ultrasonic-sodium hydroxide treatment (UST), ultrasonic-enzyme treatment (UET), and ultrasonic-microwave treatment (UMT) were used to treat sweet potatoes. The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of the extracted soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) were named WT-SDF, UT-SDF, UST-SDF, UET-SDF, and UMT-SDF, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal properties, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were employed. The structural results indicated that the UST-SDF exhibited the best thermal stability, highest crystallinity, and maximum specific surface area. Moreover, compared to hot water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, or ultrasonic extraction in combination with other methods, enhanced the physicochemical and functional properties of the SDF, including extraction yield, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), glucose adsorption capacity (GAC), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), sodium cholate adsorption capacity (SCAC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), and antioxidant properties. Specifically, the UST-SDF and UMT-SDF showed better extraction yield, WHC, OHC, GAC, CAC, SCAC, and NIAC values than the other samples. In summary, these results indicate that UST and UMT could be applied as ideal extraction methods for sweet potato SDF and that UST-SDF and UMT-SDF show enormous potential for use in the functional food industry.

Nonindustrial pretreatment and enzymes can yield sufficient calories from lignocellulosic biomass for human survival.

Following a global catastrophe causing reduced sunlight, the environment would become unfavorable for crop growth. Under such conditions, people might need to convert inedible plant biomass into food to meet their daily nutritional requirements. However, the possibility of converting biomass into food under low-resource conditions has not been thoroughly studied. To address this uncertainty, we evaluated the potential for using resources available in a typical household to extract sugars from willow biomass and meet the carbohydrate needs of an adult. Grinding willow biomass in a household blender for 24 min produced willow particles similar to those produced in a laboratory-scale Wiley mill. Thermal treatments of these particles with hot water extraction, pressure cooking, or microwaving only extracted 0.5%-0.8% (w/w) glucose from the biomass. Household acid or alkali treatments yielded only 0.5% (w/w) glucose. These sugar yields would be insufficient to provide nutrition to an adult. In contrast, enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated willow at 50°C for 72 h yielded 2%-8% (w/w) glucose, and pretreating willow with sodium hydroxide and pressure before enzymatic treatment increased glucose yields to 28% (w/w). With this pretreatment approach and subsequent enzymatic conversion, ~1.4 kg of biomass/day could potentially fulfill the energy needs of an adult under post-catastrophic conditions. We posit that while biomass can be successfully pretreated for enzymatic deconstruction at a household level, producing sufficient enzymes for efficient sugar extraction from inedible plant biomass in a post-catastrophic environment might not be feasible at the household scale, thus requiring community-scale infrastructure and coordination.

The investigation on an ethnic medicinal plant of Elsholtiza bodinieri Vaniot: Chemical constituents, acute, 28-day subacute and 90-day subchronic toxicity evaluation

Ethnopharmacological significanceElsholtiza bodinieri Vaniot, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has important medicinal value in Yunnan province of China. Traditionally, its aerial parts have been used as an ethnomedicine to treat diaphoresis, headache, fever, cough, pharyngitis, dyspepsia, and hepatitis. However, the safety assessment of E. bodinieri is still unexplored.Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the hot water extract from E. bodinieri (HEEB) and evaluate the 14-day acute, 28-day subacute and 90-day subchronic toxicity by oral administration in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and methodsThe chemical constituents of HEEB were analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Firstly, SD rats were chosen for a single oral administration of the maximum dose of 5000 mg/kg to evaluate toxicity. Subsequently, consecutive 28-day subacute and 90-day subchronic toxicity assessments of HEEB were conducted on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats through repeated doses of 2500, 1250, 625, and 312.5 mg/kg for the former, and 1500, 1000, and 500 mg/kg for the latter. For toxicity evaluation, hematology and serum biochemical indicators were determined, and major organs of the rats were collected to calculate organ coefficients. Additionally, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was performed on the collected tissues to assess histopathological changes induced by repeated oral administration of HEEB. ResultsA total of 23 compounds were identified by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS analysis. Acute toxicity assessment revealed that oral administration of HEEB did not induce mortality and unnormal behavior changes in female rats over a 14-day period, suggesting that the approximate lethal dose (ALD) was higher than 5000 mg/kg. In consecutive 28-day and 90-day toxicity evaluations, HEEB doses of 2500 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg resulted in hepatic and kidney tissue damage in both female and male rats, which was verified by the increased levels of AST, ALT, BUN, Na+, and Cl−. ConclusionsAfter the acute, 28-day subacute and 90-day subchronic toxicity evaluation, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined as 1000 mg/kg/day. These findings not only provided a safety information for its medicinal and edible application, but also promoted the further comprehensive development of this plant.

Effects of dietary hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris on muscle component, non-specific immunity, antioxidation, and resistance to non-ionic ammonia stress in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) is a biologically substance that enhances organism’s immune function and antioxidative capacity. This study evaluated the effect of supplementation with various concentrations of CVE on muscle nutritional components, non-specific immunity, antioxidation, and resistance to non-ionic ammonia (NH3-N) stress in Litopenaeus vannamei over 45 days using diets supplemented with CVE at five different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Specifically, fresh and sweet amino acids (Asp, Glu) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed the 1% CVE diet, reaching 18.12 g/kg and 33.08 g/kg, respectively. Bitter amino acids (Leu) and Hypoxanthine (Hx) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed the 1% CVE diet, at 10.56 g/kg and 10.56 ug/g. CVE supplementary enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nitric oxide synthase while decreasing malondialdehyde levels. Shrimp fed with a 1% CVE diet exhibited significantly higher enzyme activity than the control group under NH3-N conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, this study demonstrated that 1% CVE as a feed additive significantly improved the muscle mass, boosted immunity and reduced the stress response to NH3-N in L. vannamei. This research provides a valuable reference for the application of CVE as a feed additive in crustacean aquaculture.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharide on RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways.

Polysaccharide is one of the principal bioactive components found in medicinal mushrooms and has been proven to enhance host immunity. However, the possible mechanism of immunomodulatory activity of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide is not fully understood. Hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography were used to isolate polysaccharide from C. militaris. A high-molecular-weight polysaccharide isolated from C. militaris was designated as HCMP, which had an Mw of 6.18 × 105 Da and was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose in a mole ratio of 2.00:8.01:72.54:15.98:1.02. The polysaccharide content of HCMP was 91.2% ± 0.16. The test in vitro showed that HCMP activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by enhancing phagocytosis and NO production, and by regulating mRNA expressions of inflammation-related molecules in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blotting revealed that HCMP induced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Moreover, using inhibitors of MAPKs decreased the mRNA levels of inflammation-related molecules induced by HCMP. These data evidenced that the immunomodulatory effect of HCMP on RAW 264.7 macrophages was mediated via the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested that HCMP could be developed as a potent immunomodulatory agent for use in functional foods and dietary supplements.

Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres. and Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. as Potential Therapeutic Agents: A Comparative Study on Antiproliferative and Lipid-Lowering Properties.

Medicinal mushrooms, especially Ganoderma species, hold immense promise for the production of a wide range of bioactive compounds with various effects. The biochemical potential of indigenous fungal strains, specific to a region, could play a critical role in the continuous search for novel strains with superior activities on a global scale. This research focused on the ethanolic (EtOH) and hot-water (H2O) extracts of fruiting bodies of two wild-growing Ganoderma species: G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum, with the aim of assessing their nutritional (total carbohydrate content-TCC) and mineral composition in relation to bioactive properties: antioxidant, antiproliferative and lipid-lowering. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) revealed that G. pfeifferi is a promising source of minerals that are essential for numerous physiological functions in the human body like bone health and muscle and nerve function, with Ca (4.55 ± 0.41 mg/g d.w.) and Mg (1.33 ± 0.09 mg/g d.w.) being the most abundant macroelement present. Zn, Mn, and Cr were particularly notable, with concentrations ranging from 21.49 to 41.70 mg/kg d.w. The EtOH extract of G. pfeifferi demonstrated significantly elevated levels of TCC, essential macromolecules for energy and structural functions in the body, with higher quantities of all three standard carbohydrates detected in this type of extract. Similar to the revealed composition, the same species, G. pfeifferi, stood out as the most prominent antioxidant agent, with the H2O extract being stronger than EtOH in the ABTS assay (86.85 ± 0.67 mg TE/g d.w.), while the EtOH extract displayed the highest anti-OH• scavenging ability (IC50 = 0.18 ± 0.05 μg/mL) as well as the most notable reducing potential among all. The highest antiproliferative effect against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), were demonstrated by the H2O extracts from G. resinaceum with the most pronounced activity after 24 h (IC50 = 4.88 ± 0.50 μg/mL), which surpasses that of the standard compound, ellagic acid (IC50 = 33.94 ± 3.69 μg/mL). Administration of both Ganoderma extracts mitigated diabetic lipid disturbances and exhibited potential renal and hepatic protection in vivo on white Wistar rats by the preservation of kidney function parameters in G. resinaceum H2O pre-treatment (urea: 6.27 ± 0.64 mmol/L, creatinine: 50.00 ± 6.45 mmol/L) and the reduction in ALT levels (17.83 ± 3.25 U/L) compared to diabetic control groups treated with saline (urea: 46.98 ± 6.01 mmol/L, creatinine: 289.25 ± 73.87 mmol/L, and ALT: 60.17 ± 9.64 U/L). These results suggest that pre-treatment with G. resinaceum H2O extracts may have potential antidiabetic properties. In summary, detected microelements are vital for maintaining overall health, supporting metabolic processes, and protecting against various chronic diseases. Further research and dietary assessments could help determine the full potential and applications of the two underexplored Ganoderma species native to Serbia in nutrition and health supplements.

Unraveling anti-aging mystery of green tea in C. elegans: Chemical truth and multiple mechanisms

Tea drinking impacts aging and aging-related diseases. However, knowledge of anti-aging molecules other than the major catechins in complex tea extracts remains limited. Here we used Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the longevity effects of tea extracts and constituents comprehensively. We found that the hot water extract of green tea prolonged lifespan and heathspan. Further, the MeOH fraction prolonged lifespan significantly longer than other fractions. Correlation analysis between mass spectroscopic data and anti-aging activity suggests that ester-type catechins (ETCs) are the major anti-aging components, including 4 common ETCs, 6 phenylpropanoid-substituted ester-type catechins (PSECs), 5 cinnamoylated catechins (CCs), 7 ester-type flavoalkaloids (ETFs), and 4 cinnamoylated flavoalkaloids (CFs). CFs (200 μM) are the strongest anti-aging ETCs (with the longest 73% lifespan extension). Green tea hot water extracts and ETCs improved healthspan by enhancing stress resistance and reducing ROS accumulation. The mechanistic study suggests that they work by multiple pathways. Moreover, ETCs modulated gut microbial homeostasis, increased the content of short-chain fatty acids, and reduced fat content. Altogether, our study provides new evidence for the anti-aging benefits of green tea and insights into a deep understanding of the chemical truth and multi-target mechanism.

Ratanjot (Alkanna tinctoria L.) Root Extract, Rich in Antioxidants, Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activity against Foodborne Pathogens and Is a Potential Food Preservative.

Natural and sustainable plant-based antioxidants and antimicrobials are highly desirable for improving food quality and safety. The present investigation assessed the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of active components from Alkanna tinctoria L. (herb) roots, also known as Ratanjot root. Two methods were used to extract active components: microwave-assisted hot water (MAHW) and ethanolic extraction. MAHW extract yielded 6.29%, while the ethanol extract yielded 18.27%, suggesting superior Ratanjot root extract powder (RRP) solubility in ethanol over water. The ethanol extract showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than the MAHW extract. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed three major phenolic compounds: butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-; arnebin 7, and diisooctyl pthalate. The color attributes (L*, a*, b*, H°ab, C*ab) for the ethanolic and MAHW extracts revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all the above parameters for both types of extracts, except for yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*ab) values. The ethanol extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against 14 foodborne bacteria, with a significantly higher inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) than the Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were both 25 mg/mL for the Gram-negative bacteria, while the MIC and MBC concentrations varied for Gram-positive bacteria (0.049-0.098 mg/mL and 0.098-0.195 mg/mL) and the antimicrobial effect was bactericidal. The antimicrobial activities of RRP extract remained stable under broad temperature (37-100 °C) and pH (2-6) conditions, as well as during refrigerated storage for 30 days. Application of RRP at 1% (10 mg/g) and 2.5% (25 mg/g) levels in a cooked chicken meatball model system prevented lipid oxidation and improved sensory attributes and retarded microbial growth during refrigerated (4 °C) storage for 20 days. Furthermore, the RRP extract was non-toxic when tested with sheep erythrocytes and did not inhibit the growth of probiotics, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. In conclusion, the study suggests that RRP possesses excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, thus making it suitable for food preservation.

Pressurized Hot Water Extraction as Green Technology for Natural Products as Key Technology with Regard to Hydrodistillation and Solid-Liquid Extraction.

Hydrodistillation and solid-liquid extraction with organic solvents or supercritical CO2 are standard technologies for natural product manufacturing. Within this technology, portfolio pressurized hot water technology is ranked as a green, sustainable, resilient, kosher and halal manufacturing process. Essential for sustainability is energy integration for heating and cooling the auxiliary water as well as product concentration without evaporation but with the aid of low energy consuming ultra- and nanofiltration membrane technology. The incorporation of modern unit operations, such as pressurized hot water extraction, along with inline measurement devices for Process Analytical Technology approaches, showcases a shift in traditional extraction processes. Traditional equipment and processes still dominate the manufacturing of plant extracts, yet leveraging innovative chemical process engineering methods offers promising avenues for the economic and ecological advancement of botanicals. Techniques such as modeling and process intensification with green technology hold potential in this regard. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 methodologies, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, play pivotal roles in sustaining natural product extraction manufacturing and can profoundly impact the future of human health.

A Novel Apparatus for the Fully Automated Extraction and Online Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Solid Environmental Samples: Application to the Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Pharmaceuticals in Soil.

A new self-assembled apparatus for the extraction of solid samples was designed and implemented to perform a recirculated pressurized hot water extraction (R-PHWE) directly coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To investigate the potential of this new extraction apparatus, 34 target pharmaceutical compounds were analyzed in loam, silt-loam, and silty-clay-loam soils. The target analytes were characterized by heterogeneous physicochemical properties (e.g., -1.60 ≤ log D ≤ 5.91 at pH = 7.2, i.e., at the mean pH values of the three soils). Design of experiments (DoE) was used to identify the best extraction conditions for the target analytes by studying temperature, pressure, and number of extraction cycles. The results of DoE optimization pointed out the significant influence of the number of cycles on recovery. The application of DoE set point to the three reference soils provided recoveries ≥60% for 21-25 out the 34 target analytes, depending on soil. Good recovery precision (<25%) and moderate suppressive matrix effect (≤40%) were found for most target analytes, regardless of the soil considered. The optimized R-PHWE procedure evidenced statistically higher recoveries for 16 out of 34 target analytes when compared to conventional off-line dynamic PHWE.

Baseline data collections of lipopolysaccharide content in 414 herbal extracts and its role in innate immune activation

Some herbal extracts contain relatively high amounts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because orally administered LPS activates innate immunity without inducing inflammation, it plays a role as an active ingredient in herbal extracts. However, the LPS content in herbal extracts remains extensively unevaluated. This study aimed to create a database of LPS content in herbal extracts; therefore, the LPS content of 414 herbal extracts was measured and the macrophage activation potential was evaluated. The LPS content of these hot water extracts was determined using the kinetic–turbidimetric method. The LPS concentration ranged from a few ng/g to hundreds of μg/g (Standard Escherichia coli LPS equivalent). Twelve samples had a high-LPS-content of > 100 μg/g, including seven samples from roots and three samples from leaves of the herbal extracts. These samples showed high phagocytosis and NO production capacity, and further investigation using polymyxin B, an LPS inhibitor, significantly inhibited macrophage activation. This study suggests that some herbal extracts contain sufficient LPS concentration to activate innate immunity. Therefore, a new approach to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts based on their LPS content was proposed. A database listing the LPS content of different herbal extracts is essential for this approach.

Assessing the Antibacterial Properties of Aloe vera (Linn) and Aloe schweinfurthii (Baker) against some Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study assesses antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria, highlighting significant differences in effectiveness between aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The findings reveal that A. schweinfurthii extracts, particularly the ethanolic form, demonstrate superior antibacterial activity compared to A. vera, with inhibition zones up to 14.06mm. Additionally, the identification of diverse phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids in the extracts underscores their potential as novel antibacterial agents for managing plant pathogenic bacteria. Full Abstract The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria. Aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanolic extracts from both plants were tested on Xanthomonas axonopodis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed antibacterial properties in both extracts, with varying inhibition zones ranging from 0.01 to 14.06mm. The most effective was the ethanolic extract from powdered A. schweinfurthii at 0.05g/ml, while hot water extracts from both species were the least effective. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytates, and oxalates in both extracts. The study concluded that A. schweinfurthii outperformed A. vera in managing the plant pathogenic bacteria, suggesting potential new antibacterial agents.

Identifikasi kandungan fucoidan yang diekstrak dari Sargassum sp. yang diambil dari Pantai Pantai Sundak, Gunung Kidul

This study aims to identify the fucoidan content extracted from Sargassum sp. collected from Sundak Beach, Gunung Kidul. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide compound with various biological activities, including anticoagulant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Sargassum sp. was chosen as the source of fucoidan due to its abundance in coastal waters and its pharmacological potential. The extraction method was carried out using a hot water extraction technique with acid treatment, followed by a purification process using dialysis. The extracted fucoidan content was then analyzed using spectrophotometry and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine its concentration and purity. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups of the compound. The results showed that fucoidan was successfully extracted from Sargassum sp. with a significant yield. The main component of the extracted fucoidan from Sargassum sp. in this study was fucose, as indicated by the TLC results. The Rf value of the fucoidan hydrolysate from Sargassum sp. and the standard fucoidan, which was 0.51, matched that of fucose, indicating that both samples contained fucose. This study concludes that Sargassum sp. from Sundak Beach, Gunung Kidul, is a potential source for high-quality fucoidan production.

EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON ZEYLANICUM 0IL EXTRACT IN INHIBITION OF BACTERIA IN LABORATORY BISCUIT

This study was aimed to investigate effect of cinnamon zeylnicum oil extract in inhibition of bacteria in laboratory biscuit.revealed chemical research on cinnamon oil extract has the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, and stimulants. Using GC-MS and FT-IR analysis, it was found that the hot water extract contains terpenes, glycosides, resins, saponins, and phenols, indicating the effectiveness of these beneficial components in cinnamon oil extract. Biscuits were manufactured in the laboratory and fortified with different concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) of C. Zeylanicum oil extract and stored for 10 days at room temperature. The results showed that 0.125% and 0.25% showed no inhibitory activity against bacterial counts, while those of 0.50% and 0.75% inhibited bacterial counts until the eighth day of storage. Regarding the sensory evaluation of the laboratory-manufactured biscuits fortified with cinnamon oil extract, treatment A5 (control) received the highest score of 6 for the texture property. In contrast, treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.80. In the same property, for the smoothness attribute, treatment A2 (0.25%) received the highest score of 5.70, while treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.10.

Characterization of biodegradable films prepared from gelatin extracted from jellyfish Acromitus flagellates using hot water extraction and microwave-assisted extraction

This study investigated the characteristics of biodegradable films prepared from gelatin derived from jellyfish Acromitus flagellatus using hot water extraction (F-JFG-HW) and microwave-assisted extraction (F-JFG-MW), in comparison to the cold-water fish skin gelatin (F-FG) and porcine skin gelatin (F-PG) based films. Both jellyfish gelatin films were darker compared to F-PG and F-FG. The tensile strength of jellyfish gelatin-based films was lower than that of F-PG but higher than that of F-FG. Both jellyfish-gelatin film types exhibited higher elongation at break, water vapour transmission rates, and antioxidant potential compared to F-FG and F-PG. The scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that jellyfish gelatin films exhibited granular and porous surface structures and less compact internal structures compared to F-FG and F-PG. Both jellyfish gelatin-based films and F-FG films were 100 % water soluble and completely biodegradable after 24 h of incorporation in soil, while F-PG films biodegraded completely after 2 days.

Isolation and characterization of a hepatoprotective polysaccharide from Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis Turcz. ex Herd. fruit against APAP-induced acute liver injury mice

The structure and bioactivities of a novel polysaccharide from Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis Turcz. ex Herd. fruit (THP-3) were investigated. The crude polysaccharides of Turcz. ex Herd. (THP) were extracted by hot water extraction. After purification, the chemical structure of polysaccharides was identified. Then, a mouse model of acute drug-induced liver injury was constructed using 4-acetamidophenol (APAP) and pretreated with THP. The number-average molecular weight of THP-3 was 48.89 kDa and the mass average molar mass was 97.87 kDa. THP-3 was mainly composed of arabinose (42.54 %), glucose (27.62 %), galacturonic acid and galactose (29.84 %). The main linkage types of THP-3 were 1-linked Araf, 1,4-linked Glcp, and 1,3,6-linked Galp. In addition, after THP treatment, serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) in AILI mice were successfully down-regulated. The results showed that THP could prevent the characteristic morphological changes of hepatic lobular injury and lipid depletion caused by APAP, reduced the level of oxidative damage in mice, increased the expression of APAP-induced hypolipidemia and related inflammatory indicators, and improved the detoxification function of liver. In general, the newly extracted THP polysaccharide has a good liver protection effect and is an ideal natural medicine for the treatment of liver diseases.

Development and Evaluation of Bioconverted Milk with Anti-Microbial Effect against Periodontal Pathogens and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity.

To decrease periodontal pathogens and increase the number of beneficial bacteria, probiotics and bioactive compounds made via microbial bioconversion are recently used. In addition, the interest regarding probiotics-mediated bioconversion with popular medicinal plants is increasing. Artemisia herba-alba, a type of wormwood, has recently been attention as a medicinal plant due to its various bioactive compounds. Therefore, we developed bioconverted milk containing A. herba-alba that effectively inhibited periodontal pathogens and α-glucosidase. To select the appropriate lactic acid bacteria for the probiotic candidate strain, 74 strains of lactic acid bacteria were screened. Among them, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SMFM2016-RK was chosen as the probiotic due to its beneficial characteristics such as high acid and bile tolerance, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibition. Based on the minimal bactericidal concentration against three periodontal pathogens, the following appropriate concentrations of Artemisia herba-alba extract were added to milk: 5 mg/mL of A. herba-alba ethanol extract and 25 mg/mL of A. herba-alba hot-water extract. Four bioconverted milks (BM), BM1, BM2, BM3, and BM4, were produced by combining L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK alone, L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK and ethanol extract, L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK and hot-water extract, and L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK with both extracts. As a result of antimicrobial activity, BM3 inhibited the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis the most, and BM4 suppressed the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum the most. In addition, bioconverted milk containing A. herba-alba (BM2, BM3, and BM4) inhibited α-glucosidase more effectively than BM1. The whole genome of L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK was obtained, and 3135 CDS, 67 tRNA, and 16 RNA were predicted. The genome annotation of L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK revealed 11 CDS related to proteolysis and amino acid metabolism and 2 CDS of phenolic acid-metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, A. herba-alba-added milk bioconverted by L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK displayed both the growth inhibitory effect on periodontal pathogens and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity; thus, it necessitates to evaluate the effects on the alleviation of periodontal diseases and glycemic control through future animal experiments.

Structural properties and biological effects of pectic polysaccharides extracted from Tartary buckwheat sprouts by high pressure-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction

Tartary buckwheat sprout is commonly consumed as salads and healthy vegetables, which is rich in pectic polysaccharides. Nevertheless, the knowledge about pectic polysaccharides extracted from Tartary buckwheat sprouts (TBSP) are still limited. To facilitate the potential applications of TBSP as fortified ingredients or healthy foods, the impacts of conventional hot water extraction (CHW), deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted extraction (DEE), and high pressure-assisted DES extraction (HPDEE) on their structural and biological properties were evaluated. Compared with the CHW method, our findings revealed that both DEE and HPDEE methods could obviously promoted the yields of TBSP and regulated their structural properties, resulting in the improvement of their biological functions. Especially, the HPDEE method could obviously decreased the molecular mass, apparent viscosity, and esterification degree of TBSP, while notably increased the uronic acids and bound flavonoids. Indeed, the HPDEE method could remarkedly enhance the antioxidant, anti-glycosylation, and immunostimulatory activities of TBSP probably via reducing its molecular mass and degree of esterification, and increasing its free uronic acids and bound flavonoids. These findings reveal that the HPDEE method has good potentials for selectively extracting distinctive TBSP with superior biological functions.