Hot Plate Method Research Articles

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Ehretia cymosa Thonn (Boraginaceae) Leaves in Rodents.

Ethnobotanical studies in various districts of Ethiopia reported that Ehretia cymosa (E. cymosa) is used for the management of headache, abdominal pain, arthritis and rheumatism. However, there is no scientific investigation done so far to confirm these traditional claims. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the 80% methanol extract and fractions of E. cymosa leaves. The dried and pulverized leaves of E. cymosa were soaked with 80% methanol to obtain a crude extract. Fractionation was done using chloroform, ethyl acetate and water by a soxhlet apparatus. The analgesic effects of the crude extract and solvent fractions were assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests whereas anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models. In all the tested doses, the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions revealed substantial (p < 0.001) analgesic activities in acetic acid induced writhing test. In the hot plate method, all the tested doses of E. cymosa crude extract and the solvent fractions produced significant analgesic activities (p < 0.05). In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model, all tested doses of the crude extract and solvent fractions resulted in a significant decline in paw edema. The 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of E. cymosa at all the tested doses significantly reduced inflammatory exudates and granuloma mass formations (p < 0.001). From the results of this investigation, it can be stated that 80% methanol extract, aqueous, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of E. cymosa exhibited considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the plant's traditional use as a remedy for a variety of painful and inflammatory conditions.

Study of ZnO nanosheets growth parameters effect on the performance of the triboelectric nanogenerator

Herein, we report the effect of ZnO thin film morphology on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance. The ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by a hot-plate method, which is an easy, inexpensive, low-temperature, and fast- process. We used ZnO film and PET as frictional layers to fabricate the TENG device. ZnO films that were synthesized at various growth temperatures and growth durations were used to test the TENG's output. It was observed that TENG output increased with ZnO films synthesized at higher growth temperatures and growth duration. This enhancement in the output can result from a change in the effective contact surface area of the ZnO film with PET. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage and short circuit current of ∼ 15 V and ∼ 20 µA were obtained for ZnO films synthesized at a temperature of 90 °C for 4 hrs. The resulting TENG displays consistent current output across 598 cycles, demonstrating the TENG's excellent level of stability.

Comparative assessment of analgesic activity between whole plant and parts of Azadirachta Indica

Azadirachta Indica is a most common medicinal plant which is use for Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiulcer, Antiviral, Analgesic, sedative properties. Objective: The aim of the study was Comparative Assessment of Analgesic Activity between whole plant and parts of Azadirachta Indica in experimental animal model. Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration method. Analgesic activity was assessed by tail flick method and hot plate method (for central action) and acetic acid-induced writhing test (for peripheral action). Results: Seed extract, whole plant extract and aspirin showed significant analgesic activity, both central and peripheral, as compared to control (p&lt; 0.01). Although Whole plant extract at dose of 500 mg/kg showed better activity than 250 mg/kg (p &lt;0.05).

In Vivo and In Silico Analgesic Activity of Ficus populifolia Extract Containing 2-O-β-D-(3',4',6'-Tri-acetyl)-glucopyranosyl-3-methyl Pentanoic Acid.

Natural product-based structural templates have immensely shaped small molecule drug discovery, and new biogenic natural products have randomly provided the leads and molecular targets in anti-analgesic activity spheres. Pain relief achieved through opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been under constant scrutiny owing to their tolerance, dependency, and other organs toxicities and tissue damage, including harm to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and renal tissues. A new, 3',4',6'-triacetylated-glucoside, 2-O-β-D-(3',4',6'-tri-acetyl)-glucopyranosyl-3-methyl pentanoic acid was obtained from Ficus populifolia, and characterized through a detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis, i.e., 1H-NMR, 13C-DEPT-135, and the 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) correlations. The product was in silico investigated for its analgesic prowess, COX-2 binding feasibility and scores, drug likeliness, ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties, possible biosystem's toxicity using the Discovery Studio®, and other molecular studies computational software programs. The glycosidic product showed strong potential as an analgesic agent. However, an in vivo evaluation, though at strong levels of pain-relieving action, was estimated on the compound's extract owing to the quantity and yield issues of the glycosidic product. Nonetheless, the F. populifolia extract showed the analgesic potency in eight-week-old male mice on day seven of the administration of the extract's dose in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate methods. Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing for all the treated groups decreased significantly (p < 0.0001), as compared to the control group (n = 6) by 62.9%, 67.9%, and 70.9% of a dose of 100 mg/kg (n = 6), 200 mg/kg (n = 6), and 400 mg/kg (n = 6), respectively. Similarly, using the analgesia meter, the reaction time to pain sensation increased significantly (p < 0.0001), as compared to the control (n = 6). The findings indicated peripheral and central-nervous-system-mediated analgesic action of the product obtained from the corresponding extract.

Evaluation of analgesic properties of Moringa Oleifera and Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extracts on Albino Wistar rats

Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation, that has limitations with available drugs in terms of effectiveness and safety. Plant-based drugs have gained great importance due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic ability, and limited side effects. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) and Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) leaf extracts in rats. Materials and methods: This prospective study consists 54 healthy Albino Wistar rats of male sex having weights ranging from 150 to 250 g. Normal saline as control and Tramadol was used as standard. Rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 6 in each). Commercially available M. oleifera leaf extracts and T. cordifolia leaf extracts were purchased to check the analgesic effect. Analgesic effect was determined by hot plate method after initial dose and by Tail-immersion method after 15 days of interval. Results: The reaction time of AMO and ATC with doses 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg was 4.28, 4.41, 4.74, and 3.96, 4.12, 4.22 at 90 min, respectively. While, tramadol showed high reaction time at 90 (6.41) and 120 min (7.17). The maximum analgesic effect was found at 90 min by hot plate and tail immersion methods in tramadol group than AMO and AMT. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera and T. cordifolia has similar analgesic properties. The study drugs have not showed any behavioral or lethal adverse effects during the study.

Hot plate method: A painful stimulus to induce anxiety in Wistar rats

Background: Pain is a common stimulus that induces anxiety in both Animals and human beings. Aim and Objective: We have undertaken this study to evaluate the induction of anxiety in Wistar rats using hot plate method. Materials and Methods: 24 Wistar rats of either gender were used. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and light and dark arena (LDA) were used to evaluate the anxiety and hot plate analgesiometer was used to induce anxiety. After baseline reading from EPM and LDA, the Wistar rats were exposed to the hot plate and then evaluated for the induction of the anxiety behavior. Results: After exposing to the hot plate, the ratio of time spent in the open arms to the time spent on the closed arms was decreased from 0.027 to 0.010 and also the ratio of time spent on the light chamber to the time spent on the dark chamber was decreased from 0.093 to 0.012. Hot plate method has shown statistical significant induction of anxiety as evaluated by EPM and also LDA. Conclusion: Hot plate method is a good intervention to induce anxiety in Wistar rats. Instead of injecting drugs that causes anxiety to explore the anxiolytic effects of the drugs the hot plate analgesiometer method is a good alternative.

Sebastiania Chamaelea (L.) Mull. Arg. - An Experimental Study for Analgesic Efficacy

The recognition of pain as a pathologic phenomenon in and of itself is still up for discussion. Despite the evidence that pain is an illness, the pathologic nature of this condition has not yet been fully acknowledged. In order to fulfil the growing need for pain management, this study sought to improve the native flora. Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Mull.Arg, is one among those indigenous flora of Kerala that was in folklore management of ailments decades back. In the study, the analgesic efficacy of whole-plant powder was evaluated in Wistar albino rats using the Eddy's Hot plate method at three distinct doses (effective dose, half the effective dose, and double the effective dose). The outcome variable under investigation was the duration of jumping or licking paws. The drug's analgesic activity is evidenced by the lengthening of the response time. One-way ANOVA was performed on the collected data along with a Tukey post-hoc test. According to the findings, the double dosage group of rats had significant analgesic effect when compared to other dose groups and the control group at a P value &lt; 0.005. and the double-dose group had the longest time for reaction at the 60th minute (p&lt;0.0001). The powder form of the drug showed considerable analgesic action at its double the effective dose when evaluated using the thermal model of Wistar albino rats, also known as the Eddy's hot plate method.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of Gomphocarpus purpurascens A. Rich (Asclepiadaceae) in Mice.

Regardless of the availability of drugs many people still experienced pain and inflammation because current medications often trigger potentially serious adverse effects. A range of medicinal plants with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been widely used by traditional healers. Among them, Gomphocarpus purpurascens is one however there are no experimental studies that support this traditional use. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanolic leaf and root extracts of G. purpurascens. Air-dried leaves and roots of G. purpurascens were extracted with 80% methanol and an acute oral toxicity study was conducted for the 80% methanolic extract of G. purpurascens according to OECD guideline version eighteen. Preliminary phytochemical screening for the presence of different constituents was carried out. The hot plate method was used to evaluate centrally mediated analgesic activity while peripheral analgesic activity was tested by an acetic acid-induced writhing test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema test and formalin-induced pedal edema test were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing test was observed in mice by 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of root extract with respective values of 16.6%, 68.9%, and 83%. In the hot plate method, the root extract at doses of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed a significant (p < 0.05) analgesic effect. Maximum anti-inflammatory effects by all doses of leaf extracts were observed from 2-4hr post-induction in carrageenan-induced paw edema; and all tested doses of the extract inhibited the formalin-induced inflammation significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). The presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, steroids, and phenols might be responsible for these activities. This study shows that the extract had potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity which supports the traditional claim.

Preclinical evaluation of analgesic activities of Barringtonia Racemosa

Background: Pain is the major devastating health problems. Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) is the one which is frequently used to treat pain by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, the plant has not been scientifically evaluated for its traditionally claimed use. The present study aimed at the investigation of analgesic activities of ethanol root extract of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb in Albino rats (Wistar) model. Methods: Successive maceration was used as a method of extraction using solvents ethanol. After extraction of the roots, the crude extract was evaluated for its analgesic activities using tail flick and hot plate method. The extract was evaluated at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The positive control groups were treated with Aspirin 20 mg/ kg i.p, distilled water (10 mL/kg) treated rat were assigned as negative controls. Results: Barringtonia racemosa Roxb root extract at all test doses showed statistically significant antinociceptive activity in both model in a dose dependent manner (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.001). The greater analgesic activity was observed by the maximum dose of the extract (400 mg/kg) in both tail flick and hot plate method method. Conclusion: In general, the data obtained from the present study elucidated that the extract possessed a significant analgesic activities and recommended for further studies.

Evaluation of anxiolytic effect of combination of tramadol with gabapentin and pregabalin in Wistar rats

Background: Anxiety is a widespread disorder that approximately 18% of the population experience at some stage in their lives. Pain is a common stimulus that induces anxiety in both animals and human beings. Combination of drugs with good anti-anxiety and analgesic effect can be used for the treatment of chronic pain induced anxiety, post-operative, and procedure-related pain-induced anxiety. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of combination of gabapentin with tramadol, pregabalin with tramadol compared to standard fluoxetine, in elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark arena (LDA) models of anxiety in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male or female albino Wistar rats from Central Animal House, MRMC, Kalaburagi, were utilized. Fluoxetine 10 mg/kg, gabapentin 30 mg/kg, tramadol 30 mg/kg, and pregabalin 30 mg/kg were used. Eddy’s hot plate method used for inducing anxiety. EPM and LDA models were used to study the effect of drugs in reducing the pain and anxiety. Results: The present study showed that the exposure to hot plate induces pain, creates anxiety, and reduces locomotor and explorative activity among the rats when exposed to hot plate. There was reduction in anxiety after drug administration, in fluoxetine and gabapentin with tramadol groups with &gt;75% increase in entry into the light chamber or open arm at least once or more during the time period of 5 min when compared to hot plate post-exposure readings. Whereas in pregabalin and tramadol group, it was observed that 25% increase in entry of rats into open arm at least once during the time period of 5 min and 25% decrease in entry of rats into light chamber as compared to those rats after exposure to hot plate. Conclusion: Our study has demonstrated that tramadol, pregabalin, and gabapentin have got analgesic as well as anti-anxiety effects in rats when given in combination. All these experimental data, together with the previous experimental studies and the results reported in this work, suggest that combination of these drugs could be more effective in treating anxiety-related disorders such as chronic pain, pain-induced anxiety, post-operative, and procedure-related pain-induced anxiety with minimal side effects. Further dose ranging studies and models might be necessary to better understand the effects of these drugs in combination.

Phytochemical Identification and Analgesic Potential of the Seed Extract of Irvingia gabonensis

Different parts of Irvingia gabonensis are used ethno-medicinally in some West Africa culture in the treatment of pain. The stem bark has been reported in the literature to possess analgesic property. In order to evaluate the analgesic potential of the seed extract and the phytochemicals that may be responsible for this effect. This study was aimed at determining the phytochemical contents and the analgesic effect of I. gabonensis. The seed was screened for phytochemicals using standard procedures and GC-MS analysis. It central and peripheral analgesic potentials were evaluated at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg using acetic acid induced abdominal writhing and hot plate methods in Swiss albino mice. Acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg), morphine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) and pentazocine (15 mg/kg) were used as the standard drugs. ANOVA was used to analyze data from the results and level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, triterpenoid and saponin. GC-MS analysis revealed thirty compounds mostly fatty acids. At 200 mg/kg of the methanolic extract, there was a dose dependent decrease in writhing response which also compared well with acetylsalicylic acid. From the results, Irvingia gabonensis seed contains compounds that could be responsible for the precieved analgesic activity.

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Stachytarpheta angustifolia Mill Vahl (Verbenaceae) Methanol Extract

Herbal remedies have been used for the treatment of various diseases as they contain phytochemicals with useful pharmacological activities. The plant Stachytarpheta angustifolia has been used traditionally as anti-ulcer, anti-diarrhoea, anti-hypertensive, anti-fever, anti-helminth, anti-bacteria and antidiabetics. This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of Stachytarpheta angustifolia. The whole plant was extracted with Methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The extract obtained was screened for phytochemicals, free radical scavenging activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), in vitro anti-inflammatory (protein denaturation inhibition) activity using bovine serum albumin (BSA), in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema and analgesic activity using hot plate methods. Results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Saponins and Alkaloids in copious amounts, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and quinones in moderate amounts; while, phenol, tannins, steroids, and coumarins were present in low amounts. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was 71.93 and 70.80% at concentrations of 500 and 250 µg/ml compared to Vitamin C and Vitamin E (92.56 and 84.17%), respectively. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was dose-dependent (31.58%) and higher than Aspirin (28.32%). The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was 79.10% compared to Aspirin (78.33%). The analgesic activity of the extract was (62.01%) compared to Aspirin (59.15%). The study found that the extract possessed various phytoconstituents that can be used for medicinal purposes. Hence, the extract may serve as a source of drugs for the management of pain and inflammatory conditions.

Investigation of the in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxic and in vivo analgesic effects of silver nanoparticles coated with Centella asiatica plant extract

In recent years, researchers have shown an increased interest in using medicinal plants for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) having various therapeutic properties. Centella asiatica (CA), a medicinal plant, has been used to treat minor burn wounds, psoriasis, and hypertrophic wounds among many other pathological conditions. The current study aimed to synthesize CA coated AgNPs (CA-AgNPs) with appropriate biocompatibility and various therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial and analgesic activities. The synthesized CA-AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The formation of spherical CA-AgNPs was confirmed by a single surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak emerging at 420 nm wavelength by UV-Vis. The average hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the particles were found to be 29.5 nm and -24.5 mV, respectively. The FT-IR analyses showed that the AgNPs were coated and stabilized by bioactive compounds from the CA extract. MTT cytotoxicity assay revealed that CA-AgNPs at ≤1 mM concentrations exhibited biocompatibility for L929 fibroblast cells. The antimicrobial activity of CA-AgNPs was confirmed by significant inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, the analgesic effect of CA-AgNPs was investigated for the first time in the literature by tail-flick and hot plate methods, and statistically significant results were obtained for both methods. Taken together, these results suggest that CA-AgNPs can be used as an effective antibacterial and analgesic agent in a variety of biomedical applications, including coating wound dressings.

PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CENTRAL ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ACACIA CATECHU BY HOT PLATE AND TAIL IMMERSION METHOD

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of Acacia catechu heartwood extracts on Swiss albino mice using hot plate and tail immersion method. Methods: In this study, we used the aqueous and methanol extracts of heartwood of A. catechu to evaluate its analgesic activity. The aqueous extract was achieved by doubled distillation method and the methanol extract was achieved by cold maceration method. The mice were divided into four groups, each group consisting of six animals. Doses of 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o. of both the extracts of A. catechu were given to the mice. The responses were noted at 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. Results: The results of both the methods were quick similar but differ based on extracts. The aqueous extract of A. catechu showed a much better yield of analgesic activity as compared to the methanol extract. The data were analyzed by graph using two-way analysis of variance, which showed the dose-dependent pain resistance. Conclusion: The study confirmed the potency of A. catechu in pain management and points the future development to be conducted on it.

Preparation of Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials Loaded with Toosendanin-Fumaracetin and its Anti-Peripheral Pain Study

Objective: A novel dendritic mesoporous silica nanomaterials (DMSN) was prepared and the traditional Chinese Medicine Component "Toosendanin-Tetrahydropalmatine" was loaded into DMSN in order to improve the solubility of Tetrahydropalmatine B, reduce the toxicity of Toosendanin, and enhance the anti-peripheral pain effect of the traditional. Chinese Medicine "Toosendanin-Tetrahydropalmatine" through preliminary pharmacodynamics study. Methods: DMSN were prepared using the sol-gel method and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR). The preliminary study of the anti-peripheral pain pharmacodynamics of the drug-loaded system in mice was evaluated by the hot plate method. Results: The prepared DMSN has an excellent spherical shape in SEM, the size distribution of the DMSN is about 200nm, the size distribution is uniform, and the dispersion is good. The infrared results showed that the synthesized DMSN had organic functional groups and chemical structures. Compared with the control group, the pain threshold of DMSN loaded with the Toosendanin-tetrahydropalmatine group was prolonged by 45 seconds. Conclusion: The synthesized DMSN loaded with Toosendanin and Tetrahydropalmatine could release stably and continuously and had the effect of extending the pain threshold of mice. Therefore, DMSN drug delivery system has potential value in improving the bioabsorption of dangerous drugs and enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

Synthesis of N-Mannich Bases of some Substituted Carbazoles

Through reactions with numerous secondary amines and a series of aldehydes, including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, novel carbazole derivative conjugates were created from carbazole. Corresponding analogues were identified through spectral studies, and they were tested for their ability to reduce pain and control seizures using the Eddy's Hot Plate method and the maximum electrical shock convinced convulsion method, respectively. Students created the statistical analysis using the "t" test, and the standards were stated as mean SEM.

Influence of Palm Oil Mesocarp Fibres on the Thermal Properties of Cement-Stabilized Compressed Earth–Based Brick

The harsh tropical climatic conditions and rapid deterioration of building strictly from soil have rendered one billion people in developing countries homeless. To alleviate this situation the effect of Palm oil mesocarp fibres was investigated on the thermal properties of cement-stabilized earth brick. Fibres were extracted and pretreated with warm distilled water at 100 °C diluted with 2% NaOH and oven dry at 105 °C for 24 hours. Sedimentary test, grain size, and elementary Analysis were conducted on the soil resulting in clayey soil which has a good insulation property. The soil was stabilized with 10% cement by mass reinforced with fibres. Nine different samples formulation of ten each were made with fibres content 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% using a mold of size (100×100×50) mm and cured for 28 days. Thermal effusivity, volume calorific capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of the samples were investigated using the tiny hot plate method and a computing algorithm estimation error. It resulted that the thermal effusivity, volume calorific capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity were 2.18242×103 J/M2K1/2 to 1.02716×103 J/M2K1/2, 2.64×106 J/M3K to 1.23×106 J/M3K, 1.81 W/mK to 0.82 W/Mk and 7.05×10-7 m2s-1 to 6.83×10-7 m2s-1 respectively with an optimal yield at 2.5% fibres concentration.

Thermal and Acoustic Characterization of Innovative and Unconventional Panels Made of Reused Materials

Europe calls for a transition to the circular economy model based on recycling, reuse, the proper design of products, and repair. Recycling requires energy and chemical products for waste processing; on the contrary, reusing reduces the impact of transportation and expands the life of materials that cannot be recycled. This article highlights the characteristics of selected end-of-life materials; it aims to raise awareness among manufacturers to consider products’ conscious design to facilitate their reuse in different sectors. Panels 7 cm thick, realized by assembling cardboard packaging, egg boxes, bulk polyester, and felt, have been experimentally tested to understand whether they can be installed indoors to improve thermal and acoustic comfort. The panels’ equivalent thermal conductivity λeq measured through the guarded hot plate method is 0.071 W/mK. Acoustic tests have been performed in a sound transmission room and a reverberation room. The weighted sound reduction index Rw is 19 dB, the weighted sound absorption coefficient αw is 0.30, and the noise reduction coefficient NRC is 0.64. The measured properties have been compared to those of commercial materials, and the results show that the panels have interesting properties from the thermal and acoustic points of view. They could be employed in the building sector and in disadvantaged contexts where low-income people cannot afford commercial insulating materials. Although other factors, such as fire resistance, need to be evaluated, these results show that the proposed approach is feasible.

ANTINOCICEPTIVE PROPERTIES OF LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CROSSOPTERYX FEBRIFUGA (AFZEL. EX G. DON) BENTH

Nociceptive pain is a sensational discomfort that is usually associated with injury or illness found affecting the body either internally or externally. Crossopteryx febrifuga is one of the medicinal plants which are locally used in the management of pain especially in the North Central Region of Nigeria. Many conventional drugs which are being applied in managing pain aside being not affordable and readily accessible by the majority of people at rural areas have one side effect or the other. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the potentiality of aqueous extract of C. febrifuga in alleviating pain in Wistar rats. The study was carried out using acetic acid induced writhing and Edson hot plate methods. On acetic acid induced pain, the aqueous extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg inhibited pain significantly by reducing the number of writhing by average of 3.9 per minute while at 200 mg/kg, the extract reduced pain by reducing the number of writhing by average of 4.2 per minute. Similarly, the extract at all doses administered in hot plate induced method inhibited pain by increasing the time the rats took to jump off the hot plate. The data obtained from the analgesic study of C. febrifuga aqueous extract suggests that it has anti-nociceptive property as evident in both models. This, therefore revealed that the plant leaf aqueous extract possessed both the peripherally and centrally mediated analgesic properties. For this reason, the plant leaf could be a potential antinociceptive agent if subjected to clinical trial and proved

ANALGESIC AND ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF ROYSTONEA REGIA

Background: Plants are the rich source of nutrients and contain biological and pharmacological potential. Roystonea regia, a plant of Aceraceae family has been traditionally used in different countries especially in Asia. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate its analgesic and anti-diabetic potential by hot plate method and Alloxan induced method in Swiss albino female rats weighing 150 to 200 gm respectively. Methodology: Shoots of Roystonea regia plant was extracted using n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. Oral acute toxicity test showed the different mortality rates of all extracts. Results: The crude n-hexane and ethanol extract showed increase in the latency time till 120 min and were found to have significant (p˂0.001) analgesic potential at 100 and 200 mg/kg dose. However, different anti-diabetic potential was shown by all three extracts. Chloroform extract showed maximum reduction in blood glucose level (BGL) and found significant (p˂0.001) as compared to negative control till 21st day at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight. Conclusion: Further study is required to understand the complete mechanism involved in both activities. In future, purified fractions and column chromatography can be conducted for their complete characterization and their toxic effects to establish a proper therapeutic dose for further trials.