Hot Ethanol Research Articles

Purification, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of the COP-W1 polysaccharide from Codonopsis tangshen Oliv

A new polysaccharide named COP-W1 was extracted from the root of Codonopsis tangshen Oliv using hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. COP-W1, with a molecular weight of 2.34 × 104 Da, was purified using gel permeation chromatography. The monosaccharide composition of COP-W1 was mannose, rhamnose, glucose, and galactose, and its molar ratio was 20.32:1:1.27:36.13. Structural characterization of COP-W1 was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results indicated that the backbone of COP-W1 was composed of (1→3)-linked-galactose, (1→3, 6)-linked-mannose, (1→4)-linked-mannose, and (1→6)-linked-mannose residues, which branched at O-3. The branches consisted of (1→2, 6)-linked-galactose, (1→6)-linked-galactose, and (1→4)-linked-galactose, each terminating with α-galactose. In addition, antioxidant assays demonstrated that COP-W1 has strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (half maximal inhibition concentration, IC50, at 0.610 mg/mL), and suggested that COP-W1 has the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant.

Study the Influence of Aqueous and Organic Extracts of Conocarpuserectus on the Growth of Some Pathogenic Bacteria

The aim of this study was to detect the effect of active compound in fruit, leave and stem ofConocarpus(which extracted by cold and hot water, and by methanol and ethanol alcohol) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, E.coli, Klebsiellapneumonia, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonellatyphi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Also, this study aimed to determine the MIC value of methanol and hot aqueous extracts.The present study detected the methanol extract was the higher effect on bacterial growth and the inhibition zone diameter was 19mm, while the hot aqueous extract, ethanol extract and cold extract were 15, 12 and 7.8 mm respectively.The present study detected the least value of MIC for methanol and hot aqueous extracts were 6.25 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aglatial .

Extraction, isolation, characterisation, antioxidant and anti‐fatigue activities of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides

SummaryPleurotus eryngii polysaccharide (PEP) was obtained using hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Three purified polysaccharide fractions (namely PEP1‐A, PEP2‐A and PEP3‐A) were obtained from PEP using DEAE‐cellulose‐52 chromatography and a gel permeation Sephadex G‐100 column. Firstly, this paper examined the characterisation of PEP1‐A, PEP2‐A and PEP3‐A. The corresponding molecular weights were 5.378 × 105, 9.506 × 106 and 4.975 × 105 Da, respectively. PEP1‐A, PEP2‐A and PEP3‐A had similar monosaccharide compositions. PEP1‐A was β‐configuration, and PEP2‐A and PEP3‐A were α‐configuration. PEP1‐A, PEP2‐A and PEP3‐A had pyran‐type rings, (1 → 3) glucose and (1 → 6) galactose linkages. Secondly, PEP, PEP1‐A, PEP2‐A and PEP3‐A possessed antioxidant activities, and PEP was best. Therefore, only PEP was used to study its anti‐fatigue activity in vivo. The result proved that PEP had anti‐fatigue activity. PEP could be used as a valuable natural food supplement for preventing anti‐fatigue or functional food.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Chromolaena Odorata L. Leaf Extract against Selected Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Wounds

Aim: To study the antibacterial effect of Chromolaena odorata extracts on multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae from wounds.
 Place of Study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, between January and June 2019.
 Methodology: A total of 87 wound swabs were collected from patients of University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure. Air-dried and powdered C. odorata leaves were extracted using hot water, ethanol and methanol as extraction solvents and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The concentrated C. odorata extracts were purified using chromatographic techniques. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of C. odorata extracts were done by standard methods. Antibiotics susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates to a panel of ten (10) conventional antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method.
 Results: C. odorata methanolic extract had the highest extract yield (26.2%). From the multidrug resistance analysis, 66.7% of bacterial isolates tested had multidrug resistance index (MDRI) of 100%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to 100 mg/ml of C. odorata ethanolic extract but resistant (0.00±0.00) to 100 mg/ml of hot aqueous C. odorata extract.
 Conclusion: This study reveals the inhibitory activities of C. odorata extracts on multidrug resistant bacteria isolated from wounds and an indication of their potential in the treatment of wound infection.

Creation of Active Sites in MOF‐808(Zr) by a Facile Route for Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Diesel Oil

AbstractMOF‐808(Zr) as an important member of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted much attention due to its good stability, large surface area and rich zirconium metal centers. However, Zr sites in the structure of MOF‐808(Zr) are inactive in many catalytic reactions due to they are well coordinated with organic ligands like 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) and formate anions. Thus, removing formate anions have been attempted to create more active sites in the structure for many reactions while maintaining the structural stability. In this work, we report that the formate ligands in MOF‐808(Zr) can be facilely removed by the treatment in hot ethanol for 4 h. The obtained material as a heterogeneous catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction of dibenzothiophene (DBT) compared with reported MOFs catalysts. The conversion of DBT in model diesel oil could reach >99 % within a reaction time of 20 min at 323 K, which is five times as that over parent MOF‐808(Zr). As a result, the sulfur content was decreased from 1000 ppm to less than 10 ppm. Such catalytic performance should be mainly attributed to the creation of more active sites in the structure of MOF‐808(Zr) after the removal of formate anions.

Effect of different solvents on recovery of total monomeric anthocyanin from mangosteen peel (<em>Garcinia mangostana </em>L.)

The yield of Total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) were analysed for optimisation of extraction condition by varying solvents in fresh and dry peel of mangosteen. Solvents include Hot water, Ethanol and Methanol were used as test solvents. They were later acidified with 0.1% HCl, 1% citric acid and 1% acetic acid to identify the increase in yield of anthocyanins. Results evidently showed that extraction variable was affecting the yield of Total monomeric anthocyanin. The treatment showed significant results when processed statistically. The maximum yield of anthocyanin obtained when extracted with test solvent methanol followed by ethanol. Among them solvents acidified with 0.1% HCl showed the maximum yield followed by acidified citric acid solvent. Considering the negative impact of methanol and HCl on human, anthocyanin extracted with ethanol acidified with citric acid were found to be the optimal solvent for food uses.

Garlic Catalyzed and Grindstone Assisted Solvent Free Green Synthesis of Pharmaceutically important Schiff Bases

Present research work demonstrates the use of garlic as natural biocatalyst for green synthesis of a series of Schiff bases which are an important class of pharmaceutically important compounds, employing p-toluidine and variety of aromatic aldehydes as reactants. The products were obtained with good percentage of yield by simply grinding the reactants together with pestle in a mortar in presence of a piece of garlic in a completely solvent free condition. The synthesized crude products were purified by recrystallization from hot ethanol to obtain pure Schiff bases which were characterized by melting point, FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Through this work, a very simple, eco-friendly, effective, economic and new methodology is developed for synthesis of Schiff bases.

Preliminary studies on the antifungal activities of ethanol and hot water extracts of local spices against fluconazole-resistant <i>Candida albicans</i> isolates recovered from clinical samples

This study evaluated the antifungal effect of local spices namely Capsicum annum var. shombo, Capsicum annuum var. atarugu, Capsicum annuum var. Nsukka yellow pepper, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates. Hot water and ethanol were used as solvents for extraction. The seed and pericarp extracts from Capsicum annuum alone showed no inhibitory effect against the test organisms. Notwithstanding, whole Capsicum annuum fruit extracts showed variable levels of inhibition against the tested isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results of hot water extract showed that Capsicum annuum var. atarugu had the lowest MIC of 6.25 mg/ml while Capsicum annuum var. yellow pepper showed the highest MIC of 100 mg/ml. Zingiber officinale showed MIC range of 3.125 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml and Allium sativum an MIC range of 12.5 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml for both hot water extract and ethanol extracts. The least MIC was obtained with Zingiber officinale ethanol extract with an MIC of 3.125 mg/ml. Our finding shows that these spices may be potential sources of antifungal agents. Keywords: Capsicum annum , Zingiber officinale , Allium sativum , Antifungal activity, Nsukka

Structural characterization of a galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharide from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao

Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) have been widely used as a health food and medicinal herb in oriental medicine. In the present study, a novel galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharide (PZMP3-2) was isolated from Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Muzao through hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and purification with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The chemical structures of PZMP3-2 were elucidated by methylation analysis, along with HPGPC, FT-IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, 1D NMR spectroscopy, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Its morphological properties were further characterized by SEM, AFM, and XRD. Monosaccharide compositional analysis of PZMP3-2 revealed the presence of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid at a molar ratio of 1.74:2.00: 1.00:18.69, and the HPGPC data demonstrated an average molecular weight of 58.21 kDa. Structural and linkage analysis by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy suggested that PZMP3-2 was a homogalacturonan (HG)-like pectic polysaccharide branched at C-2 with some Araf and Rhap residues. Such unique structure of PZMP3-2 may indicate distinct bioactivities and further application in food and even clinic.

Block copolymer ultrafiltration membranes by spray coating coupled with selective swelling

Block copolymers (BCPs) have been demonstrated to be promising precursors in the fabrication of ultrafiltration membranes with well-defined porosities. To maximize the separation performance, BCPs are usually used in the forms of thin-film composite membranes with nanoporous BCP separation layers on the top of macroporous substrates. However, it remains a challenge to prepare such composite structures in an efficient and controllable way. Herein, we demonstrate that spray coating of BCP solutions on macroporous substrates followed by selective swelling is a facile and highly controllable strategy to produce BCP composite membranes. First, the BCP solution was spray-coated on a macroporous nylon support. By changing polymer concentrations as well as various spray conditions, a defect-free and uniform dense BCP layer was obtained. The thickness of the BCP layer can be controlled within the scope of a few micrometers simply by altering the step width of spray coating. Neither pre-filling of the macroporous supports to prevent solution permeation nor post-treatment to strengthen the adhesion of the two layers is required during the spray coating process. The BCP-coated support was then soaked in hot ethanol to create nanoporosity in the BCP layer following the mechanism of selective swelling-induced pore generation. Thus-produced composite membranes exhibit excellent ultrafiltration performances. Meanwhile, the pore sizes, surface hydrophilicity and consequently separation performances of the membranes can be conveniently tuned by changing swelling conditions. We expect this spray coating coupled with selective swelling to produce BCP-based composite membranes at large scale for industrial production.

Wood color changes and termiticidal properties of teak heartwood extract used as a wood preservative

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in colorimetric patterns and the termite resistance of light-colored and low durability wood when impregnated with teak (Tectona grandis) heartwood extractives. Hot water and ethanol extracts were obtained from 20-year-old teak heartwood and used to evaluate the influence on color change and the natural resistance of 10-year-old teak sapwood and Pinus sp. For wood impregnation, a full-cell (Bethell) treatment was conducted. To verify the influence of the teak extracts, the colorimetric patterns of wood were determined using the Munsell and CIE-L*a*b* systems. Choice and no-choice feeding tests were performed under laboratory conditions to test the efficacy of the teak extract solutions against two termite species Nasutitermes corniger and Cryptotermes brevis. All of the extract solutions promoted a significant darkening of the wood, bringing the color of the impregnated wood closer to older teak heartwood than the untreated samples of the respective species. Ethanol extracts increased the resistance and mortality against N. corniger in both choice and no-choice tests. Resistance to C. brevis was not clearly affected.

Valorization of Wheat Bran: Ferulic Acid Recovery Using Pressurized Aqueous Ethanol Solutions

The extraction of ferulic acid (FA) and other phenolic compounds from wheat bran can represent an interesting valorization step of this lignocellulosic biomass. In this work, pressurized hot water (PHW) and pressurized aqueous ethanol are used as solvents, and the amount of extracted FA in its free form and the total phenolic content of the extract have been evaluated. Total ferulic acid in the initial wheat bran was 2570.9 ± 1.8 µg/g of dry bran, being more than 98.5% esterified to arabinoxylans and other cell wall structures (insoluble-bound FA). Different concentrations of ethanol in water (0–20–50–80%), temperatures (130–145–160 °C) and extraction times (20–40–60 min) were tested. It was observed that low ethanol concentrations in the solvent, high temperatures and long extraction times favored the extraction, being the hydrolysis and not the solvolysis the reaction mechanism involved in the release of bound FA. Maximum FA extraction yield was found for pure water (PHW), 160 °C and 74 min of extraction that corresponds to a thermal severity factor of log (R0) ≈ 3.7. The so obtained FA extraction yields are higher than those obtained with an enzymatic hydrolysis treatment performed for comparison.

Ethanol-Quenching Introduced Oxygen Vacancies in Strontium Titanate Surface and the Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity.

Modification of the surface properties of SrTiO3 crystals by regulating the reaction environment in order to improve the photocatalytic activity has been widely studied. However, the development of a facile, effective, and universal method to improve the photocatalytic activity of these crystals remains an enormous challenge. We have developed a simple method to modify the surface environment of SrTiO3 by ethanol quenching, which results in enhanced UV, visible and infrared light absorption and photocatalytic performance. The SrTiO3 nanocrystals were preheated to 800 °C and immediately quenched by submersion in ethanol. X-ray diffraction patterns, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that upon rapid ethanol quenching, the interaction between hot SrTiO3 and ethanol led to the introduction of a high concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface of the SrTiO3 lattice. Consequently, to maintain the regional charge balance of SrTiO3, Sr2+ could be substituted for Ti4+. Moreover, oxygen vacancies induced localized states into the band gap of the modified SrTiO3 and acted as photoinduced charge traps, thus promoting the photocatalytic activity. The improved photocatalytic performance of the modified SrTiO3 was demonstrated by using it for the decomposition of rhodamine B and production of H2 from water under visible or solar light.

Structure characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Chinese wild fruits (Passiflora foetida) and its immune-enhancing activity

A novel polysaccharide (PFP1) with an average molecular weight of 2.02 × 105 g/mol was isolated from Passiflora foetida fruits through hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. The structure of PFP1 was determined by GPC-MALS-RI, IC, FT-IR, GC–MS and NMR. The structural analysis showed that PFP1 was a heteropolysaccharide and composed of mannose (48.83%), galactose (32.46%), glucose (6.21%), arabinose (5.88%), fructose (2.24%), galacturonic acid (2.20%), xylose (1.17%), fucose (0.17%), ribose (0.05%), and glucuronic acid (0.78%), with a backbone structure of →1)-α-D-Manp→1,2)-β-D-Manp-linked 1,2,6)-β-D-Manp residues and side chains consisted of →1)-β-D-Galp, →1,4)-α-D-Manp, →1, 4)-β-D-Glcp, →1,3)-α-D-Galp, →1,6)-β-D-Manp, →1,6)-β-D-Galp, →1,2,3)-β-D-Manp and →1,3,6)-β-D-Galp residues. The results of immune-enhancing assays revealed that PFP1 could obviously promote the production of NO and secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) of macrophage RAW264.7. These findings demonstrate that P. foetida fruit polysaccharides can be utilized as a potential immune-enhancing functional food.

Physicochemical, functional, structural, thermal characterization and α-amylase inhibition of polysaccharides from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hulls

In the present study, polysaccharides (CHPS) were prepared from chickpea hulls by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, and the physicochemical, functional, thermal and structural characteristics of CHPS were investigated. The results revealed that CHPS was comprised of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose with molar percentages of 2.16, 2.96, 42.17, 9.87, 23.15, 6.29 and 13.38%, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that CHPS had good fat-binding, foaming and emulsifying properties. CHPS also exhibited good thermal stability. According to X-ray spectrum, CHPS was a semi-crystalline in nature which was also confirmed from scanning electron microscopic analysis. The solid-state spectrum of 13C NMR reflected that CHPS were complex and heterogeneous polymers. Moreover, CHPS showed favorable inhibitory activity against α-amylase. These findings indicated that CHPS could be exploited as a hypoglycemic agent or multi-purpose additive in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries.

Purification, characterization and antioxidant activities of a polysaccharide from the roots of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Cotton

A polysaccharide (LPR) was separated from the roots of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Cotton with hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and purification by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. LPR was characterized. The weight-average molecular weight (MW) of LPR was 5.12 × 104 g/moL. Glucose and mannose comprised LPR with a molar ratio of 2.9:3.3. IR, NMR and methylation analysis showed that LPR was a natural O-acetyl glucomannan, the backbone mainly contained β-(1 → 4)-linked d-glucopyranosyl and β-(1 → 4)-linked D-mannopyanosyl, and the branches probably linked at O-2 and/or O-3 of the mannosyl and glucosyl residues. The acetyl groups mainly attached at O-2 or O-3 of mannosyl residues. X-ray diffractometric (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that LPR was a semi-crystalline substance with porous lamellar structure. Bioassays in vitro indicated that LPR had distinct scavenging activities on hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical. These findings provided a reference for functional underutilization roots of L. davidii as natural antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Anxiolytic activities of Matcha tea powder, extracts, and fractions in mice: Contribution of dopamine D1 receptor- and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor-mediated mechanisms

Abstract Matcha is thought to be beneficial for brain functions; however, only a few scientific studies have shown the effects of Matcha tea powder on psychiatric behavior. Here, we evaluated the anxiolytic activity of Matcha tea powder, and its hot water extract (CSW) and ethanol extract (CSE) in mice, using the elevated plus maze test. Oral administration of Matcha tea powder and CSE exerted anxiolytic effects. CSE was further fractionated into hexane soluble (CSEH), ethyl acetate soluble (CSEE) and water soluble (CSEW) fractions. Among the fractions, CSEE and CSEH exerted anxiolytic effects. Moreover, SCH23390, a dopamine D1 receptor blocker, and WAY100135, an antagonist of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) 1A receptor, prevented Matcha tea powder and CSEE from exerting their anxiolytic effects. These results suggest that Matcha tea powder exerts anxiolytic effect through the activation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.

Effects of Bamboo Stem Extracts on Adipogenic Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism Regulating Genes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive disease that has lasting effects on several organs and tissues. In addition, high glucose levels, high triglyceride and high cholesterol levels increase patient health problems. In this study, we investigated natural materials that can alleviate diabetes symptoms or prevent its onset and assessed extracts of bamboo stem, which has been known for centuries as a functional food. Mouse 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate by adding a mixture of dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and insulin (DMI) to the cell media after cells reached 100% confluence. The cells were then treated with hot water extract (HE), ethanol extract (EE), or methanol extract (ME) of bamboo stem for 4 and 13 days, after which the expression levels of differentiation markers C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and FABP4 were measured. At day 13, changes in metabolic function were assessed by analyzing the expression levels of ABCG1, CD36, and GLUT4 using RT-qPCR. Adipocyte size distribution was determined using a Coulter counter after trypsinization. The total triglyceride content was quantified using an adipogenesis assay kit. The HE-, EE-, and ME-treated 3T3-L1 cells showed increased adipogenesis marker expression, triglyceride content, and adipocyte volumes compared to the controls. The expression of genes related to adipocyte function were elevated in EE- and ME-treated samples. Taken together, these findings indicate that bamboo stem extracts, especially ethanol extract, have prophylactic effects for diabetes that occur through the promotion of adipogenesis and adipocyte functions.

Characterization, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of a neutral polysaccharide from Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke.

A neutral polysaccharide (DIP-1) from Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke was obtained by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and chromatographic separation (DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange column and Sephadex G-100 gel column). The physicochemical properties of DIP-1 were elucidated by gel permeation chromatography, monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscope and Congo red test. The results indicated that DIP-1 was consisted of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, galactose and arabinose in a ratio of 1.00:0.42:18.36:14.17:0.81, and its molecular weight was 218.3kDa. Meanwhile, DIP-1 presented a straight hexahedron structure, but no triple-helical conformation. In antioxidant activity tests, DIP-1 exhibited powerful scavenging activities on hydroxyl, DPPH, ABTS radicals and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. Especially, DIP-1 demonstrated high inhibitory activities against SKOV-3 and Hep-G2 cells in vitro, with IC50 values of 1.42 and 1.23mg/ml, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: D. indica has been used for a long time as a Chinese medicine for therapy of many diseases, including cancer, inflammation, leprosy, fever, bleeding and so on. At present, polysaccharides have attracted comprehensive attention because of a large range of pharmacological and biological properties, including antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity. In the present study, we purified and characterized a neutral polysaccharide from D. indica for the first time. Moreover, the neutral polysaccharide exhibits significant antioxidant and antitumor activities. Therefore, the present study laid a foundation for the high-value application of D. indica polysaccharides in functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Potential of Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants.

This study evaluated potential antidiabetic and antiobesity properties in vitro of selected medicinal plants. The hot water (WE) and ethanol extracts (EE) of sweet gale (Myrica gale L.), roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.), stinging nettles (Utrica dioica L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) were tested for total antioxidant capacity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH• scavenging capacity assays, followed by α-amylase, α-glucosidase and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) inhibition assays in vitro. Myrica gale EE had the highest total phenolic content (12.4 mmol GAE/L), FRAP value (17.4 mmol TE/L) and DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.28 mg/L). Similarly, Myrica gale also exhibited significantly lower IC50 values for the percentage inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 62.65 mg/L) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 27.20 mg/L) compared to acarbose (IC50 = 91.71 mg/L; IC50 = 89.50 mg/L, respectively) (p ≤ 0.05). The 3T3-L1 preadipocyte study also revealed that Myrica gale EE (54.8%) and stinging nettles (62.2% EE; 63.2% WE) significantly inhibited the adipogenesis in adipocytes in vitro (p ≤ 0.05). Polyphenols present in these medicinal plants have the potential to use in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity.