Hot Area Research Articles

Heterojunction reconstruction via In doping towards high-efficiency CZTSSe solar cells

The Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells (CZTSSe) are emerging as a hot area of low-cost thin film photovoltaic technology owing to its non-toxicity and excellent photoelectric properties. However, the large open-circuit voltage deficit (Voc,deficit) caused by the inherently defective CdS/ CZTSSe heterojunction interface is still a huge challenge for improving power conversion efficiency. Herein, we reconstruct the heterojunction interface by inserting a CZTSSe:In into the CdS/CZTSSe heterojunction through an In2Se3 post-deposition treatment. The local occupation of In3+ at Zn2+ and Sn4+ sites decreases the disordered Zn- and Sn-related deep defects and generates benign InZn donors within CZITSSe transition layer simultaneously, which effectively enhances the surface p-to-n conversion. The combination of chemical and field-effect passivation regulates the charge extraction and passivates the charge recombination. As a result, the In element-buried absorber enables the Voc boost from 488 to 527 mV with an impressive active-area efficiency of 13.59 %. These results demonstrate the great potential of the In element-buried absorber in alleviating the Voc,deficit and enhancing the performance of CZTSSe solar cells.

Investigation on the Perception of Microclimatic Factors by the Elderly in Humid and Hot Areas: The Case of Guangzhou, China

Investigation on the Perception of Microclimatic Factors by the Elderly in Humid and Hot Areas: The Case of Guangzhou, China

Organically Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles against Bacterial Resistance.

Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is posed to become a major hazard to global health in the 21st century. An aggravating issue is the stalled antibiotic research pipeline, which requires the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. Nanotechnology has entered into this scenario bringing up the opportunity to use nanocarriers capable of transporting and delivering antimicrobials to the target site, overcoming bacterial resistant barriers. Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are receiving growing attention due to their unique features, including large drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, tunable pore sizes and volumes, and functionalizable silanol-rich surface. This perspective article outlines the recent research advances in the design and development of organically modified MSNs to fight bacterial infections. First, a brief introduction to the different mechanisms of bacterial resistance is presented. Then, we review the recent scientific approaches to engineer multifunctional MSNs conceived as an assembly of inorganic and organic building blocks, against bacterial resistance. These elements include specific ligands to target planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria, or bacterial biofilm; stimuli-responsive entities to prevent antimicrobial cargo release before arriving at the target; imaging agents for diagnosis; additional constituents for synergistic combination antimicrobial therapies; and aims to improve the therapeutic outcomes. Finally, this manuscript addresses the current challenges and future perspectives on this hot research area.

Effect of optimal allocation of urban trees on the outdoor thermal environment in hot and humid areas: A case study of a university campus in Guangzhou, China

The process of urbanization in developing countries has had an ecological impact, destroying the outdoor thermal environment, especially in hot and humid areas where high summer temperatures are a nuisance for human outdoor activities. The role of urban greening in improving the regional microclimate has been confirmed by many studies. To improve the outdoor thermal environment, taking a university campus in Guangzhou as an example, the tree species and tree geometric parameters were analyzed, the ENVI-met model was established, and a simulation platform was calibrated based on the measured data, which improved the accuracy of the simulation platform. In this simulation platform, the maximum root mean square errors of air temperature and humidity were as low as 1.49 °C and 5.63 %, respectively. To reveal the influence of the physical morphology of tree species and their community characteristics on the outdoor thermal environment, six typical greening tree species and 37 green space configurations were established, and the influence of each tree species and their spatial configurations on the cooling effect of the outdoor environment was simulated. The results showed that the leaf area index, crown width, and tree height had a great influence on the ground temperature and sensible heat flux under the tree canopy, and the cooling effect of the tree group was improved when the height of the trees exceeded 10 m, with an ideal canopy coverage of 30 %. Optimizing the green space configuration reduced the temperature at pedestrian height (1.5 m) in the study area by up to 1.5 °C, and a reduction of 0.5 °C was observed over approximately 50 % of the green area during the peak summer temperatures (14:00–16:00), mitigating the microclimate heat environment. This study can enable urban planners to determine the type, quantity, and spatial allocation of green vegetation to improve the urban thermal environment.

Spatial-temporal variation of marine fishing activities responding to policy and social events in China

The spatial-temporal variation of the impact of political and social factors such as (Fishing Moratorium, Marine Protected Areas, New Year, and COVID-19) on fishing activities offshore was evaluated based on fishing efforts data by AIS from 2013 to 2020 for China. It is found that the maximum fishing intensity occurs within 20–30 km of the coastline, the area within 40 km of the coastline covers 51% of fishing activities, and within 100 km of the coastline accounts for 92% of fishing activities. From 2013 to 2016, fishing hotspots showed a highly aggregated spread in the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. Since 2017, China's hot fishing areas have gradually fragmented and southern moved. During the fishing moratorium, the fishing efforts decreased by 51% compared to the pre-moratorium, and after the moratorium, the fishing efforts increased by 81% compared to the pre-moratorium on average. We investigated fishing activities in and around 249 MPAs in China and found that 71% of MPAs are free of fishing, and average fishing intensity across MPAs is 35% lower than not protected areas. Regarding the social events, it is concluded that during the New Year holiday, the fishing efforts and fishing area were reduced by 79% and 73%, respectively, compared to the regular fishing period. The COVID-19 epidemic prompted a decrease in fishing efforts in 2020 for the first time since 2013, with the average fishing efforts in 2020 being 14% and 6% lower than in 2019 and 2017 to 2019, respectively.

Thermomechanics of Al–Cu–Li alloy plastic flow

Flat compression tests of Al–Cu–Li alloys are made. Samples deformed in isothermal conditions at deformation value ε = 55%, in strain rate intervals 10–3–10–1 s–1 and temperatures 400–480°C. The empirical equations connecting thermomechanical parameters of Al–Cu–Li alloys deformation are received. The hightemperature deformation mechanism diagrams (DMD) Al–Cu–Li alloys are plotted. Temperature and strain rate mechanisms action areas of hot deformation and warm deformation are specified. It is shown that the warm deformation area on DMD is equal to the dynamic poligonization area on structural conditions diagram, and the hot deformation area is equal to the partial recrystallization area.

Comprehensive assessment of building energy consumption in hot summer and cold winter areas based on carbon tax considerations

With the rapid development of economy and urbanization in China, cities are expanding rapidly and more constructions are being built, then lead to the fast-growing part in urban residential energy consumption. In China’s hot summer and cold winter regions, many buildings are not centrally heated and commonly rely on electrical equipment such as air conditioners which are all energy-inefficient thermoregulation devices. In order to analyze the relationship between building energy consumption and the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of air conditioning and the area of photovoltaic (PV) on the roof, the influence of the building envelope on building energy consumption in hot summer and cold winter regions in China is clarified. This paper uses energy plus software to analyze the impact of different EER and PV area on building energy consumption using a typical case study of a public health upgrading project in the eastern part of the Wuxing district, Huzhou, Zhejiang province in China. The simulation results show that the factor that has a greater impact on the energy consumption of the health center in summer is the PV area parameter of the building compared to the performance parameters of the air conditioning equipment. The PV area parameter settings and air conditioning equipment performance adjustments are dependent on the actual situation and the comprehensive energy saving rate of the outpatient building for public health in the eastern part of Tai Wu Xing District can exceed 50%. Finally, an economic analysis of the carbon tax and input costs is carried out, and the best combination is of which 60% of the area covered by Longi Green PV panels and an air conditioning efficiency ratio of 4.87. The research result combines renewable energy and efficient equipment to achieve dual optimization of environmental and economic aspects of building energy consumption, while providing reference opinions on the comprehensive evaluation method of building energy consumption from the perspective of carbon tax.

Functional and ecological diversification of underground organs in Solanum.

The evolution of geophytes in response to different environmental stressors is poorly understood largely due to the great morphological variation in underground plant organs, which includes species with rhizomatous structures or underground storage organs (USOs). Here we compare the evolution and ecological niche patterns of different geophytic organs in Solanum L., classified based on a functional definition and using a clade-based approach with an expert-verified specimen occurrence dataset. Results from PERMANOVA and Phylogenetic ANOVAs indicate that geophytic species occupy drier areas, with rhizomatous species found in the hottest areas whereas species with USOs are restricted to cooler areas in the montane tropics. In addition, rhizomatous species appear to be adapted to fire-driven disturbance, in contrast to species with USOs that appear to be adapted to prolonged climatic disturbance such as unfavorable growing conditions due to drought and cold. We also show that the evolution of rhizome-like structures leads to changes in the relationship between range size and niche breadth. Ancestral state reconstruction shows that in Solanum rhizomatous species are evolutionarily more labile compared to species with USOs. Our results suggest that underground organs enable plants to shift their niches towards distinct extreme environmental conditions and have different evolutionary constraints.

Experimental investigation of effect of ventilation strategies on the performance of cold storage

AbstractFresh fruits and vegetables are living organisms that require fresh air to survive while being stored. Respiratory gases can build up and damage produce if there is not enough ventilation during storage. Ventilation is required to prevent an excessive build‐up of respiratory gases and to maintain the freshness of produce. In hot and dry areas, air ventilation of refrigerated storage can have a negative impact on food produce quality and affect storage performance. An indoor experimental study was carried out to investigate the air ventilation of the cold room during various modes of air supply. The energy recovery device (ERD) with and without evaporative cooling arrangement is used in the air supply and the performance enhancement is compared. The ERD reduces the air ventilation load by more than 50% compared to direct ventilation of the cold room and consequently, it reduces the total power consumption of air ventilation. Furthermore, the overall cooling performance of the system is improved by up to 45.7% when the ERDs are used compared to the direct supply of fresh air during air change mode and the use of energy‐saving equipment has also proven improvements in the desired air conditions for food production.

Spatial-temporal Evolution of Ecological Vulnerability in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on PSRM Model

As one of the three major urban agglomerations in China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region has strong economic strength but its ecological fragility is very prominent. To pursue the comprehensive development of economy and ecology, it is very important to analyze the ecological environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Here, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region was selected as the research area, and 19 indicators were selected to construct an evolution system based on the PSRM model. The temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of ecological vulnerability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were explored by combining the order relation method, CRITIC method, Theil index, and hot spot analysis, and the influencing factors were calculated via geographic detector. The results showed that:① the ecological vulnerability first increased and then decreased in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. The vulnerable areas showed a northeast-southwest trend, and the ecological environment in the northeast and southwest regions was better than that in the central and southern regions. The area of slight vulnerability in 2014 increased by 6803.01 km2 compared with that in 2009. The area of mild vulnerability decreased by 130.41 km2, and the area of moderate vulnerability decreased by 26537.31 km2 compared with that in 2009. The areas of severe and extremely vulnerable status increased by 19512.9 km2 and 351.81 km2, respectively, compared with those in 2009. The habitat situation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region improved significantly from 2014 to 2019. Compared with that in 2014, the areas of mild, moderate, severe, and extremely vulnerable decreased by 2248.29 km2, 2220.21 km2, 7988.67 km2, and 55.98 km2, respectively. The light area increased by 12513.15 km2 compared with that in 2014. ② According to the calculation results of the Theil index, the spatial correlation degree of ecological vulnerability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region exhibited a V-shaped fluctuation, and the spatial pattern of the cold and hot areas was predominantly consistent with that of the vulnerability. ③ Biological abundance, PM10, and the human disturbance index had a significant influence on the spatial differentiation of ecological vulnerability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Based on the results of ecological vulnerability analysis, some suggestions on the ecological environment and sustainable development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were proposed.

Co-optimisation of power-gas networks connected to industrial energy hubs with high penetration of storage systems

With proliferation of gas-fired generators and increase in the number of interconnected power-gas networks, co-optimisation of power-gas nexus has become a hot research area. Energy hubs (EHs) are efficient and reliable multi-carrier energy systems which typically take in electricity and natural gas and supply different forms of energy demands. As EHs typically import electricity and gas, their connection into a power-gas nexus may be an interesting option; their electricity input may be connected into an electric bus and their gas input may be connected into a gas node. This research focuses on the operation of power-gas nexus connected to industrial EHs. The Belgian network connected to a 24-bus power system has been used as case study and the studied EH includes boiler, combined heat and power unit, battery and thermal storage and supplies electricity and heat demands. The changes in shadow prices at different electric buses and gas nodes as well as congestion in both networks are investigated. The effect of connection points of EH on total operation cost, electric system cost and gas network cost is investigated and the optimal connection points are determined. According to the results, about 49.4 % of total cost belongs to electric system and the remaining 50.6 % belongs to gas system and a large portion of electric system cost belongs to demand shed cost. According to the results, the electric system is severely congested. At some buses and some hours, due to demand shed, the shadow price of electricity soars 10,000$/MWh which equals value of lost electric load.

Empowerment of tourism awareness groups in managing hot spring tourism in Nyelanding Village

South Bangka Regency boasts a unique tourist destination in the form of hot springs. However, these destinations have suffered from cleanliness issues and a lack of greenery, leading to a decline in tourist visits. Consequently, this community service program aims to educate tourism awareness groups on maintaining environmental cleanliness and enhancing greenery to revitalize the Nyelanding Village hot spring tourism area. The method employed involves assisting in the management of tourist destinations. The result of implementing this empowerment initiative is a cleaner and more beautiful environment, with the long-term benefit of a greener surroundings around the hot springs.

Secure localization techniques in wireless sensor networks against routing attacks based on hybrid machine learning models

The identification and localization of malicious nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a hot area of research that can considerably extend the network's lifetime and make it more valuable. We use sensors whose positions are known, or anchor nodes, to make educated guesses about the positions of the unknown nodes. Several localization methods have been developed for precise estimation of the unknowable nodes. So, during the network setup process, finding suitable network parameters for node localization with the requisite accuracy in a short amount of time remains a tough task. Due to the fact that they manipulate network resources and routing protocols, routing assaults like wormhole attacks, Sybil attacks, blackhole attacks, and replay attacks are just a few examples of the types of attacks that have the potential to hinder the accuracy of localization and the quality of service provided by WSNs. This work proposes safe localization and detection of routing threats in wireless sensor networks by utilizing hybrid optimized machine learning approaches for optimal distance, position, and data communication. These approaches aim to find the optimal distance between sensors and the optimal position of sensors. Calculating the average localization accuracy and finding malicious nodes both need the use of the benchmark datasets CICIDS2017 and UNSW NB15. The machine learning algorithms that have been provided can be utilized with these datasets. The cluster labelling K-means clustering technique is applied to binary classification in the system that has been proposed. As a consequence, the system achieves an average detection accuracy of 100%. The findings of the simulation indicate that the proposed hybrid strategy is capable of achieving a higher level of localization accuracy of the unknown nodes, with an average localization error of 0.191.

Bio-cementation of tailings sands using ultraviolet-induced urease-producing bacteria

The disposal of tailings in a safe and environmentally friendly manner has always been a challenging issue. The microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique is used to stabilise tailings sands. MICP is an innovative soil stabilisation technology. However, its field application in tailings sands is limited due to the poor adaptability of non-native urease-producing bacteria (UPB) in different natural environments. In this study, the ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis technology was used to improve the performance of indigenous UPB, sourced from a hot and humid area of China. Mechanical property tests and microscopic inspections were conducted to assess the feasibility and the effectiveness of the technology. The roles played by the UV-induced UPB in the processes of nucleation and crystal growth were revealed by scanning electron microscopy imaging. The impacts of elements contained in the tailings sands on the morphology of calcium carbonate crystals were studied with Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The precipitation pattern of calcium carbonate and the strength enhancement mechanism of bio-cemented tailings were analysed in detail. The stabilisation method of tailings sands described in this paper provides a new cost-effective approach to mitigating the environmental issues and safety risks associated with the storage of tailings.

PlotnineSeqSuite: a Python package for visualizing sequence data using ggplot2 style

BackgroundThe visual sequence logo has been a hot area in the development of bioinformatics tools. ggseqlogo written in R language has been the most popular API since it was published. With the popularity of artificial intelligence and deep learning, Python is currently the most popular programming language. The programming language used by bioinformaticians began to shift to Python. Providing APIs in Python that are similar to those in R can reduce the learning cost of relearning a programming language. And compared to ggplot2 in R, drawing framework is not as easy to use in Python. The appearance of plotnine (ggplot2 in Python version) makes it possible to unify the programming methods of bioinformatics visualization tools between R and Python.ResultsHere, we introduce plotnineSeqSuite, a new plotnine-based Python package provides a ggseqlogo-like API for programmatic drawing of sequence logos, sequence alignment diagrams and sequence histograms. To be more precise, it supports custom letters, color themes, and fonts. Moreover, the class for drawing layers is based on object-oriented design so that users can easily encapsulate and extend it.ConclusionsplotnineSeqSuite is the first ggplot2-style package to implement visualization of sequence -related graphs in Python. It enhances the uniformity of programmatic plotting between R and Python. Compared with tools appeared already, the categories supported by plotnineSeqSuite are much more complete. The source code of plotnineSeqSuite can be obtained on GitHub (https://github.com/caotianze/plotnineseqsuite) and PyPI (https://pypi.org/project/plotnineseqsuite), and the documentation homepage is freely available on GitHub at (https://caotianze.github.io/plotnineseqsuite/).

Thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors in office buildings: A pilot study in Turpan (China) during summer

Nowadays, evaporatively cooled office buildings commonly observed in dry hot areas in summer of China. However, few dedicated studies to record the local residents' thermal comfort and adaptability in these buildings. The contribution of adaptive comfort theory on thermal perception still remains unclear for optimizing office building design parameters. Hence, to deeper probe the adaptive thermal comfort of the related indoor environment, a field study of office buildings during summer considering evaporative cooling air conditioned (ECA) and naturally ventilated (NV) mode was conducted in Turpan, China. Based on 931 valid datasets collected from questionnaires, we found that the neutral temperature (Tn) of 28.4 °C in ECA group, 0.6 °C lower than NV group (29.0 °C). A lower air temperature (Ta) and higher humidity (RH)/air-velocity (Va) were expected in two modes, and Va has a stronger influence than RH on mean thermal sensation votes (MTSV). Meanwhile, occupants can adapt to current indoor environment through physiological, psychological and behavioral adjustments, while the clothing regulation had limited effect on MTSV unless the outdoor temperature exceeds 38 °C. Whether in ECA or NV mode, the predicted mean votes (PMV) model overestimated actual thermal sensation when operative temperature (Top) beyond 28 °C. Adaptive models were also proved varied from that in current standards, which indicated that they were not suitable for evaluating the studied buildings in Turpan. Above findings could suggest us a better understanding of the occupants' thermal adaptability, thereby providing the reference of design parameters revision and passive strategies for local newly/renovated buildings.

Effect of heat mitigation strategies on the thermal environment of hardened pavement and pedestrian thermal comfort in a hot and humid area: A case study of Guangzhou, China.

The synergistic effect of heat waves and urban heat islands (UHI) adversely affect the urban environment, building energy consumption, and human health. The absorption and storage of short-wave radiation by hardened pavement is the primary reason for high-temperature heat waves and the UHI effect. Three mitigation strategies were assessed to alleviate the influence of high-temperature hardened pavement on the thermal environment and thermal comfort of pedestrians, water-spray vehicles (spray) and pavement watering (watering) to take advantage of evaporative cooling, and a fan based on convective heat transfer. In addition, the fan-spray and fan-watering combinations were evaluated to increase the evaporative cooling rate. Field measurements showed that the five heat mitigation strategies improved the thermal environment and reduced environmental thermal stress. The thermal sensation, comfort sensation, and mean skin temperature (MST) were analyzed in thermal perception experiments. The result indicated that the mitigation strategies changed the subjects' thermal perception. Moreover, regression analysis between the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and the thermal response showed that the neutral temperature and the range of comfort threshold of UTCI and MST increased after implementing the mitigation strategies.

Performance Evaluation in Automatic Plan Generation for Ethos Intelligent Optimization Engine

To evaluate the automatic optimization performance and clinical feasibility of the Intelligent Optimization Engine (IOE) of Ethos online adaptive radiotherapy platform. Eleven patients with cervical cancer treated with Halcyon accelerator were retrospectively selected. All the patients manually planned with four full arc volume rotating intensity modulated radiotherapy (VMAT) (Manual-4Arc), and the prescription dose was 45 Gy/25F. All patient images and structures were imported into Ethos simulator, and clinical goals were added appropriately based on clinical requirements. The target coverage was normalized to 95%. 7F, 9F, 12F IMRT plans and 2Arc, 3Arc VMAT plans were automatically generated by IOE. Dosimetric index comparisons were made among the Manual-4Arc plans and five group IOE generated plan to evaluate the automatic optimization performance of IOE. In terms of hot dose area, for PTV, D1% of IMRT-12F plans was the lowest, and there were significant differences between IMRT-12F plans and Manual-4Arc plans (46.936 ± 0.241 vs 48.639 ± 2.395, p = 0.004); In terms of target coverage, the CTVs of all groups meet clinical requirements. Although the Ethos online adaptive plans have been normalized during planning, the PTV coverage is slightly insufficient (12F: 94.913 ± 0.154; 9F: 94.585 ± 1.148). For OARs close to target, such as bladder, V30Gy, V40Gy and Dmean have significant differences among the six group plans. The order of bladder dose is basically followed by IMRT-12F<IMRT-9F<Manual-4Arc<IMRT-7F<VMAT-3Arc<VMAT-2Arc. There was significant statistical difference between V30Gy and Dmean of rectum, and the order of them was basically the same as that of bladder, except for the exchange between IMRT-7F and Manual-4Arc plan. Rectal V40Gy, small intestine Dmax and Dmean had no significant difference among the six group plans. For OARs far away from the target, such as the left and right femoral head, spinal cord and bone marrow, the order is basically followed by IMRT-12F<IMRT-9F<IMRT-7F<VMAT-2Arc<VMAT-3Arc<Manual-4Arc. The plans automatically generated by Ethos IOE can achieve similar performance as the manual plan, and the automatically generated IMRT-12F and 9F plans are preferred for clinical use.

Heat load-carrying capacity of surface water source and its heating load matching characteristics

Meteorological parameter changes not only affect the heat load-carrying capacity of the surface water, but also affect the heat load demand of the building, thus changing the heat load matching between the water source heat pump system and the users. In order to study the climatic adaptation of the heat load-carrying capacity, this paper establishes an analytical model of the water body's heat load-carrying capacity and the building's heat load with the solar radiation intensity, the change of the water body and the heat extraction time as variables. Experimental and simulation studies on the heat load-carrying capacity of lake water were carried out under the winter climate conditions in hot summer and cold winter areas. The results show that increasing the depth or area of the lake can improve the heat load-carrying capacity. Solar radiation is an important factor affecting the temperature of surface water body, the stronger the solar radiation the greater the temperature rise of the water body. Changes in outdoor air temperature have a significant impact on water temperature, and a sudden drop in outdoor air temperature will result in a sharp drop in water temperature. When the water body area was 3000 m2 and 50000 m2, the maximum integrated temperature drop of the water body was 15.0℃ and 9.7℃, which was 2.02 and 4.85 times of the temperature drop of heat extraction, respectively. Reduced heat load-carrying capacity of the surface water body or decreased COP of the heat pump is an important reason why the surface water source heat pump heat supply fails to meet the user's heat demand in winter.

Patterns of Population Displacement in the Former Hot Cloud Area after the 2010 Merapi Volcano Eruption Along the Upper Gendol River Flow

The Merapi Volcano eruption 2010 caused land damage in several locations, including the District of Cangkringan. After the eruption, residents were relocated to temporary and permanent housing. The site of the 2010 Merapi Volcano eruption's former hot clouds is changing back into a residential area. This study aims to determine the pattern of population displacement after the 2010 Merapi Volcano eruption along the upstream Gendol River. This research uses descriptive and data collection methods of image interpretation, field surveys, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis techniques were conducted using spatial analysis and data triangulation. The pattern of population relocation follows the multiple origin - multiple destination pattern to the temporary shelter and temporary housing, then back to the original residence in the former hot cloud area of the 2010 Merapi Volcano eruption. Relocation back to the former hot cloud area is influenced by (1) being near the land where the informants work, (2) the informants' children use the shelter because they are of marriageable age, (3) taking care of the land that has been inherited or will be inherited, and (4) the bond between the residents around Merapi Volcano and Merapi Volcano itself or the nature around Merapi.