Hot Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant and antimalarial properties of hot aqueous leaf extracts of Setaria megaphylla, Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata

This study investigated the antioxidant and antimalarial properties of leaf extracts of Setaria megaphylla, Ageratum conyzoides Linn, and Chromolaena odorata Linn, plants used in folkloric treatment of malaria. The plants were assessed for phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging activities using standard methods. Single, binary and ternary combinations of the processed leaves were subjected to hot aqueous extraction, and evaluated for in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy against Plasmodium berghei NK 65 using Swiss albino mice. The plants’ total phenolic profile varied as S. megaphylla (Sm; 118.06 µg/ml) > C. odorata (Co; 116.58 µg/ml) > A. conyzoides (Ac; 73.01 µg/ml), with catechin, dihydrocytisine and tannin being the most abundant phenolics. Total antioxidant capacities (TAC) and reducing power potentials (RPP) of the plants increased with increase in extract concentrations with Sm showing highest TAC (1.49 ± 0.02 mgAAE/g) and RPP (0.47 ± 0.01 mgAAE/g) values. A similar trend was observed for the hydroxyl, nitric oxide and DPPH radicals scavenging potentials, showing dose-dependent increases in scavenging potentials but with no observed significant (p<0.05) differences in activities at the highest extract dose of 400 µg/ml. The in vivo antimalarial study demonstrated that the combination of A. conyzoides and S. megaphylla was the most effective, significantly reducing parasitemia without causing mortality in the mice. This research highlights the potential of S. megaphylla, A. conyzoides, and C. odorata, especially the combination of their extracts as source of effective anti-malarial agents, and further confirms the folkloric use of hot aqueous extracts of the plants in malaria treatment.

Toxicological evaluation of a herbal tea made from the leaves of Setaria megaphylla, Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata

The toxicological effect of an herbal tea made from leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, and Setaria megaphylla, plants traditionally used in Nigeria for malaria treatment was studied. Hot aqueous extracts of the ternary combination (1:1:1 ratio) of the plants were administered in varying doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) to assess impact on hepatic, renal and haematologic function parameters, and liver and kidney tissue histology of forty male albino rats divided into four groups of ten animals each. The tea extracts were administered orally daily for 60 days. Biochemical analyses revealed that the extract significantly (p<0.05) reduced ALT (25.91 ± 2.35 to 6.84 ± 0.31 U/L), AST (36.39 ± 1.96 to 19.24 ± 1.19 U/L), and ALP (21.94 ± 3.51 to 11.06 ± 2.76 IU/L) activities, with no significant (p>0.05) changes in bilirubin, protein and albumin concentrations, suggesting non-hepatotoxic property. Among the kidney function, significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent increases was observed only in serum urea ranging from 23.09 ± 0.79 mg/dl (Control group) to 34.90 ± 0.52 mg/dl (200 mg/kg treated group). Increase in WBC count was observed indicative of a possible immune response, while other blood parameters remained stable. Histopathological examination confirmed that lower extract doses were relatively safe, whereas higher doses presented early signs of organ stress. These findings suggest that this herbal tea extract has a favourable safety profile at moderate doses, though higher doses may pose risk of organ toxicity, warranting further studies on dose optimization and elucidation of its folkloric therapeutic potential.

Identification of the active compounds and estimation of the amount of curcumin in the hot aqueous extract of Curcuma longa roots and evaluation of its inhibitory effectiveness against microorganisms

This study was conducted to detect the bioactive compounds in hot aqueous Turmeric (Curcuma longa) roots extract and study its effectiveness in inhibiting a number of gram-negative and positive bacteria and two types of molds. It was found that the turmeric extract contains a number of active compounds, the most important of which are flavonoids and resins, in addition to volatile oils, while it does not contain The extract contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenes, and coumarins, and the total amount of phenolic substances in the extract amounted to 7.20 mg/g of gallic acid, and the percentage of curcumin in the extract amounted to 8.49 mg/g. Turmeric root extract did not show high inhibitory activity at all concentrations against gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. On the contrary, gram-positive bacteria had weak resistance to the extract, specifically at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, as they reached diameters of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria 14.00 and 14.50 mm at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, respectively, and Bacillus subtilis bacteria 22.50 and 24.50 mm at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences in the percentage of mold inhibition, and the highest percentage of inhibition reached 85.24 for the turmeric root extract at a concentration of 200 mg/ml for Alternaria alternata mold, and the lowest percentage of inhibition reached 28.57% at a concentration of 50 mg/ml for Aspergillus niger.

Obscure properties of a traditional herb Pittosporum neelgherrense used to treat snakebite envenoming against Daboia russelli venoms

In tropical nations, snakebite envenomation is a significant public health issue with negative human and social effects. This is due to three factors: 1) more species of the most hazardous snakes are present; 2) emergency medical assistance is not readily available; and 3) inadequate health care. The problems caused by snakebite envenomation have been partially resolved by immunotherapy. An extensive collection of medicinal herbs is recognized to have antivenomous properties in traditional medicine. However, very few species have undergone scientific investigation, and even fewer have had their active components separated and structurally and functionally defined. In this work, the anti-venom potential of hot and cold aqueous extracts from Pittosporum neelgherrense is evaluated using an in-vitro model. The experimental results showed that 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-(11.20), 1-Undecanol (16.38), Lauryl acetate (18.25), and Cyclotridecane (19.14) were phytochemical substances whose chemical structures were recognized by GCMS. The Direct and Indirect hemorrhagic activity was found to be completely neutralized by P. neelgherrense extract (44.61% hot plant extract & 55.38% cold plant extract) and the zone (2.4 mm), respectively. The neutralization of venoms was indicated by the zone (0.5–0.9 cm) of hydrolysis production of proteolytic activity. Additionally, the results of the gelatine liquefaction study demonstrated that clot formation was not triggered by venom at low concentrations (50:50) but was instead brought on by higher concentrations. The present study suggested that the neutralization of venom by hot water extracts of P. neelgherrense is a potentially therapeutic application.

Effect of Adding Different Concentrations of the Hot and Alcoholic Aqueous Extract of the Seeds of the Kalgan Plant (Silybum marianum) to Drinking Water on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chicks ROSS 308

Effect of Adding Different Concentrations of the Hot and Alcoholic Aqueous Extract of the Seeds of the Kalgan Plant (Silybum marianum) to Drinking Water on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chicks ROSS 308

In vitro study of the inhibitory potentials of cold and hot aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina, Calotropis procera, and Persea americana on α-glucosidase

Background: The surge in the incidence of diabetes mellitus has spurred heightened interest on alternative and complementary therapies, particularly those derived from medicinal plants. Objective: To assess the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of cold and hot aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Calotropis procera (locally known as “bomubomu” leaves), and Persea americana (also known as avocado pear) to explore their medicinal applicability. Method: The leaves of V. amygdalina, C. procera, and the seed of P. americana were subjected to cold and hot extraction methods using distilled water. These extracts were specifically targeted for their potential inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity, a key enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion. Results: The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay showed that the extracts from the plants had maximum inhibitory effects at 20 mg/mL. Cold and hot aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina exhibited maximal inhibitory activities of 100% and 86%, respectively, at 20mg/mL. Cold and hot aqueous extracts of C. procera displayed 100% and 91% inhibitory activities, respectively, at 20mg/mL. Similarly, cold and hot extracts of P. americana exhibited the highest inhibitory activities of 77% and 63%, respectively, at 20mg/mL concentration. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that cold and hot aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Calotropis procera, and Persea americana exhibited significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. The observed inhibitory effects suggest the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts as natural remedies for managing post-prandial hyperglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.

Re-processing of pharmaceutical herb residues using isolated probiotics from plant sources and their beneficial effects on diarrhea

This study aims to use hot aqueous extract of herbal residue (HRE) to enhance bacterial growth and possess anti-diarrheal effects. In this study, lactobacillus species L. brevis (SAM-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (SAM-2), and Lactobacillus herbinensis (SAM-3) were isolated from date palm sap (collected in winter season). Square Pharmaceuticals PLC, Bangladesh provided herbal residues ‘Adovas’ which is non-sedating herbal cough syrup with sixteen common herbs including Adhatoda vasica. In our observation, HRE increased the number of colonies in MRS media. In the anti-diarrheal study by castor oil and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrheal mouse model, SAM-1 and 2 with or without HRE showed almost similar results. After initial morphological characterization, tests such as resistance to low pH, bile salt and survival capability in gastric simulated fluid (GSF) were performed to confirm them as a probiotic candidate. All three isolates were gram-positive bacteria and could grow in a mesophilic range of temperatures. The isolates were catalase-negative and were able to coagulate milk after overnight incubation. As the isolates exhibited resistance to low pH and could tolerate bile salts, they may survive in the stomach and intestine, thus making them a promising probiotic candidate. The isolated probiotics and HRE inhibited diarrheal and restored the body's electrolytes. Interestingly, SAM-2 showed higher efficacy than the standard drug (Loperamide), while SAM-1 showed a similar effect and SAM-3, had less effect than Loperamide. The findings suggest that probiotics and herbal residue could contribute to diarrhoeal disease prevention, which might be an alternative to a synthetic standard drug (Loperamide).

Achyrocline satureioides infusion, popularly prepared and consumed, has an in vitro protective effect on human neural cells exposed to rotenone

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional harvest of Achyrocline satureioides (AS) occurs at dawn on Good Friday in some South American countries. Inflorescences are traditionally used as infusions for several disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Pillows and cushions are popularly filled with AS to attenuate the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. However, evidence for the potential beneficial effects of AS on human neural cells remains unclear. Aim of the studyAn in vitro model of SH-SY5Y human neural cells was applied to evaluate the effect of AS infusion, prepared as commonly used, on cells exposed to rotenone and to investigate its potential for neuropsychiatric disorders. Materials and methodsA hot aqueous extract was obtained from a traditionally prepared AS inflorescence infusion and chemically characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric quantification of total polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids. The SH-SY5Y cell cultures were treated with AS extract at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 300 μL/mL to determine the potential cyto- and genotoxic effects of AS on neural cells using MTT, Neutral Red, and GEMO assays. Apoptosis modulation was assessed using flow cytometry and apoptosis-modulating genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The protective effect of AS on the neurotoxicity triggered by rotenone exposure (30 nM) was determined by analyzing cellular viability and oxidative markers such as lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, and DNA damage was assessed by micronucleus assay. ResultsThe AS extract, as traditionally prepared, had estimated concentrations of 409.973 ± 31.107 μg/mL, 0.1041 ± 0.0246 mg GAE/mL, and 63.309 ± 3.178 mg QE/mL of total tannins, total polyphenols, and flavonoids, respectively. At concentrations of 30 and 100 μl/mL, AS decreased apoptotic events, whereas the highest concentration (300 μl/mL) increased apoptosis compared to that in the control (p < 0.05). In cells exposed to rotenone, AS treatment induced cell proliferation, reduced DNA damage (as evaluated by micronuclei), and reduced lipid and protein oxidation. ConclusionsThe data indicate the non-cytotoxic and beneficial effects of AS extract on human neural cells by reducing cellular mortality and oxidative stress in neural cells triggered by rotenone exposure.

Mass spectrometry and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy profiles of red and pink Rhododendron flower petals establish them as rich sources of bioactive secondary metabolites

AbstractRhododendron petals are considered high‐value owing to their commercial utility, national/state flower status in certain countries, and bioactive potential from recent studies. Profiling and quantitative analysis of the bioactive metabolites would evaluate if they can be natural sources. This study is focused on the comprehensive profiling of secondary metabolites in the hot aqueous petal extracts of Red and Pink Rhododendron flowers (Rhododendron arboreum and Rhododendron campanulatum) using separation and fragmentation patterns from mass spectrometry (MS) (gas chromatography‐MS and liquid chromatography‐tandem MS) and chemical shifts from proton‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complementary analytical platforms highlighted the petals to be rich in promising bioactive molecules such as quinic acid, chlorogenic acid (caffeoyl quinic acid), protocatechuic acid, coumaroyl quinic acids, catechin, epigallocatechin, and shikimic acid. The analysis also reflected the activity of shikimic acid, phenolic acid, and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in Rhododendron flowers. These metabolites are well reported for their bioactive potential as anti‐oxidative, anti‐viral, anti‐cancerous, anti‐diabetic, anti‐inflammatory, etc. While the quantitative and multivariate analysis showed variations in the levels of phenolic acids and flavonoids, it is established that red and pink Rhododendron flower petals are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals of interest to the phytochemical Industry.

Antioxidant Capacity Variation Across Different Parts of &lt;em&gt;Allamanda cathartica&lt;/em&gt; (Golden Trumpet) Plant

Allamanda cathartica is a herbal plant in the Apocynaceae family, often known as "Wel Rukaththana" in Sinhala, "Thimble Lady," or "Golden Trumpet" in English. Traditional medicine has utilized this plant's leaves, roots, stems, blossoms, and entire plant to cure a variety of illnesses since ancient times. Even though A. cathartica is a commonly used herb, the literature review indicated that there is a scarcity of published scientific evidence about its therapeutic usefulness. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the comparison of antioxidant activity of fresh leaves, roots, stems and flowers of this pant by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Fresh plant materials were collected from the Colombo district and authenticated. Hot aqueous extracts of fresh leaves (AEFL), roots (AEFR), stems (AEFS) and flowers (AEFF) were prepared with 3 g/mL concentrations. In-vitro antioxidant activity of the concentration gradients of each extract was evaluated by using a DPPH assay. Ascorbic acid (6.25 μg/mL- 25 μg/mL) was used as a positive control. The radical scavenging activity of test samples was expressed as an EC50. The hot aqueous extract showed antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 10.92 μg/mL, 22.10μg/mL, 23.76 μg/mL and 27.38 μg/mL for leaves, flowers, roots and stems respectively while the ascorbic acid showed an EC50 value of 13.40 μg/mL. In conclusion, the results showed that AFEL has a significant (p &lt; 0.05) antioxidant potential than AEFR, AEFS and AEFF. Hence, fresh leaves of A. cathartica have been identified as the most potential part for antioxidant activity among tested plant parts.

Medicinal Properties of Cobalt and Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Limonia acidissima Leaf Extract

Aim: The present investigation was undertaken to synthesize Cobalt and copper nanoparticles (NPs) using Limonia acidissima L. leaf extract and to test their few medicinal properties like antimicrobial antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Methodology: Limonia acidissima plant leaves were collected from the vicinity of the College and the study was completed in 11 months. The hot aqueous leaf extract and soxhlet extract using ethyl acetate as solvent were prepared. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract showed the presence of Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids and absence of Phenols. The leaf extract was then used to make Cobalt and copper nanoparticles (NPs) using Cobalt acetate and Copper sulphate respectively. Results: The formation of NPs was checked by color change and confirmed with UV–visible spectrophotometry. The typical peaks of Co-NPs were detected in the range of maximum wavelength between 380-520 nm and that for Cu NPs was detected between 260-580 nm. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized NPs of both metal oxides was then tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and also against two Candida sps. Cobalt NPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all tested organisms but Copper NPs showed no antimicrobial activity. The both NPs were also tested for antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. Comparatively the Copper NPs possessed higher antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity than the cobalt nanoparticles. Conclusion: Thus, this underutilized plant from India can be further exploited for more medicinal properties and bring it into pharmaceutical usage.

Evaluation of immunomodulatory (humoral as well as cell-mediated) and cytokines (TNF-α & IL-10) regulating potential of Neolamarckia cadamba fruit extract in Wistar albino rats.

Current work has been designed to investigate the immunomodulatory efficacy with particular reference to humoral, cell-mediated and cytokine-modulating potential of hot aqueous extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (HAENC) fruits in Wistar albino rats. The effect of different concentrations of HAENC fruits over cell-mediated immune response was assessed using six groups (Gp-I as control, Gp-II with 20µg/mL, Gp-III with 50µg/mL, Gp-IV with 100µg/mL, Gp-V with 250µg/mL, and Gp-VI with 500µg/mL) of Wistar albino rats having six animals in each. The amount of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 was measured by sandwich ELISA with different concentrations of HAENC (50-500µg/mL) in splenocyte culture supernatant and their expression was determined by qRT-PCR Humoral immune response was determined by measuring the serum antibody titer of Wistar albino rats against Salmonella typhimurium 'O' antigen using four groups containing six animals each (Gp-I as control, Gp II, III & IV were respectively fed orally with 125, 250, and 500mg/Kg body weight using HAENC fruits). LC-MS analysis suggested the presence of cadambine, chlorogenic acid, cadambagenic acid, stearic acid, octadecanoic acid ethyl ether, and 7-hydroxy-5,2'-4'-trimethoxyflavonon in the extract based on their m/z ratio. The result suggested significant (p < 0.01) dose-dependent proliferation of Concanavalin A (Con A)-treated splenocytes, depicting cell-mediated immunostimulatory potential of HAENC fruits. A dose-dependent significant decrease (p < 0.01) was found in the amount of TNF-α and IL-10 was found to increase significantly (p < 0.01) as extract concentrations increased. TNF-α and IL-10 expressions were confirmed at the molecular level by qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA transcripts of TNF-α and IL-10 genes. Fold expression of TNF-α and IL-10 gene was 0.197 and 3.58 at 250µg/mL, 0.02 and 20.11 at 500µg/mL concentrations of HAENC respectively in comparison to control. Serum antibody titer was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in animals fed with different doses of HAENC fruits. The present study suggested the anti-inflammatory effect of HAENC fruits which also influences the networking of cytokines, implying that it may play a role in regulating the activity of the host's immune system and can serve as a potent herbal drug with immuno-stimulatory potential.

Phytochemical evaluation and exploration of some biological activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of two species of the genus Plantago L.

Plantago major L. and Plantago lagopus L. are cosmopolitan species, belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, used in traditional and modern medicine. In this study, a phytochemical evaluation of different aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of both species from the region of Beja in Tunisia was performed. Some biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial were also done. LC-MS qualitative analysis revealed that the aqueous extracts of the roots of P. lagopus were richer in polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (Luteoline 7-rutinoside, Luteoline 7-rhamnoside) and hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic acid, than the hydro-ethanolic extracts. Additionally, we identified for the first time the presence of salicylic acid in the hot aqueous extracts of roots of P. lagopus and its absence in the roots of P. major. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing that the voltammograms of leaf and root extracts from P. lagopus exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity compared to those of P. major. Antiproliferative activity, was determined against two-colon cancer cell lines, demonstrated that only the 12 h treatments with P. lagopus leaf and root aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts at low concentration were able to significantly reduce the colon carcinoma coli-2 (CaCo-2) cells proliferation. The antibacterial /antibiofilm activity was performed on yeast, Gram- negative and +positive bacterial strains. We demonstrated for the first time that ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of P. lagopus have an inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at MIC = 2 μg/mL for leaves and 4 μg/mL for roots.

A poda pode aumentar o efeito alelopático? Um estudo com pingo-de-ouro

Abstract Golden-Dewdrop (Duranta erecta L.), known for its landscaping applications, undergoes successive pruning to maintain its ornamental structure, a practice known to induce numerous physiological and chemical responses in the plant. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pruning and different extraction methods on the allelopathic potential of Golden-Dewdrop on the germination and initial growth of lettuce. Leaf extracts were obtained by decoction (hot) and maceration (cold) at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, with distilled water as a negative control. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was performed for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, tannins, cardioactive heterosides, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenes. For the bioassay, germinative and morphological parameters were measured and characterized. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and for quantitative data, regression models were adjusted, while for qualitative data, means were compared using the Scott-Knott test with 5% significance. Significant differences were observed between extraction methods and management practices, with the hot aqueous extract from pruned plants significantly reducing germination at higher concentrations. The initial growth of lettuce was severely affected, presenting numerous morphological abnormalities, with severe damage to the root system at all concentrations. This study suggests that pruning practices have a modulating effect on the allelopathic activity of Golden-Dewdrop, providing valuable information for landscaping projects and botanical studies considering its evaluation and production of phytotoxic phytochemicals.

Biofabrication of Nanosilver From Punica granatum Peel Extract and Their Anticoagulant Applications.

For utilizing biodegradable waste as a natural source for nanofabrication, this study was designed to highlight a simple, sustainable, safe, environmentally friendly, and energy consumption reduction waste management approach using hot aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste (PPE) to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (PPE-AgNPs). The fabrication of biosynthesized nanosilver was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscope (AFM). The initial pale brown color change upon adding silver nitrate to PPE confirmed bioreduction. For PPE, the absorption spectrum for UV-vis spectroscopy in the visible light region was 230-290 nm, while for PPE-AgNPs, the graph shows that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum for nanosilver at 360-460 nm. The XRD analysis proved that the PPE-AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The SEM micrograph revealed that silver nanoparticles were sphere-shaped, homogenous accumulations with particle size in the range of 21.63-30.97 ± 0.4 nm. The EDX data analysis also proved the presence of a sharp peak of silver element with 8.83% weight at 3 keV. The 3D AFM images of Ag nanoparticles illustrated that the diameter is around 7.20-14.80 nm with a median of 7.16 ± 1.3 nm and the root mean square (RMS) value corresponds to 1.40 ± 0.4 nm. The PPE-AgNPs efficiently exhibited a potent antioxidant and dose-dependent DPPH inhibition action. Visual and microscopic observations of fresh human blood when treated with 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL of PPE-AgNPs were proven to be biocompatible with no morphological changes and no coagulation. This study predicts that PPE can be utilized to synthesize biocompatible nanosilver.

اختبار التأثير التثبيطي لمركب Tricin ضد بعض البكتريا التي تنتقل عن طريق الاغذية وتقدير المعامل الفينولي له

The inhibitory effect of the hot aqueous extract of commercial jasmine rice bran (HAE) and the purified tricin compound on the growth of some food-borne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis) and compared with phenol coefficient using several dilutions of water: purified tricin (70:1, 90:1, 1:100, 1:120 and 1:150). and water: purified tricin (70:1, 90:1 and 1:100),at the same concentration, sterilized with microbial filters .Tricin purified showed higher efficiency then the aqueous extract HAE against growth of gram-positive and negative bacteria. The highest significant inhibition activity of purified Tricin compound was at P≤0.05 effect against B. subtilis , B. cereus and S. aureus with inhibitory diameter of 29, 27.5 and 27.5 mm respectively. White the aqueous extract HAE had loupe effectiveness than it against the same bacteria with a diameter of inhibition7,8.5 and 10.5 mm respectively After incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the last reading was the highest inhibition activity of the extract HAE. As for the results of the susceptibility of tricin as an antiseptic towards Gram-negative bacteria S. typhi and Gram-positive S. aureus compared to phenol using several dilutions of each, high dilutions had a clear inhibition in the growth of S. aureus and S. typhi bacterial isolates, especially when compared with phenol when The higher dilution (1:100) showed bacterial growth, while we did not find growth for these isolates at the same dilution coefficient of tricin for periods (5, 10, and 15) min After incubation at 37°C for 48 h. S. typhi was less sensitive than S. aureus towards phenol and tricin.

Histological Study Of Protective Effects Of The Aqueous Extract Of Moringa Oleifera Seeds On Diclofenac-Induced Livers In Male Rats

The study designed to indicate the protective effect of the hot aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera the seeds of against the harmful effects stimulated by the diclofenac drug in the livers of the male rats. This study was carried out in the animal house of Science College / Department of Biology -University of Kufa from 1/10/2022 to 10/1/2023.&#x0D; Thirty animals of adult male rats of type (Rattus rattus) were used in this study which had an average weight of (220 g) and an average age of (12) weeks. The experimental animals of male rats were divided into six groups and each group included five male rats which were treated by dose Orally by means of gastric dosing tool for 35 days andwere as : the 1 group was provided with diet and water only and was a control group, while the 2 group of male rats was dosed with only diclofenac drug at a concentration of (100) mg / kg of body weight, and the 3 group of animals were dosed with hot aqueous extract of plant seeds Moringa oleifera at concentrationof (400 ) mg / kg of body weight and the 4 group of animals were dosed with hot aqueous extract of plant seeds Moringa oleifera at concentrationof (600 ) mg / kg of body weight respectively, while 5 group was dosed with the hot aqueous extract of the seeds of Moringa oleifera at concentration (400 mg/kg of body weight + diclofenac at a concentration of (100) mg/kg of body weight and the last group 6 was dosed with the hot aqueous extract of the seeds of Moringa oleifera at concentration (400 mg/kg of body weight + diclofenac at a concentration of (100) mg/kg of body weight respectively.all the animals of rats were treated in all groups for a period of 35 days and after expermnit end the rats were sacrificed after being anesthetized with chloroform and the livers was extracted from the bodies after they were opened and placed in formalin solution at a concentration of 10% for a period of 48 hours for the purpose for histological study.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The results of this study showed that histological sections of liver tissue of rats treated with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds at a concentration of (450 and 600) mg/kg of body weight and there were no pathological changes in the histological structure of the liver as the central vein, sinusoids, and hepatocytes were normal , as the results also revealed by examining the histological sections in the group treated with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds at concentrations of (450,600) mg/kg of body weight + diclofenac at a concentration (100) mg / kg of body weight the liver tissue was closer to the normal structure with slight changes observed in it such as little necrosis in some liver cells with little widening in sinusoids compared to the control group while the results of the current study showed that the liver tissue of rats treated with diclofenac at a concentration of (100) mg / kg of body weight had suffered from many pathological changes such as expansion of the central vein, widening of the sinusoids, necrosis and degeneration of the liver cells and necrosis of the liver tissue, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in comparison with the normal histological structure of the livers in the control group.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum with reference to splenocyte proliferation and cytokines induction in Wistar albino rats

Limited study has been done so far to investigate immunomodulatory efficacy of whole plant of hot aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum (HAESX) in Wistar albino rats. Present work has been designed to study immunomodulatory effect of HAESX in Wistar albino rat with respect to splenocyte proliferation and cytokines induction. Concanavalin A (Con A) activated splenocytes were used to measure in vitro cell mediated immune response using 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) in the presence of varied doses of HAESX (20-500 μg/mL). The effects of HAESX on cell mediated immune response were studied using six groups of Wistar albino rats. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) were measured in splenocyte culture supernatant by sandwich ELISA with different concentrations of HAESX (20-500 μg/mL). Study depicts significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in the proliferation of Con A treated splenocyte at 250 and 500 μg/mL HAESX, reflecting cell mediated immunoinhibitory potential of HAESX. Dose dependent significant increase (p&lt;0.01) in the amount of IL-10 was found in splenocyte culture supernatant with increase in HAESX concentrations. TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 were found to decrease significantly (p&lt;0.01) with increase in HAESX concentrations. Study revealed that HAESX of Solanum xanthocarpum is found to influence the networking of cytokines, implying that it may play a function in regulating the activity of the host's immune system and can serve as potent herbal drug against immune rejection.

Antifungal activities of different plant extracts against pink mold of banana caused by &lt;i&gt;Trichothecium roseum&lt;/i&gt; (Pers.) Link

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link causes pink mold rot in banana fruits across the world. Due to this infection, 30% of losses arise in poor man’s food. To control this disease, plant extracts show an alternative to fungicides. In this study, 40 plant species were screened for their antifungal activity against T. roseum. Among 40 hot and cold aqueous extracts of plant species, only 10% Allium sativum and 6% and 8% of Mansoa allicea showed 100% inhibition of T. roseum. Freezing condition (4°C) shows 100% inhibition compared to room temperature (27°C) and incubation temperature (46°C). One hundred per cent inhibition of T. roseum was observed within 5 days compared to 15, 20 and 30 days of incubation. The pink mold of banana caused by T. roseum was reported for the first time in Karnataka.

Effect of extraction temperature on the phytochemicals, minerals and antioxidant properties of&lt;em&gt; Telfairia occidentalis&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts

Telfairia occidentalis leaves are known to possess many therapeutic potentials such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticholesterolemic etc. To maximize their use in phytomedicine, the conditions used in preparation methods are crucial. Therefore, this study estimated the effect of extraction temperature on the phytochemicals, minerals, and antioxidant properties of T. occidentalis leaves. The powdered samples of T. occidentalis leaves were extracted using water at 1000C and 250C, respectively, followed by the phytochemical, mineral and antioxidant analyses of the plant extracts. The concentration of most constituent metabolites in the cold extract of T. occidentalis leaves was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than that of the hot extract. The highest mineral concentrations in hot and cold extracts of T. occidentalis leaves were sodium (2.22 mg/L) and potassium (2.77 mg/L), respectively. In the antioxidant study, the EC50 values (131.20 ± 1.70 μg/ml and 105.08 ± 0.54 μg/ml) of the hot extract of T. occidentalis leaves were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than those of the cold extract (228.17 ± 23.03 μg/ml and 151.47 ± 14.68 μg/ml). The study reveals that the extracts hold varying biological importance. The cold aqueous extract can be an excellent nutritional adjuvant for the supply of essential nutrients, whereas the hot aqueous extract can act as an important agent in ameliorating pathological conditions thrive on excessive free radical generation. Therefore, the different extraction procedures can be utilized based on the desired biological outcome.