Hot Air Bath Research Articles

PENGEMBANGAN AGROWISATA KOPI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (CBT) DI KAWASAN GUNUNG GALUNGGUNG KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA

The tourist area of Mount Galunggung in Tasikmalaya Regency has a tourist attraction for tourists because it has many destinations in one tourist area. Tourist attractions in the tourist area of Mount Galunggung are crater attractions, hot air baths, waterfalls (waterfalls) and Galunggung Shelter coffee shop. The tourism potential of Mount Galunggung is not yet optimal, partly because there is no development of coffee tourism as a tourist attraction that is expected to attract tourists. Therefore all stakeholders must implement the concept of community-based agro-tourism in the Galunggung area. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of community-based coffee agro-tourism in the Mount Galunggung Tourism Area, Tasikmalaya Regency. Data collection was carried out using a census-based questionnaire. Community Based Tourism (CBT) is a tour that pays attention to culture, social and environment supported by the participation of local communities. Economic, social and environmental aspects are implemented using an average index of perception of the people involved in the development of coffee agro-tourism. Based on the average index the results of the study show that agrotourism is based on economic and environmental aspects in the high category, while social aspects are categorized as very low. Development of community-based agro-tourism can be done by improving aspects that are still not optimal, namely social aspects. Planning for community-based agro-tourism development can be done by improving the social aspects of one through stakeholders by involving the FGD as a whole to discuss which developments have been carried out so that community-based coffee agro-tourism can be developed.

In situ cell for x-ray absorption spectroscopy of low volatility compound vapors

Technologically relevant gas phase processes rely on reactants in vapor form for the production of thin films and nanoparticles. An instrument is described which enables the investigation of such vapors by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Corresponding in situ studies provide information about gas phase precursor chemistry and optimized synthesis processes. The setup consists of a sealed vapor container heated by a hot air bath. Inert gas filling and temperature monitoring are implemented. Fluid dynamic simulations reveal a homogeneous temperature distribution without hot or cold spots. Temperature stability better than 1 K for at least 190 min allows time-dependent measurements or improved signal to noise ratios by averaging of datasets. Iron acetylacetonate is studied as a model system. X-ray absorption spectra measured by fluorescence are of high quality, allowing a detailed analysis of X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure. A molecular structure transformation is observed in XANES spectra of iron acetylacetonate vapor above 480 K probably due to the loss of one ligand. The setup allows the investigation of low volatility compounds with vapor pressures above 2 kPa at temperatures up to 520 K.

Analisis Tourist Experience Terhadap Revisit Intention pada Objek Wisata Air Panas Se Kabupaten Garut

Tourist satisfaction is formed because of the experience felt by consumers after using the proposed products and services, giving rise to good value. The reputation of the region as a tourist destination must increase growth of the purpose of return visits for tourists is important for tourism managers so that marketing strategies are on target and effective. The diversity of tourist objects and and abundant natural tourist attractions such as cultural arts, historical tourism, shopping tourism and native crafts of the region have great importance to provide the best tourist experience for tourists so that it can be seen in the intention to re-visit. Tours on the experience for tourists or tourists. The research objectives of the analysis of tourist experiences on the intention to revisit hot air baths in Garut, consist of : (1) to obtain findings about the experience of tourists in hot air baths in Garut (2) to look for findings on the purpose of a return visit in hot air bathing attractions in Garut (3) to get a visit experience related to the intention to re-visit hot spring bathing attractions in Garut. While the research design that will be used is a systematic random sample and the type of sample used is a mobile population. By determining the respondent, determine the place as a check point, determine the time, and then ask for approval to be given a questionnaire. Questionnaires were measured using a Likert scale (ranking summary) each scale had 7 categories.

The Roman–Irish Bath: Medical/health history as therapeutic assemblage

The invention of a new form of hot-air bath in Blarney, Ireland in 1856, variously known in its lifetime as the Roman–Irish or Turkish Bath, acted as the starting point for a the production of a globalised therapeutic landscape. Tracking the diffusion of the Roman–Irish bath template from its local invention in Ireland to a global reach across the Victorian world and recognizing its place within a wider hydrotherapeutic history, this paper frames that diffusion as a valuable empirical addition to assemblage theory. The specific empirical history of the spread of the Roman–Irish/Turkish bath idea is drawn from primary archival and secondary historical sources. It is then discussed and, drawing from work on assemblage theory, analyzed against three broad themes: mobile networks, socio-material practices and contested emergence. The emergent relational geographies of the Roman–Irish Bath identify important roles for the diffusion and transformation of specific medical settings, identities and functions. These were linked in turn to competing social-healing pathways wherein bodies were technologically and morally managed, to produce a more inhabited form of therapeutic assemblage. In all cases the differential diffusion of the bath idea, it's shifting and fractured material forms and multiple inhabitations and discourses were contested and mobile and spoke to an assemblage approach which has ripe potential for exploration across a range of medical/health geography settings.

Characterization of drawn and undrawn poly-L-lactide films by differential scanning calorimetry

Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is an optically active, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that has been widely investigated as an artificial cell scaffold material. In its most crystalline form, PLLA is highly anisotropic and is one of the most piezoelectric polymers known. Conversely, amorphous PLLA exhibits little, if any, piezoelectric behavior. Compression molded PLLA films can be endowed with varying amounts of crystalline character and piezoelectricity by uniaxially stretching the polymer in a hot air bath. Understanding the precise crystalline architecture of PLLA that results from tensile drawing is important for constructing cell scaffolds that have highly tailored biodegradation and cell guiding properties. In our work here, we investigate the changes in the thermal properties of PLLA at draw ratios between 1.0 and 5.5 using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallinity of the compression molded undrawn starting material is characterized using X-ray diffraction. Our DSC results show an increase in percent crystallinity with increasing draw up to a draw ratio of 4.0. At greater draw ratios, there is a decrease in the crystalline character exhibited by PLLA.

Studies on the Biaxial Stretching of Films, (part 24). Molecular Orientation and Mechanical Properties of Uniaxial and Biaxial Stretched Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films.

The relationship between molecular orientation and mechanical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) films prepared by various types of stretching was investigated. The specimens were prepared by stretching the hot-pressed films to various ratios under two rates of 50 or 100%/min at 110-120°C in a circulating hot air bath. The Stretching methods were two types of uniaxial strechting with free and constant width, and simultaneous biaxial stretching. For the estimation of molecular orientation, the birefringence were measured using a tilting technique. Mechanical properties are discussed in terms of stress-strain curves.The following results were obtained:(1) The molecular orientation in the films uniaxially stretched with free width was uniaxial with cylindrical symmetry around the stretching axis, and the anisotropy of mechnical properties in the machine direction is greater than that of the other samples.(2) The uniaxially stretched films with constant width showed a uniplanar-axial orientation, in which the direction of molecular chain was parallel to the stretching axis and the film surface, Thus, Young's module were nearly equal in both the machine and transverse directions.(3) For the simultaneousbiaxially stretched films, the molecular chain showed a uniplanar orientation, which was a random orientation within the film along with parallel to film surface, at all stretch ratios. Mechanical properties of balanced films were isotropic in the film plane regardlless of the stretch ratio, and increased with stretching ratio.(4) On the transmittance of film for ultraviolet-visible radiation, all stretched films were slightly transparent than that of the unstretched film.

The Sauna - Stimulating and Relaxing

The sauna - a hot air bath - is a centuries old cultural tradition in Finland and is now spreading to fitness centers and private homes around the world. The exposure to hot air at 70-100� C and low humidity for 10-20 minutes causes skin temperature to rise, resulting in heavy sweating and other physiological changes. A major reason for the sauna's continuing popularity is that it leaves the bather with a pleasant feeling of deep relaxation.

CHANGES OF DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE BIAXIALLY STRETCHED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE FILMS

The effects of molecular orientation on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the biaxially stretched polyvinylchloride films were investigated. The specimens were prepared by stretching of T-die extruded films to various ratio by different methods at 95°C at a rate of 400%/min in a circulating hot-air bath. The stretching methods of films were uniaxial with the free or constant width, two-way successively biaxial and simultaneously biaxial stretching.The temperature dependence of tan δ, dynamic modulus E′ and dynamic loss E″, of the stretched films were measured at 100Hz by a Viscoelastic Junior Spectrometer.The following results were obtained:(1) The stretched films by different process show changes of characteristic dynamic viscoelastic properties due to the orientation.(2) The peak values of tan δ, E′ and E″ along the stretching direction (MD) were higher than those along the transverse direction (TD) for the uniaxially stretched films. These tendency is observed also in the two-way successively biaxially stretched films. However, the values along MD and TD are equal when the films is biaxially stretched in equal extent along MD and TD. This is same for all stretch ratios in the case of the simultaneous biaxial stretching.(3) The molecular chain in uniaxially and biaxially stretched films seem to be similarly extended, which is different from the crystalline polymer films.(4) The temperature of tan δ max which corresponds to the glass transition changes depending on the stretching conditions. This is due to the fact that the temperature depends not only on the degree of orientation but on the orientation mode and the orientation direction.

BIAXIAL DEFORMATION OF SPHERULITE AND MULTI-LAYER STRUCTURE IN THE BIAXIALLY STRETCHED POLYPROPYLENE FILMS

In this report effects of spherulite size and of various stretching processes on the characteristics of the deformation and fracture of polypropylene spherulites were investigated at both the room and higher temperature in connection with the stretchability of films. The exfoliatical property of biaxially stretched film is discussed in terms of spherulite deformation.Film containing spherulite of various sizes were prepared by hot-press technique under the various cooling conditions. These films were stretched with the film-stretcher, in the open bath or the hot-air bath. The following stretching methods were adopted: uniaxial stretchings under the free or constant width, and two-way successive or simultaneous biaxial stretchings.The biaxial stretchability is higher in the films with small size spherulites than in the films with large size.The deformation and the fracture mechanisms of spherulite could be phenomelogically classified as follows: (1) brittle break-down, (2) fracture with the cleavage of interfacial boundary, (3) uniaxial plastic deformation, (4) deformation with necking, (5) deformation with pleating, (6) deformation into fibril structure, and (7) biaxial plastic deformation.The characteristis of the deformation and the fracture of spherulites are summarized in Table 1.We have deduced that the appearance of exfoliatical property as mica was owing to the multilayer structure of the spherulite and the planar orientation of molecular chains and crystalls in the film.

DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE BIAXIALLY STRETCHED POLYPROPYLENE FILMS

The effects of molecular orientation and crystallization on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the biaxially stretched polypropylene films were investigated.The specimens were prepared by stretching T-die extruded films to various ratio by various methods at 145°C at a rate of 1600%/min in a circulating hot-air bath. The stretching methods of films were uniaxial under the conditions of free and/or constant width, two-way successivebly biaxial and simultaneously biaxial stretching.The temperature dependence of tanδ, dynamic modulus, E′, and dynamic loss, E″, of the stretched films were measured at 100 c. p. s. using a Viscoelastic Junior Spectrometer.The following results were obtained:(1) The stretched films by each process show characteristic dynamic viscoelastic properties due to the orientation and crystallization.(2) The peak value of tan δ in the αa-absorption region, E′ and E″ values, of the stretching direction (MD) were higher than those of transverse direction (TD) for the uniaxially stretched films. These tendency is observed in the two-way successively biaxially stretched films. These values of MD and TD are some for the simultaneously biaxially stretched films.(3) The molecular chains in the biaxially stretched films seem to be more extended than in the uniaxially stretched films.(4) The temperature of tan δmax changes with the stretching conditions. This is due to the fact that the temperature depends not only on the degree of orientation but on the orientation mode and the orientation direction.

Study on Manufacturing Pure TiC Powders (I)

In order to prepare titanium carbide powders of high purity and fine grain size, purification of crude titanium carbide powder containing free carbon or sometimes oxygen was examined. The mixture of crude titanium carbide powder prepared by vacuum carburizing of TiO2 and Ca metal tips (sometimes CaCl2 was used as flux) was charged in an iron crucible and heated to 950-1000°C in an argon atmosphere. Then the reaction product which was cooled to room temperature was washed in water and hydrochloric acid.By this treatment, free carbon contained in crude titanium carbide was almost completely removed even free carbon content in crude titanium carbide was as high as 10%. Ca was not detected by chemical analysis in the purified product, and high purity titanium carbide powder was obtained from highly carburized crude titanium carbide powder. But, in the case of Ca treatment of low-carburized powder (low combined carbon and high oxygen content), although oxygen decreased and combined carbon increased, these decreasing and increasing rates were both considerably low.Obvious surlace oxidation of flu powder was detected by holding wet powder cake in a hot air bath at 120°C. Vacuum dring was effective for prevention the surface oxidation. Flushing seemed to also be effective for this purpose.

RELATION BETWEEN MOLECULAR ORIENTATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STRETCHED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE FILMS

The relationship between the change in molecular orientation and the mechanical properties of polystyrene films prepared by various types of stretching was investigated. The specimens were prepared by stretching hot-pressed films to various ratios by different methods at 120°C and at a rate of 100%/min in a circulating hot air bath. The methods were uniaxial with the free and/or constant width, two-way successively biaxial and simultaneously biaxial stretching. For the estimation of the orientation the birefringences were measured by using a tilting technique and mechanical properties are discussed in terms of stress-strain curves.The following results were obtained:(1) The molecular orientation in the films uniaxially stretched with free width is uniaxial with cylindrical symmetry around the stretching axis, and the anisotropy of mechanical properties is greater than that of the others.(2) For the uniaxially stretched films with constant width, the orientation is roughly biaxial or uniaxial together with more or less planar orientation parallel to the film surface, Thus, the anisotropy of Young's modulus are nearly equal in both the machine and transverse directions.(3) For the two-way successive-biaxially stretched films, the “balance point of orientation” for the degree of chain orientation agree with the “balance point of mechanical properties” when the ratio of first and second stretchings are equal. Thus, the difference of mechanical property can be related to the difference of molecular orientation.(4) For the simultaneous-biaxially stretched films, the balanced mechanical properties, which are isotropic in the film plane, are independent of the stretch ratio. The molecular chain shows a random orientation within the film along with a planar orientation parallel to the film surface, as observed for other polymer films. The simultaneous-biaxial stretching is more excellent and preferable to successive-biaxial stretching for polystyrene film.

THERMAL SHRINKAGE OF STRETCHED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE FILMS

In this report the properties of PVC films prepared by various stretching methods is discussed from the point of view the thermal shrinkage under no tension. The test films were prepared by the following four stretching methods: uniaxial stretching under the conditions of free and constant width, and two-way successive and simultaneous biaxial stretching. The stretching was performed in a recirculating hot-air bath. The test of thermal shrinkage for these stretched films was performed in a glycerin bath changing the temperature and time (65°C_??_120°C and 10_??_103.5 sec). The following results were obtained:1. The shrinkage of the films is affected characteristically by the stretching method.2. The isothermal shrinkage curve as the functions of time has a shape similar to the stress-relaxation curve.3. A master curve for the thermal shrinkage can be obtained by means of time-temperature superposition. The inflection point of this curve is a measure of the glass transion point.* Studies on the Biaxially Stretching of Films. Part 2.Presented in the 21st Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society, Japan, Kansai University, Osaka, March 31, 1968.

熱延伸機構について

The deformation behaviour of a synthetic filament yarn which is stretched in a hot air bath, and its influence on the qualities of filament yarn were investigated. In the case of the hot drawing process by the hot air bath, the tension of the filament yarm between the draw roller is constant, and the temperature of the feeded filament yarn rises up to the temperature of the air bath. In order to know the deformation behaviour, the recording instrument for the flow curve of filament under the constant tension was constructed.PVA filament yarn producted by dry spinning method is applied for specimen. To examine the differences of deformation curves caused by the differences of the temperature transition state of the filament, the unit length filament is preheated and its deformation curve is measured at a determined temperature. From the curved surface of drawing temperature-time-draw ratio, we can recognize the deformation behaviour of the filament under the temperature transition state by means of plotting the temperature rising curve of the filament on the drawing temperature-time plane. Examining the curved surface from the viewpoint of the drawing temperature, there are no remarkable differences of the deformation curves among the hot drawing temperature 160-0210°C, and the rate of deformation increases rapidly above 210°C. These deformation curves belong to the range of large deformations, but the tendency of the curve is similiar to an ordinaly creep curves, and then the curve can be separated into the part of retardation deformation and of viscous flow. From the curves, we can recognize that the viscous flow is predominant above 210°C. The influence of the temperature transition state of the filament on the deformation curves were examined. A large rate of temperature rising brings a peak of the rate of deformation at about 210°C, and a small rate of it brings two peaks of the rate of deformation at about 160°C and 215°C, which is similiar to so-called “2 step drawing”.The relationships between the deformation behaviour and the filament yarn qualities were also examined. The hot drawing mechanism of crystalline high polymers can be separated into two parts. The first step of the deformation is the uncoiling of chain molecules come from the deformation of the network which consist of the entanglement of chain molecules or crystallite. Such deformation corresponds to the retardation deformation at rather low temperature.The second step of the deformation is the slippage of chain molecules which brings the close packing of each chain molecules. Such deformation corresponds to the viscous flow at high temperature. In the case of former deformations, a large rate of deformation at low temperature is supposed to be effective in order to obtain good tenacity. But the case of latter deformations, in order to obtain good tenacity, a small rate of deformation at high temperature for allowing an enough time to set the molecule at each stable position is supposed to be effective.

A hot-air bath for use at Sea-Plane stations

A hot-air bath for use at Sea-Plane stations

A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SWEAT-GLANDS IN CASES OF CHRONIC NEPHRITIS

<h3>GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS</h3> The belief that impurities might be removed from the body by means of sweating dates from ancient times. Civilized nations have shared this belief with savages. The use in all parts of the world of natural thermal baths, hot-air baths, vapor baths and wet packs testifies to a universal faith in the skin as an organ of elimination. The standard text-books on the practice of medicine, under the heading of the treatment of nephritis or uremia, recommend baths or other means of securing free perspiration. They usually imply, if they do not specifically state, that the work of the kidneys may be lightened through the excretion of solids by the sweatglands. Some, like Von Noorden, doubt that the sweat-glands excrete a sufficient amount of solids to be of value, although agreeing that the removal of water may be beneficial. Analyses of perspiration from healthy persons show that

THE VALUE OF HYDROTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY.

The position of hydrotherapy in the treatment of epilepsy may be considered as a means of cure; an auxiliary method of treatment; a method making it possible to administer considerably larger doses of bromids than usual; a method rendering it possible to reduce the dose of bromid to a minimum; and, finally, as an excellent hygienic measure favoring the action of the skin and improving the general tone. As a cure per se hydrotherapy is probably like all other medicines—it has been tried and found wanting. Notwithstanding the fact that the means employed consist of water, cold, warm or hot, in tubs, douches, sprays, vapor baths, hot air baths and compresses, a method permitting the widest variations in the form of treatment, it probably has rarely, if ever, cured, in and of itself, a case of genuine epilepsy. Cases have been reported cured, as is so frequently done after surgical

"The viscosity of the blood during fever and after injection of phenylhydrazin"

The author had previously shown that cold water and hot air baths produce an increased viscosity and warm water baths a decrease of the viscosity. In this communication the question was considered whether similar changes occur when the temperature of the body is raised by bacterial activity. The experiments were performed upon three dogs during experimental peritonitis (Staphyl. pyog. aureus). The determinations were made at times when the temperature ranged from 38.7 to 39.5° C. and gave figures which were slightly above the average value of the viscosity of dog's blood. Its specific gravity, on the other hand, was invariably lower than normal, indicating thereby that, in spite of the loss in solids incurred during the inflammatory processes, the blood had retained a high viscosity. In another series of experiments the viscosity was tested after subcutaneous injection of phenylhydrazin. The specific gravity of the blood was very low in all cases, the viscosity, on the other hand, very great. It may be regarded as proved, therefore, that these two factors need not preserve a direct relationship to one another. As in the previous work, the blood of these animals lost a large part of its solid matter but retained, nevertheless, a high viscosity.

Some theoretical and practical remarks on the hot Air bath

Some theoretical and practical remarks on the hot Air bath

On the Hot-Air Bath, with Illustrative Cases

On the Hot-Air Bath, with Illustrative Cases