Hostility In Men Research Articles

Predicting hostility towards women: incel-related factors in a general sample of men.

Hostility towards women is a type of prejudice that can have adverse effects on women and society, but research on predictors of men's hostility towards women is limited. The present study primarily introduced predictors associated with misogynist involuntary celibates (incels), and then investigated whether loneliness, rejection, attractiveness, number of romantic and sexual partners, right-wing authoritarianism, and gaming predicted hostility towards women among a more general sample of men. A total of 473 men (aged 18-35, single, heterosexual, UK residents) recruited via Prolific answered the hostile sexism subscale, the misogyny scale, the self-perceived sexual attractiveness scale, the right-wing authoritarianism scale, the game addiction scale for adolescents, the adult rejection-sensitivity scale, the UCLA loneliness scale, and self-developed questions regarding number of sexual and romantic partners, and time spent gaming. We found a strong positive relationship between right-wing authoritarianism and hostility towards women, as well as a strong convex curvilinear relationship between attractiveness and hostility towards women. The number of sexual partners showed a moderate concave relationship with hostility towards women. We did not find sufficient support for a relationship between gaming and hostility towards women, and there was no support that loneliness, rejection, or romantic partners predicted hostility towards women among a general sample of men. Our study supports right-wing authoritarianism and self-perceived attractiveness as potential strong predictors in understanding men's hostility towards women in the wider community. Pre-registration: https://osf.io/ms3a4.

Women in leadership positions in universities: are they really queen bees?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the adherence to the traits of the queen bee phenomenon (QBP) for women who hold leadership positions in Brazilian higher education institutions (HEIs) and to compare their responses with those of women without leadership positions and of men on the same dimensions.Design/methodology/approachA total of 703 academics from 88 HEIs participated in this study. The data were analyzed using a statistical package to calculate descriptive and inferential statistics. For these, 2 × 2 analysis of variance tests were performed to compare leader women vs nonleader women and leader women vs leader men.FindingsThe results indicate that leader women do not fit to all dimensions of the QBP. They report high averages to commitment, agency traits and personal sacrifices to career (Male self-description) and to meritocratic discourse. However, leader women assess their junior counterparts with higher averages to commitment and agency traits than women without leadership positions and leader men assess their junior counterparts. Women in leadership positions report superior identification with same gender colleagues and declare to be more supportive with affirmative policies for women's professional development than nonleader women and leader men.Practical implicationsThis study reinforces that same gender conflict in the work environment is not a female characteristic and also promotes reflections on the influence of organizational culture, men hostility toward quotas and gender stereotypes for female progression in the academic context.Originality/valueThis study provides an empirical analysis of the QBP to academic women in Brazilian HEIs and compares its dimensions to nonleader women and leader men. The analysis of a sexist culture enabled original results, as nondistancing of the self-group, even if leader women presented some QB traits.

The Effects of Men's Hostility Toward Women, Acute Alcohol Intoxication, and Women's Condom Request Style on Men's Condom Use Resistance Tactics.

To extend previous research demonstrating that intoxicated men high in hostility toward women report stronger intentions to use coercive condom use resistance (CUR) tactics to have unprotected sex by examining the role of women's condom request style. Community, non-problem drinking men, ages 21-30 (N = 296) completed standard alcohol administration procedures and read an eroticized story of a casual sexual interaction. Following the woman's request to use a condom, intentions to engage in coercive CUR tactics were assessed. Generalized linear models with gamma distributions assessed the 3-way interaction of men's hostility toward women, beverage condition (alcohol or sober), and the woman's condom request style (indirect, direct, or insistent). The 3-way interaction between hostility toward women, beverage condition, and indirect condom request (vs. direct) significantly predicted men's coercive CUR intentions. Men high in hostility toward women reported stronger CUR intentions after experiencing an indirect condom request, when sober or intoxicated, and after a direct condom request when intoxicated. Men high in hostility toward women reported the weakest CUR intentions when sober following an insistent or direct condom request. Men high in hostility toward women pose a threat to women's sexual safety, particularly when intoxicated or following an indirect condom request. Hostility toward women and alcohol consumption should be addressed in sexual risk prevention programs. Pending further replication, women should be informed of the relative effectiveness of using insistent condom requests.

Type D Personality, Temperament, and Mental Health in Military Personnel Awaiting Deployment

BackgroundThe Type D (distressed) personality refers to a general propensity to psychological distress defined by the combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition. Type D personality predicts poor mental and physical health in cardiac patients, but it has been argued that its assessment is affected by the state of illness. Therefore, validation of the Type D construct in healthy adults remains essential.PurposeThe objectives of this study were (1) to validate Type D personality against temperament and character dimensions in young, healthy adults and (2) to investigate the association between Type D personality and pre-deployment mental health.MethodType D personality, temperament, and questionnaires on mental health were filled out by 86 healthy male Dutch military personnel before UN deployment to Afghanistan.ResultsType D personality was present in 16% of healthy military personnel before deployment. The Type D components social inhibition (α = 0.89) and negative affectivity (α = 0.85) correlated positively with harm avoidant temperament (r = 0.66 and 0.46) and negatively with self-directed character (r = −0.33 and −0.57). In addition, these four traits loaded on the same broad personality dimension. Military men with a Type D personality not only reported significantly less self-directedness and more harm avoidance as compared to non-Type D men (p < 0.001) but also more symptoms of PTSD, general emotional distress, and hostility (all p < 0.012).ConclusionsType D personality was associated with harm avoidance, low self-directedness, and increased symptoms of PTSD and hostility in men awaiting deployment. This association was not caused by any somatic confounding in these young, healthy men.

Serotonin receptor genes 5HT1A and 5HT2A modify the relation between childhood temperament and adulthood hostility

We examined a modifying role of 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors in the relation between childhood difficult temperament and adulthood hostility in 729 subjects derived from a population-based sample. Subjects were 3-12 years when their childhood temperaments consisting of hyperactivity, low sociability and negative emotionality (i.e. the difficult temperament), were assessed by their mothers. Their adulthood hostility comprising anger, cynicism and paranoia, was measured twice, 17 and 21 years later. It was found that the 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors were not related to childhood temperament or to adult hostility, but they modified the association between childhood hyperactivity and adult hostility in men. Male carriers of T/T genotype of 5HTR2A who were rated hyperactive by their mothers expressed a high level of hostility, especially that of cynicism, in adulthood. For men with other genetic variants, such an association was not seen. This finding was consistent across the two follow-ups 4 years apart. Further research is needed to clarify whether mother-related hyperactivity adequately describes the temperament of the child or is a reflection of mother's hostile child-rearing attitudes.

Personal Inadequacy and Intimacy Predictors of Men's Hostility Toward Women

In this study we examined social/personality and intimacy predictors of men's hostility toward women (HTW). The study was framed in terms of a projection model that suggests that men's feelings of inadequacy contribute to hostility toward women. The sample consisted of 172 college men. The strongest attitudinal predictors were measures of locus of control. These data support the feminist analysis of sexual violence as an issue of power and lend support to the proposed projection model in terms of perceived powerlessness. In addition, based on the projection model, intimacy predictors for best male friend and female romantic partner were examined. The strongest correlate of men's HTW was intellectual intimacy, which conceptually is more related to the idea of an egalitarian relationship than other aspects of intimacy and may be most inhibited in men who are hostile toward women's intimate relationships.

Microfinance and women's empowerment: A lesson from India

This article describes an NGO project intended to empower scheduled caste women working in the silk-reeling industry in India through the provision of microfinance. It documents the impact that the project had on their economic and social status over a period of time and highlights the negative consequences of excluding male relatives from playing any meaningful role. It suggests ways in which the project might have been made more male inclusive while still empowering women. At the same time, it acknowledges that even if the men's hostility to the project had been overcome, the women's micro enterprises were unlikely to have been viable commercially. This is because the project insisted that the women operate as a group in what was a high-risk area of economic activity, with no clear strategy as to how their work could be sustained.

Towards a psychosocial mediator model of hostility and CHD

Abstract How might hostility contribute to the development of CHD? One possible explanation, labelled “psychosocial vulnerability”, is that hostile individuals inhabit a more taxing interpersonal world, and that increased stress, in turn, causes CHD. However, previous research testing this proposition has suffered from a measurement confound by employing self-reports of stress, social support, and hostility. One hundred and twelve subjects participated in the current study and completed the Cook-Medley Hostility scale. Then, each subject's closest friend was asked to estimate for the past year: (1) how many stressors had been encountered by the subject; (2) how easily the subject was upset by a stressor; (3) how many emotional reactions the subject disclosed after a stressor; and (4) how much social support was available to the subject. Results suggested that hostile men and women may both be phychosocially vulnerable, but they are so at different stages of the stressor-distress process. There was no relation between hostility and observed stressor frequency for either men or women, however, hostility in men was found to be related to increased distress in reaction to stressors and in women was related to decreased disclosure about these stressful events. Importantly, hostility in both men and women was related to decreased levels of observed social support, as compared to their non-hostile peers.

Gender and cardiovascular responses: What is the role of hostility?

Two experiments are reported investigating hostility group by gender effects on heart rate and blood pressure. In experiment 1, 58 males and 59 females were tested with a protocol that included baseline, reaction time with and without harassment, and recovery. In experiment 2, 55 males and 50 females participated in a procedure of baseline, Stroop color—word conflict, anger recall interview, and recovery. Based on Buss-Durkee subscales, genders were divided into high and low neurotic hostility and expressed hostility groups. High expressed hostility was associated with greater diastolic reactivity to all tasks in males, but not in females. Low expressed hostility was associated with greater heart rate and systolic reactivity, specifically during the anger recall interview. High neurotic hostility in males and females was associated with greater diastolic reactivity to the anger task only, while low Neurotic hostility males had higher resting systolic pressures. These results suggest that outward expression of hostility in men may increase their coronary heart disease risk; however, results for both men and women support an association between cardiovascular reactivity and a lack of match between self-reported anger management style and task demands.

Expressive characteristics of anxiety in depressed men and women

This study was aimed at identifying the expressive, movement, and social behaviors associated with anxiety in the syndrome of major depression. The sample consisted of 97 hospitalized male and female depressed patients. Expressive and social behaviors were evaluated prior to treatment in a structured videotaped interview. Anxiety was measured using a multi-vantaged approach including doctor's rating, nurse's rating, patient self-report, and a separate video rating. Results indicate that anxiety was significantly associated with agitation, distressed facial expression, bodily discomfort, and poor social interaction in both sexes. Men and women differed in certain respects: anxiety was highly related to motor retardation in women only, and to hostility in men only. Differences in the pattern of expressive behavior between high and low anxious, depressed patients were clearly significant, and several were large enough to serve as clinical indicators. These findings help to characterize the expressive features of anxiety in the context of severe depression, and add to the growing literature on sex differences in depression.

Dimensions of hostility in men, women, and boys: relationships to personality and cardiovascular responses to stress.

Ratings of Potential for Hostility and Hostile Style based on responses during the Type A Structured Interview (SI) are related to incidence of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. As there are very limited data on what precisely the SI ratings of hostility mean, the present study evaluated, in a sample of middle-aged men and women, and adolescent boys, a) the distributions of SI ratings of hostility according to gender and age group; b) their relationships to other hostility and personality scores; and c) their relationships to heightened cardiovascular responses to psychological stressors, which are thought to be a major mechanism linking behavior and coronary heart disease. Results showed that men are higher than women and boys in Potential for Hostility and Hostile Style ratings, which are, by and large, unrelated to standardized questionnaire measures of hostility and anger expression. Men (but not women or boys) who exhibited elevated systolic blood pressure during standardized laboratory stressors tended to be rated as high on Hostile Style. We conclude that SI Hostile Style ratings are measuring a unique aspect of personality, one with apparent importance for coronary heart disease and perhaps for men's cardiovascular responses during stress.

Personality effects on verbally expressed anxiety and hostility

This paper reports on associations between Neuroticism (N), Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E) and Lie (L) scores of the EPQ-R and anxiety and hostility measured through verbal content analysis of 10-min written samples collected under standardized procedures in a group of 338 men and 151 women between 15 and 64 years in age. P correlated negatively with number of words and positively with anxiety and hostility in men but not in women. E correlated positively with number of words and negatively with shame and guilt anxiety. N showed positive correlation with these two types of anxiety only in the whole sample. L scores did not correlate with anxiety or hostility. In the sample studied, a negative correlation between P and L was evinced. Results are discussed in terms of mood prediction through personality measures, gender influences and the differential hypothesis of state-trait relationships.

Sex-Role Pressures and the Socialization of the Male Child

Lawrence K. Frank recently suggested that current changes in women's are likely to lead to feelings of anxiety, inadequacy, and hostility in men because of a lack of synchronization in role-change on their part ( 13 ) . Increasingly, others have noted evidence of socialization and adjustmental difficulties stemming from male role demands at the adult and adolescent levels (3, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 38, 39). Differential rates of referral of boys and of girls to child guidance centers have long pointed to markedly greater incidence of failure in functioning in boys as compared with girls (7, 8, 14, 29, 30, 40). Delinquency rates notoriously have favored young males (36), and recent studies of educational underachievement in the gifted have revealed that underachievement occurs twice as frequently among boys as among girls ( 16). Finally, a current study of the development of concepts of women's roles, originally focussed on girls, increasingly has been revealing data pointing to the existence of such exigent stress in the boy's implementation of male as to call for serious and systematic examination. In this paper we shall attempt a preliminary statement of the problem, based on an integration of theory and research findings in the areas of personality and learning processes, along with illustrative case materials, selected from the protocols of 41 young male Ss (8 and 11 years old) interviewed in the course of our study.2 One definition might be in order at this point. By social roles we mean all the personal qualities, behavioral characteristics, interests, attitudes, abilities, and skills which one is expected to have because one occupies a certain status or position; in this case, that of being a male human being. These expectations are usually common to a whole culture and are mediated to the individual child early in life by persons in contact with him-first by his parents and other adults close to him, then by his peers and adults with whom he comes into more 'Adapted from a paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Play Schools Association in October, 1958. The investigation referred to here was supported by a research grant, M 959 (C), from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service. The author wishes to thank Dr. Frank Hardesty for his critical reading of preliminary drafts of this paper and for helpful suggestions during informal discussions. 'Half of the Ss came from professional families and half mainly from the lower middle and working classes. Ss were interviewed individually by one of seven interviewers, whose minimal education was at the master's level. Ss were asked to respond to a variety of pictorial and verbal techniques, which required from six to ten hours to administer. Responses were story endings to unfinished stories, interpretations of pictured situations, and comments as to sex-type on a series of pictures depicting common activities. Ss' teachers were also interviewed.